本研究旨在瞭解成人依附、自我慈悲與時間觀對於成年初顯期主觀幸福感的影響，並探討自我慈悲與時間觀在成人依附與主觀幸福感之中介效果。研究參與者為701 位來自台灣北、中、南、東與離島地區的成年初顯期年輕人。本研究以主觀幸福感量表、親密關係體驗量表簡版、自我慈悲量表和時間觀量表為資料蒐集工具，所得資料使用描述性統計分析、皮爾森積差相關，以及中介分析進行處理。研究結果顯示（1）依附焦慮和依附迴避皆與自我慈悲、主觀幸福感有顯著負相關；（2）依附焦慮與過去正向、當下享樂和未來正向時間觀有顯著負相關，而與過去負向、當下宿命和未來負向有顯著正相關。（3）依附迴避與當下宿命時間觀無顯著關係，而與過去正向、當下享樂和未來正向時間觀有顯著負相關，同時與過去負向、當下宿命和未來負向有顯著正相關；（4）自我慈悲與主觀幸福感呈現顯著正向相關；（5）過去正向、當下享樂和未來正向時間觀皆與主觀幸福感有正向關聯，而過去負向、當下宿命和未來負向時間觀則與主觀幸福感有負向關聯；（6）自我慈悲、過去正向、過去負向、當下宿命、未來正向和未來負向時間觀同時部分中介依附焦慮與主觀幸福感之間的關係，其中自我慈悲有最強的中介效果；（7）自我慈悲、過去正向、過去負向、當下享樂、未來正向和未來負向時間觀同時部分中介依附迴避與主觀幸福感之間的關係，其中自我慈悲亦有最強的中介效果。
本研究依據實證結果加以討論，並提出各項建議以供未來研究和相關實務工作者參考。

The purpose of this study was to explore the correlations of adult attachment, self-compassion, time perspective and subjective well-being among emerging adults, including the mediating role of self-compassion and time perspective in the association between adult attachment and subjective well-being. Participants of this study were 701 emerging adults which were from Northern, Central, Southern, Eastern Taiwan and surrounding islands. All participants completed the Subjective Well-Being Scale, The Experiences in Close Relationship Scale-short form, Self-Compassion Scale and Time Perspective Scale. And the descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation analysis and mediation analysis were applied to analyze the data. Findings were as followings. First, attachment anxiety and attachment avoidance were significantly and negatively related to self-compassion and subjective well-being. Second, attachment anxiety was significantly and negatively associated with Past Positive, Present Hedonistic and Future Positive, and had significantly positive association with Past Negative, Present Fatalistic and Past Negative. Third, attachment avoidance didn’t have significant relationship with Present Fatalistic, bur had same association with the rest of time perspective dimension as attachment anxiety. Fourth, self-compassion had positive association with subjective well-being. Fifth, Past Positive, Present Hedonistic and Future Positive had positive association with subjective well-being, and the rest had negative association with subjective well-being. Sixth, self-compassion, Past Positive, Past Negative, Present Fatalistic, Future Positive and Future Negative partially mediated the association between attachment anxiety and subjective well-being. Besides, self-compassion was the strongest mediator. Finally, self-compassion, Past Positive, Past Negative, Present Hedonistic, Future Positive and Future Negative partially mediated the association between attachment avoidance and subjective well-being. And self-compassion had the strongest mediated effect comparing with other mediators. Based on these findings, suggestions for future research and implications were provided to practitioners.

中文文獻
王櫻芬（2012）。情緒調節在青少年人際依附與心理困擾之中介角色分析研究。教育心理學，44（2），273-293。
余民寧、謝進昌、林士郁、陳柏霖、曾筱婕（2011）。教師主觀幸福感模式建構與驗證之研究。測驗學刊，58（1），55-85。
李婕寧（2017）。阿茲海默引起的認知障礙症患者其照顧者在依附關係、社會支持、因應模式及心理困擾之關係研究（未出版之碩士論文）。輔仁大學，新北市。
社會中心（2017）。兩女愛一男！情敵校園談判…女大生遭扯髮撞牆、遭潑灼熱劑，三立新聞網。取自 http://www.setn.com/News.aspx?NewsID=309033
孫頌賢（2014）。愛情依戀風格的辨識與分類。國民教育，54（6），46-56。
張文川（2017）。世新男大生追殺學妹 法院裁定羈押，自由時報。取自http://news.ltn.com.tw/news/society/breakingnews/2280781
陳慧娟、游心慈、劉怡佳（2016）。教育鐘點戰：時間觀在適性教學與輔導的啟示。中等教育，67（1），18-35。
陳豐德（2017）。台大命案／情殺真相曝光！同志分手2周　求合不成潑酸自刎，ETtoday新聞雲。取自https://www.ettoday.net/news/20171020/1035520.htm
陸洛（1998）。中國人幸福感之內涵、測量及相關因素探討。國家科學委員會研究彙刊：人文及社會科學，8（1），115-137。
曾文志（2007）。大學生對美好生活的常識概念與主觀幸福感之研究。教育心理學報，38（4），417-441。
游心慈（2018）。未婚伴侶的時間觀、愛情關係品質與趨避承諾之相關研究（未出版之碩士論文）。國立台灣師範大學，台北市。
董芳廷（2017）。父母教養方式、時間觀與青少年自尊的關聯性研究（未出版之碩士論文）。國立臺灣師範大學，台北市。
顏辰珊（2017）。親密關係中依附風格與寂寞感之相關研究—以溝通模式為調節變項（未出版之碩士論文）。臺北市立大學，臺北市。

英文文獻
Aberson, C. L., Healy, M., & Romero, V. (2000). Ingroup bias and self-esteem: A meta-analysis. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 4(2), 157-173.
Ainsworth, M. D. S. (1991). Attachments and other affectional bonds across the life cycle. In C. M. Parkes, J. Stevenson-Hinde, & P. Marris (Eds.), Attachment across the life cycle. (pp. 33-51): Routledge.
Ainsworth, M. D. S., Blehar, M. C., Waters, E., & Wall, S. N. (1978). Patterns of attachment: A psychological study of the strange situation. Hillsdale,NJ: Erlbaum Press.
Andrews, F. M., & Withey, S. B. (1976). Social indicators of well-being: Americans' perceptions of life quality. New York: Plenum Press.
Arimitsu, K., & Hofmann, S. G. (2015). Cognitions as mediators in the relationship between self-compassion and affect. Personality and Individual Differences, 74, 41-48.
Arnett, J. J. (2000). Emerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. American Psychologist, 55(5), 469-480.
Arnett, J. J. (2015). Emerging adulthood: The winding road from the late teens through the twenties (2 ed.): Oxford University Press.
Arthaud-day, M. L., Rode, J. C., Mooney, C. H., & Near, J. P. (2005). The subjective well-being construct: A test of its convergent, discriminant, and factorial validity. Social Indicators Research, 74(3), 445-476.
Barnard, L. K., & Curry, J. F. (2011). Self-compassion: Conceptualizations, correlates, & interventions. Review of General Psychology, 15(4), 289-303.
Barnum, E. L., & Perrone-McGovern, K. M. (2017). Attachment, Self-Esteem and Subjective Well-Being Among Survivors of Childhood Sexual Trauma. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 39(1), 39-55.
Bartholomew, K. (1990). Avoidance of Intimacy: An Attachment Perspective. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 7(2), 147-178.
Başoğlu, M., Livanou, M., Crnobarić, C., Frančišković, T., Suljić, E., Đurić, D., & Vranešić, M. (2005). Psychiatric and cognitive effects of war in former Yugoslavia: association of lack of redress for trauma and posttraumatic stress reactions. Jama, 294(5), 580-590.
Bistricky, S. L., Gallagher, M. W., Roberts, C. M., Ferris, L., Gonzalez, A. J., & Wetterneck, C. T. (2017). Frequency of interpersonal trauma types, avoidant attachment, self-compassion, and interpersonal competence: A model of persisting posttraumatic symptoms. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 26(6), 608-625.
Blomgren, A. S., Svahn, K., Astrom, E., & Ronnlund, M. (2016). Coping strategies in late adolescence: Relationships to parental attachment and time perspective. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 177(3), 85-96.
Boniwell, I., Osin, E., Alex Linley, P., & Ivanchenko, G. V. (2010). A question of balance: Time perspective and well-being in British and Russian samples. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 5(1), 24-40.
Boniwell, I., & Zimbardo, P. (2003). Time to find the right balance. The Psychologist, 16(3), 129-131.
Boniwell, I., & Zimbardo, P. G. (2004). Balancing time perspective in pursuit of optimal functioning. In P. A. Linley & S. Joseph (Eds.), Positive psychology in practice (Vol. 10, pp. 165-181). Hoboken: Wiley.
Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and loss: Vol. 1. Attachment. New York, NY: Basic Books.
Bowlby, J. (1973). Attachment and loss: Vol. 2. Separation:Anxiety and anger. New York, NY: Basic Books.
Bowlby, J. (1980). Attachment and loss: Vol. 3. Sadness and depression. New York, NY: Basic Books.
Bradburn, N. M. (1969). The Structure of Psychological Well-being. Aldine, Chicago.
Brennan, K. A., Clark, C. L., & Shaver, P. R. (1998). Self-report measurement of adult attachment: An integrative overview Attachment theory and close relationships. (pp. 46-76). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Busseri, M. A. (2018). Examining the structure of subjective well-being through meta-analysis of the associations among positive affect, negative affect, and life satisfaction. Personality and Individual Differences, 122, 68-71.
Cantazaro, A., & Wei, M. (2010). Adult attachment, dependence, self-criticism, and depressive symptoms: A test of a mediational model. Journal of Personality, 78(4), 1135-1162.
Carelli, M. G., Wiberg, B., & Åström, E. (2014). Broadening the TP Profile: Future Negative Time Perspective. In M. Stolarski, N. Fieulaine, & W. van Beek (Eds.), Time Perspective Theory; Review, Research and Application (pp. 87-97). Cham: Springer International.
Carelli, M. G., Wiberg, B., & Wiberg, M. (2011). Development and Construct Validation of the Swedish Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 27(4), 220-227.
Carmody, J., Baer, R. A., E, L. B. L., & Olendzki, N. (2009). An empirical study of the mechanisms of mindfulness in a mindfulness-based stress reduction program. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 65(6), 613-626.
Carstensen, L. L., Turan, B., Scheibe, S., Ram, N., Ersner-Hershfield, H., Samanez-Larkin, G. R., . . . Nesselroade, J. R. (2011). Emotional Experience Improves With Age: Evidence Based on Over 10 Years of Experience Sampling. Psychology and Aging, 26(1), 21-33.
Cassidy, J., & Kobak, R. R. (1988). Avoidance and its relation to other defensive processes. In J. Belsky & T. Nezworski (Eds.), Clinical implications of attachment (pp. 300-323). Hillsdale,NJ: Erlbaum.
Castonguay, L. G., & Hill, C. E. (2012). Transformation in psychotherapy: Corrective experiences across cognitive behavioral, humanistic, and psychodynamic approaches: American Psychological Association.
Church, A. T., Katigbak, M. S., Locke, K. D., Zhang, H., Shen, J., de Jesús Vargas-Flores, J., . . . Ching, C. M. (2012). Need Satisfaction and Well-Being. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 44(4), 507-534.
Clair, M. S., & Wigren, J. (2004). Object relations and self psychology: An introduction (4 ed.): Cengage Learning.
Clarkson, P. (1994). The psychotherapeutic relationship. In P. Clarkson & M. Pokorny (Eds.), The handbook of psychotherapy (pp. 28-48): Routledge.
Cohen, P., Kasen, S., Chen, H., Hartmark, C., & Gordon, K. (2003). Variations in patterns of developmental transitions in the emerging adulthood period. Developmental Psychology, 39(4), 657-669.
Collett, N., Pugh, K., Waite, F., & Freeman, D. (2016). Negative cognitions about the self in patients with persecutory delusions: An empirical study of self-compassion, self-stigma, schematic beliefs, self-esteem, fear of madness, and suicidal ideation. Psychiatry Research, 239, 79-84.
Collins, N. L., & Read, S. J. (1990). Adult attachment, working models, and relationship quality in dating couples. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58(4), 644-663.
Crawford, J. R., & Henry, J. D. (2004). The positive and negative affect schedule (PANAS): construct validity, measurement properties and normative data in a large non-clinical sample. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 43, 245-265.
Crocker, J., & Park, L. E. (2004). The costly pursuit of self-esteem. Psychological Bulletin, 130(3), 392–414.
Cunningham, K. F., Zhang, J. W., & Howell, R. T. (2015). Time perspectives and subjective well-being: A dual-pathway framework Time Perspective Theory; Review, Research and Application (pp. 403-415).
Davila, J. (2001). Refining The Association Between Excessive Reassurance Seeking And Depressive Symptoms: The Role Of Related Interpersonal Constructs. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 20(4), 538-559.
Diedrich, A., Grant, M., Hofmann, S. G., Hiller, W., & Berking, M. (2014). Self-compassion as an emotion regulation strategy in major depressive disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 58, 43-51.
Diener, E. (2000). Subjective well-being: The science of happiness and a proposal for a national index. American Psychologist, 55(1), 34-43.
Diener, E., & Diener, M. (1995). Cross-cultural correlates of life satisfaction and self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68(4), 653-663.
Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49(1), 71-75.
Diener, E., Heintzelman, S. J., Kushlev, K., Tay, L., Wirtz, D., Lutes, L. D., & Oishi, S. (2017). Findings all psychologists should know from the new science on subjective well-being. Canadian Psychology/Psychologie canadienne, 58(2), 87-104.
Diener, E., Sandvik, E., & Pavot, W. (2009). Happiness is the Frequency, Not the Intensity, of Positive Versus Negative Affect. In E. Diener (Ed.), Assessing Well-Being: The Collected Works of Ed Diener (pp. 213-231). Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands.
Diener, E., Scollon, C., & Lucas, R. E. (2009). The Evolving Concept of Subjective Well-Being: The Multifaceted Nature of Happiness. In E. Diener (Ed.), Assessing Well-Being: The Collected Works of Ed Diener (pp. 67-100). Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands.
Diener, E., Wirtz, D., Biswas-Diener, R., Tov, W., Kim-Prieto, C., Choi, D.-w., & Oishi, S. (2009). New Measures of Well-Being. In E. Diener (Ed.), Assessing Well-Being: The Collected Works of Ed Diener (pp. 247-266). Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands.
Diener, E., Wirtz, D., Tov, W., Kim-Prieto, C., Choi, D.-w., Oishi, S., & Biswas-Diener, R. (2010). New Well-being Measures: Short Scales to Assess Flourishing and Positive and Negative Feelings. Social Indicators Research, 97(2), 143-156.
Drake, L., Duncan, E., Sutherland, F., Abernethy, C., & Henry, C. (2008). Time Perspective and Correlates of Wellbeing. Time & Society, 17(1), 47-61.
Dudley, J., Eames, C., Mulligan, J., & Fisher, N. (2017). Mindfulness of voices, self-compassion, and secure attachment in relation to the experience of hearing voices. British Journal of Clinical Psychology.
Dykas, M. J., & Cassidy, J. (2011). Attachment and the processing of social information across the life span: Theory and evidence. Psychological Bulletin, 137(1), 19-46.
Einstein, A. (1931). Relativity: The special and the general theory (R. W. Lawson, Trans.). New York: Crown.
Feeney, J. A., Noller, P., & Hanrahan, M. (1994). Assessing adult attachment. In M. B. Sperling & W. H. Berman (Eds.), Attachment in Adults: Clinical and Developmental Perspectives (pp. 128–152). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Fein, S., & Spencer, S. J. (1997). Prejudice as self-image maintenance: Affirming the self through derogating others. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73(1), 31–44.
Fossati, A., Feeney, J. A., Donati, D., Donini, M., Novella, L., Bagnato, M., . . . Maffei, C. (2003). On the dimensionality of the Attachment Style Questionnaire in Italian clinical and nonclinical participants. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 20(1), 55-79.
Fraisse, P. (1963). The psychology of time (J. Leith, Trans.). New York: Harper & Row.
Fraley, R. C., Hudson, N. W., Heffernan, M. E., & Segal, N. (2015). Are adult attachment styles categorical or dimensional? A taxometric analysis of general and relationship-specific attachment orientations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 109(2), 354-368.
Fraley, R. C., & Waller, N. G. (1998). Adult attachment patterns: A test of the typological model. In J. A. Simpson & W. S. Rholes (Eds.), Attachment theory and close relationships (pp. 77-114). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Fresco, D. M., Segal, Z. V., Buis, T., & Kennedy, S. (2007). Relationship of posttreatment decentering and cognitive reactivity to relapse in major depression. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 75(3), 447-455.
Friedli, L. (2009). Mental health, resilience and inequalities. Denmark: World Health Organization.
Galinha, I. C., Oishi, S., Pereira, C. R., Wirtz, D., & Esteves, F. (2014). Adult Attachment, Love Styles, Relationship Experiences and Subjective Well-Being: Cross-Cultural and Gender Comparison between Americans, Portuguese, and Mozambicans. Social Indicators Research, 119(2), 823-852.
Gilbert, P. (2005). Compassion and cruelty: A biopsychosocial approach. In P. Gilbert (Ed.), Compassion:Conceptualisations, research and use in psychotherapy (pp. 9–74). New York, NY: Routledge.
Gilbert, P., & Irons, C. (2005). Focused therapies and compassionate mind training for shame and self-attacking. In P. Gilbert (Ed.), Compassion: Conceptualisations, research and use in psychotherapy (pp. 263–325). New York, NY: Routledge.
Gilbert, P., McEwan, K., Matos, M., & Rivis, A. (2011). Fears of compassion: Development of three self-report measures. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 84(3), 239-255.
Green, R., & Douglas, K. M. (2018). Anxious attachment and belief in conspiracy theories. Personality and Individual Differences, 125, 30-37.
Griffin, D. W., & Bartholomew, K. (1994). The metaphysics of measurement: The case of adult attachment. In K. Bartholomew & D. Perlman (Eds.), Advances in personal relationships: Attachment processes in adulthood (Vol. 5, pp. 17–52). London: Jessica Kingsley.
Hayes, A. F. (2017). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach: Guilford Publications.
Hazan, C., & Shaver, P. (1987). Romantic love conceptualized as an attachment process. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52(3), 511.
Heath, P. J., Brenner, R. E., Vogel, D. L., Lannin, D. G., & Strass, H. A. (2017). Masculinity and barriers to seeking counseling: The buffering role of self-compassion. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 64(1), 94-103.
Henson, J. M., Carey, M. P., Carey, K. B., & Maisto, S. A. (2006). Associations among health behaviors and time perspective in young adults: model testing with boot-strapping replication. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 29(2), 127-137.
Holman, E. A., Silver, R. C., Mogle, J. A., & Scott, S. B. (2016). Adversity, time, and well-being: A longitudinal analysis of time perspective in adulthood. Psychology and Aging, 31(6), 640-651.
Homan, K. J. (2014). A mediation model linking attachment to god, self-compassion, and mental health. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 17(10), 977-989.
Homan, K. J. (2016). Secure attachment and eudaimonic well-being in late adulthood: The mediating role of self-compassion. Aging & Mental Health, 1-8.
Hu, L. t., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1-55.
Hulbert, R. J., & Lens, W. (1988). Time and self-identity in later life. The International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 27(4), 293-303.
Hwang, S., Kim, G., Yang, J.-W., & Yang, E. (2016). The moderating effects of age on the relationships of self-compassion, self-esteem, and mental health. Japanese Psychological Research, 58(2), 194-205.
Hyunsoo, J., Keunchul, L., & Sungho, K. (2016). Investigation of the structural relationships between social support, self-compassion, and subjective well-being in Korean elite student athletes. Psychological Reports, 119(1), 39-54.
James, W. (1890). The principles of psychology (Vol. 1). New York: Dover.
Jochemczyk, Ł., Pietrzak, J., Buczkowski, R., Stolarski, M., & Markiewicz, Ł. (2017). You Only Live Once: Present-hedonistic time perspective predicts risk propensity. Personality and Individual Differences, 115, 148-153.
Joeng, J. R., Turner, S. L., Kim, E. Y., Choi, S. A., Lee, Y. J., & Kim, J. K. (2017). Insecure attachment and emotional distress: Fear of self-compassion and self-compassion as mediators. Personality and Individual Differences, 112, 6-11.
Joshanloo, M. (2018). Fear and fragility of happiness as mediators of the relationship between insecure attachment and subjective well-being. Personality and Individual Differences, 123, 115-118.
Jovanović, V. (2015). Beyond the PANAS: Incremental validity of the Scale of Positive and Negative Experience (SPANE) in relation to well-being. Personality and Individual Differences, 86, 487-491.
Kabat-Zinn, J. (2003). Mindfulness-Based Interventions in Context: Past, Present, and Future. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 10(2), 144-156.
Kenny, M. E., & Donaldson, G. A. (1991). Contributions of parental attachment and family structure to the social and psychological functioning of first-year college students. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 38(4), 479.
Kenny, M. E., & Sirin, S. R. (2006). Parental attachment, self‐worth, and depressive symptoms among emerging adults. Journal of Counseling & Development, 84(1), 61-71.
Keyes, C. L. M. (2006). Subjective well-being in mental health and human development research worldwide: An introduction. Social Indicators Research, 77(1), 1-10.
Krieger, T., Martig, D. S., van den Brink, E., & Berger, T. (2016). Working on self-compassion online: A proof of concept and feasibility study. Internet Interventions, 6, 64-70.
Kruger, D. J., Reischl, T., & Zimmerman, M. A. (2008). Time perspective as a mechanism for functional developmental adaptation. Journal of Social, Evolutionary, and Cultural Psychology, 2(1), 1–22.
Kuwabara, S. A., Van Voorhees, B. W., Gollan, J. K., & Alexander, G. C. (2007). A qualitative exploration of depression in emerging adulthood: disorder, development, and social context. General Hospital Psychiatry, 29(4), 317-324.
Laghi, F., D'Alessio, M., Pallini, S., & Baiocco, R. (2009). Attachment representations and time perspective in adolescence. Social Indicators Research, 90(2), 181-194.
Laghi, F., Pallini, S., Baumgartner, E., & Baiocco, R. (2016). Parent and peer attachment relationships and time perspective in adolescence: Are they related to satisfaction with life? Time & Society, 25(1), 24-39.
Lane, J. A. (2016). Attachment, Well-Being, and College Senior Concerns About the Transition Out of College. Journal of College Counseling, 19(3), 231-245.
Lane, J. A., & Fink, R. S. (2015). Attachment, social support satisfaction, and well-being during life transition in emerging adulthood. The Counseling Psychologist, 43(7), 1034-1058.
Lane, J. A., Leibert, T. W., & Goka-Dubose, E. (2017). The Impact of Life Transition on Emerging Adult Attachment, Social Support, and Well-Being: A Multiple-Group Comparison. Journal of Counseling & Development, 95(4), 378-388.
Lawson, M., Valentino, K., McDonnell, C. G., & Speidel, R. (2018). Maternal attachment is differentially associated with mother-child reminiscing among maltreating and nonmaltreating families. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 169, 1-18.
Layous, K., Chancellor, J., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2014). Positive activities as protective factors against mental health conditions. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 123(1), 3-12.
Leary, M. R., Tate, E. B., Adams, C. E., Allen, A. B., & Hancock, J. (2007). Self-compassion and reactions to unpleasant self-relevant events: The implications of treating oneself kindly. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92(5), 887-904.
Lewin, K. (1943). Defining the field at a given time. Psychological Review, 50(3), 292–310.
Lewin, K. (1951). Field theory in social science: selected theoretical papers (D. Cartwright Ed.). New York: Harper & Brothers.
Li, F., Bai, X., & Wang, Y. (2013). The Scale of Positive and Negative Experience (SPANE): psychometric properties and normative data in a large Chinese sample. PloS One, 8(4), 1-9.
Li, X., & Zheng, X. (2014). Adult Attachment Orientations and Subjective Well-Being: Emotional Intelligence and Self-Esteem as Moderators. Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal, 42(8), 1257-1265.
Ling, X., Jiang, G. R., & Xia, Q. (2008). Relationship between normal university freshmen's adult attachment towards different subjects and subjective well-being. Chinese Journal of Clinical Psychology, 16(1), 71-73.
Lopez, F. G. (2001). Adult attachment orientations, self–other boundary regulation, and splitting tendencies in a college sample. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 48(4), 440-446.
MacBeth, A., & Gumley, A. (2012). Exploring compassion: A meta-analysis of the association between self-compassion and psychopathology. Clinical Psychology Review, 32(6), 545-552.
Mayseless, O., & Scharf, M. (2007). Adolescents’ attachment representations and their capacity for intimacy in close relationships. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 17, 23–50.
McDermott, R. C., Cheng, H.-L., Lopez, F. G., McKelvey, D., & Bateman, L. S. (2017). Dominance orientations and psychological aggression in college student relationships: A test of an attachment theory-guided model. Psychology of Violence, 7(4), 508-520.
Mikulincer, M., & Orbach, I. (1995). Attachment styles and repressive defensiveness: The accessibility and architecture of affective memories. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68(5), 917-925.
Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. R. (2004). Security-based self-representations in adulthood. In W. S. Rholes & J. A. Simpson (Eds.), Adult attachment: Theory, research, and clinical implications (pp. 159-195). New York: Guilford Press.
Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. R. (2012). Adult attachment orientations and relationship processes. Journal of Family Theory & Review, 4(4), 259-274.
Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. R. (2015). The psychological effects of the contextual activation of security-enhancing mental representations in adulthood. Current Opinion in Psychology, 1, 18-21.
Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. R. (2016). Attachment in adulthood: Structure, dynamics, and change (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Mikulincer, M., Shaver, P. R., & Pereg, D. (2003). Attachment theory and affect regulation: The dynamics, development, and cognitive consequences of attachment-related strategies. Motivation and Emotion, 27(2), 77-102.
Molero, F., Shaver, P. R., Fernández, I., & Recio, P. (2017). Attachment insecurities, life satisfaction, and relationship satisfaction from a dyadic perspective: The role of positive and negative affect. European Journal of Social Psychology, 47(3), 337-347.
Molinari, L., Speltini, G., Passini, S., & Carelli, M. G. (2016). Time perspective in adolescents and young adults: Enjoying the present and trusting in a better future. Time & Society, 25(3), 594-612.
Moreira, H., Carona, C., Silva, N., Nunes, J., & Canavarro, M. C. (2016). Exploring the link between maternal attachment-related anxiety and avoidance and mindful parenting: The mediating role of self-compassion. Psychol Psychother, 89(4), 369-384.
Morsünbül, Ü. (2009). Attachment and risk taking: Are they interrelated. International Journal of Human and Social Sciences, 4(4), 234-238.
Myers, D. G., & Diener, E. (1995). Who is happy? Psychological Science, 6(1), 10-19.
Neff, K. D. (2003a). The development and validation of a scale to measure self-compassion. Self and identity, 2(3), 223-250.
Neff, K. D. (2003b). Self-compassion: An alternative conceptualization of a healthy attitude toward oneself. Self and identity, 2(2), 85-101.
Neff, K. D. (2004). Self-compassion and psychological well-being. Constructivism in the Human Sciences, 9, 27–37.
Neff, K. D. (2016). The self-compassion scale is a valid and theoretically coherent measure of self-compassion. Mindfulness, 7(1), 264-274.
Neff, K. D. (2018). Self-Compassion Guided Meditations and Exercises. Self-Compassion. Retrieved from http://self-compassion.org/category/exercises/#guided-meditations
Neff, K. D., & Davidson, O. (2016). Self-compassion Embracing suffering with kindness. In I. Ivtzan & T. Lomas (Eds.), Mindfulness in Positive Psychology (pp. 37-50): Rutledge.
Neff, K. D., & Germer, C. K. (2013). A pilot study and randomized controlled trial of the mindful self-compassion program. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 69(1), 28-44.
Neff, K. D., Kirkpatrick, K. L., & Rude, S. S. (2007). Self-compassion and adaptive psychological functioning. Journal of Research in Personality, 41(1), 139-154.
Neff, K. D., & McGehee, P. (2010). Self-compassion and psychological resilience among adolescents and young adults. Self and identity, 9(3), 225-240.
Neff, K. D., Pisitsungkagarn, K., & Hsieh, Y.-P. (2008). Self-compassion and self-construal in the united states, thailand, and taiwan. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 39(3), 267-285.
Neff, K. D., & Vonk, R. (2009). Self-compassion versus global self-esteem: Two different ways of relating to oneself. Journal of Personality, 77(1), 23-50.
Neff, K. D., Whittaker, T. A., & Karl, A. (2017). Examining the factor structure of the self-compassion scale in four distinct populations: Is the use of a total scale score justified? Journal of Personality Assessment, 99(6), 596-607.
Nickerson, A. B., & Nagle, R. J. (2004). The influence of parent and peer attachments on life satisfaction in middle childhood and early adolescence. Social Indicators Research, 66, 35-60.
Nurmi, J.-E. (2005). Thinking about and acting upon the future: Development of future orientation across the life span. In A. Strathman & J. Joireman (Eds.), Understanding behavior in the context of time: Theory, research, and application (pp. 31-58). Mahwah: Lawrence Associates Publishers.
Nuttin, J., & Lens. (1985). Future time perspective and motivation: Theory and research method. Leuven/Hillsdale: Leuven University Press/Erlbaum.
Odou, N., & Brinker, J. (2013). Exploring the Relationship between Rumination, Self-compassion, and Mood. Self and identity, 13(4), 449-459.
Otrar, M., Eksi, H., Dilmac, B., & Sikin, A. (2002). The sources of stress, coping, and psychological well-being among Turkic and relative societies’ students in Turkey. EDAM Egitim Danismanligi Ve Arastirmalari Merkezi, 2, 473–506.
Øverup, C. S., McLean, E. A., Brunson, J. A., & Coffman, A. D. (2017). Belonging, burdensomeness, and self-compassion as mediators of the association between attachment and depression. Journal of Social & Clinical Psychology, 36(8), 675-703.
Palmeira, L., Cunha, M., & Pinto-Gouveia, J. (2017). Processes of change in quality of life, weight self-stigma, body mass index and emotional eating after an acceptance-, mindfulness- and compassion-based group intervention (Kg-Free) for women with overweight and obesity. Journal of Health Psychology, 1359105316686668.
Pavot, W., Diener, E., Colvin, C. R., & Sandvik, E. (1991). Further validation of the Satisfaction with Life Scale: Evidence for the cross-method convergence of well-being measures. Journal of Personality Assessment, 57(1), 149-161.
Pepping, C. A., Davis, P. J., O'Donovan, A., & Pal, J. (2015). Individual differences in self-compassion: The role of attachment and experiences of parenting in childhood. Self and identity, 14(1), 104-117.
Pietromonaco, P. R., & Barrett, L. F. (2000). The internal working models concept: What do we really know about the self in relation to others? Review of General Psychology, 4(2), 155.
Pyszczynski, T., Greenberg, J., Solomon, S., Arndt, J., & Schimel, J. (2004). Why do people need self-esteem? A theoretical and empirical review. Psychological Bulletin, 130(3), 435-468.
Rönnlund, M., Åström, E., & Carelli, M. G. (2017). Time Perspective in Late Adulthood: Aging Patterns in Past, Present and Future Dimensions, Deviations from Balance, and Associations with Subjective Well-Being. Timing & Time Perception, 5(1), 77-98.
Raque-Bogdan, T. L., Ericson, S. K., Jackson, J., Martin, H. M., & Bryan, N. A. (2011). Attachment and mental and physical health: Self-compassion and mattering, as mediators. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 58(2), 272-278.
Sabaitytė, E., & Diržytė, A. (2016). Psychological capital, self-compassion, and life satisfaction of unemployed youth. International Journal of Psychology : a Biopsychosocial Approach, 19, 49-69.
Sachs, J. (2003). Validation of the Satisfaction With Life Scale in a Sample of Hong Kong University Students. Psychologia, 46(4), 225-234.
Sailer, U., Rosenberg, P., Nima, A. A., Gamble, A., Garling, T., Archer, T., & Garcia, D. (2014). A happier and less sinister past, a more hedonistic and less fatalistic present and a more structured future: time perspective and well-being. PeerJ, 2, e303.
Satir, V., Banmen, J., Gerber, J., & Gomori, M. (1991). The Satir model: Family therapy and beyond: Science and Behavior Books Palo Alto, CA.
Schimmack, U., Diener, E., & Oishi, S. (2002). Life‐satisfaction is a momentary judgment and a stable personality characteristic: The use of chronically accessible and stable sources. Journal of Personality, 70(3), 345-384.
Schimmack, U., Radhakrishnan, P., Oishi, S., Dzokoto, V., & Ahadi, S. (2002). Culture, personality, and subjective well-being: Integrating process models of life satisfaction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82(4), 582-593.
Seligman, M. E. P., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2000). Positive psychology: An introduction. American Psychologist, 55(1), 5-14.
Shapiro, S. L., Astin, J. A., Bishop, S. R., & Cordova, M. (2005). Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction for Health Care Professionals: Results From a Randomized Trial. International Journal of Stress Management, 12(2), 164-176.
Shapiro, S. L., Brown, K. W., & Biegel, G. M. (2007). Teaching self-care to caregivers: Effects of mindfulness-based stress reduction on the mental health of therapists in training. Training and Education in Professional Psychology, 1(2), 105-115.
Shaver, P. R., Hazan, C., & Bradshaw, D. (1988). Love as attachment: The integration of three behavioral systems. In R. J. Sternberg & M. L. Barnes (Eds.), The psychology of love (pp. 68–99). New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Shaver, P. R., & Mikulincer, M. (2007). Adult attachment strategies and the regulation of emotion. Handbook of emotion regulation, 44.
Shaver, P. R., & Mikulincer, M. (2009). Attachment styles. In M. R. Leary & R. H. Hoyle (Eds.), Handbook of Individual Differences in Social Behavior (pp. 62–81). New York: Guilford Press.
Shin, D. C., & Johnson, D. M. (1978). Avowed happiness as an overall assessment of the quality of life. Social Indicators Research, 5(1), 475-492.
Sirois, F. M., Millings, A., & Hirsch, J. K. (2016). Insecure attachment orientation and well-being in emerging adults: The roles of perceived social support and fatigue. Personality and Individual Differences, 101, 318-321.
Smeets, E., Neff, K., Alberts, H., & Peters, M. (2014). Meeting suffering with kindness: Effects of a brief self-compassion intervention for female college students. Journal of clinical psychology, 70(9), 794–807.
Steger, M. F., Kashdan, T. B., Sullivan, B. A., & Lorentz, D. (2008). Understanding the search for meaning in life: personality, cognitive style, and the dynamic between seeking and experiencing meaning. Journal of Personality, 76(2), 199-228.
Steptoe, A., Deaton, A., & Stone, A. A. (2015). Subjective wellbeing, health, and ageing. The Lancet, 385(9968), 640-648.
Stiglitz, J. E., Sen, A., & Fitoussi, J.-P. (2010). Report by the commission on the measurement of economic performance and social progress. Paris, France.
Stolarski, M. (2016). Not restricted by their personality: Balanced Time Perspective moderates well-established relationships between personality traits and well-being. Personality and Individual Differences, 100, 140-144.
Stone, A. A., Schwartz, J. E., Broderick, J. E., & Deaton, A. (2010). A snapshot of the age distribution of psychological well-being in the United States. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 107(22), 9985-9990.
Suh, E., Diener, E., Oishi, S., & Triandis, H. C. (1998). The shifting basis of life satisfaction judgments across cultures: Emotions versus norms. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(2), 482-493.
Sul, S., Kim, J., & Choi, I. (2012). Subjective Well-Being and Hedonic Editing: How Happy People Maximize Joint Outcomes of Loss and Gain. Journal of Happiness Studies, 14(4), 1409-1430.
Sumi, K. (2014). Reliability and Validity of Japanese Versions of the Flourishing Scale and the Scale of Positive and Negative Experience. Social Indicators Research, 118(2), 601-615.
Sword, R. M., Sword, R. K. M., Brunskill, S. R., & Zimbardo, P. G. (2014). Time Perspective Therapy: A New Time-Based Metaphor Therapy for PTSD. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 19(3), 197-201.
Tatarkiewicz, W. (1976). Analysis of happiness. The Hague, Netherlands: Martinus Nijhoff.
Tay, L., & Diener, E. (2011). Needs and subjective well-being around the world. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 101(2), 354.
Taylor, Z. E., Doane, L. D., & Eisenberg, N. (2013). Transitioning From High School to College. Emerging Adulthood, 2(2), 105-115.
Tseferidi, S. I., Griva, F., & Anagnostopoulos, F. (2017). Time to get happy: associations of time perspective with indicators of well-being. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 22(5), 618-624.
Umemura, T., Lacinova, L., Kotrcova, K., & Fraley, R. C. (2018). Similarities and differences regarding changes in attachment preferences and attachment styles in relation to romantic relationship length: longitudinal and concurrent analyses. Attach Hum Dev, 20(2), 135-159.
Van Dam, N. T., Sheppard, S. C., Forsyth, J. P., & Earleywine, M. (2011). Self-compassion is a better predictor than mindfulness of symptom severity and quality of life in mixed anxiety and depression. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 25(1), 123-130.
Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: the PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(6), 1063-1070.
Wearden, A. J., Lamberton, N., Crook, N., & Walsh, V. (2005). Adult attachment, alexithymia, and symptom reporting: An extension to the four category model of attachment. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 58(3), 279-288.
Wei, M., Liao, K. Y., Ku, T. Y., & Shaffer, P. A. (2011). Attachment, self-compassion, empathy, and subjective well-being among college students and community adults. Journal of Personality, 79(1), 191-221.
Wei, M., Mallinckrodt, B., Larson, L. M., & Zakalik, R. A. (2005). Adult attachment, depressive symptoms, and validation from self versus others. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 52(3), 368-377.
Wei, M., Russell, D. W., Mallinckrodt, B., & Vogel, D. L. (2007). The Experiences in Close Relationship Scale (ECR)-short form: reliability, validity, and factor structure. Journal of Personality Assessment, 88(2), 187-204.
Wei, M., Vogel, D. L., Ku, T.-Y., & Zakalik, R. A. (2005). Adult attachment, affect regulation, negative mood, and interpersonal problems: The mediating roles of emotional reactivity and emotional cutoff. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 52(1), 14-24.
Weiss, R. S. (1991). The attachment bond in childhood and adulthood. In C. M. Parkes, J. Stevenson-Hinde, & P. Marris (Eds.), Attachment across the life cycle (pp. 66-76): Routledge.
Whelton, W., & Greenberg, L. (2005). Emotion in self-criticism. Personality and Individual Differences, 38, 1583-1595.
Worrell, F. C., Temple, E. C., McKay, M. T., Živkovič, U., Perry, J. L., Mello, Z. R., . . . Cole, J. C. (2018). A Theoretical Approach to Resolving the Psychometric Problems Associated With the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 34(1), 41-51.
Wu, C.-h., & Yao, G. (2006). Analysis of factorial invariance across gender in the Taiwan version of the Satisfaction with Life Scale. Personality and Individual Differences, 40(6), 1259-1268.
Xiang, S., & Liu, Y. (2018). Understanding the joint effects of perceived parental psychological control and insecure attachment styles: A differentiated approach to adolescent autonomy. Personality and Individual Differences, 126, 12-18.
Yang, X. (2016). Self-compassion, relationship harmony, versus self-enhancement: Different ways of relating to well-being in Hong Kong Chinese. Personality and Individual Differences, 89, 24-27.
Yang, X., & Mak, W. W. S. (2016). The Differential Moderating Roles of Self-Compassion and Mindfulness in Self-Stigma and Well-Being Among People Living with Mental Illness or HIV. Mindfulness, 8(3), 595-602.
Yang, Y., Zhang, M., & Kou, Y. (2016). Self-compassion and life satisfaction: The mediating role of hope. Personality and Individual Differences, 98, 91-95.
Zambianchi, M. (2015). Time perspective and psychological well-being in old age. BPA - Applied Psychology Bulletin (Bollettino di Psicologia Applicata), 63(274), 3-14.
Zambianchi, M., & Ricci Bitti, P. E. (2013). The Role of Proactive Coping Strategies, Time Perspective, Perceived Efficacy on Affect Regulation, Divergent Thinking and Family Communication in Promoting Social Well-Being in Emerging Adulthood. Social Indicators Research, 116(2), 493-507.
Zhang, J. W., Howell, R. T., & Stolarski, M. (2013). Comparing Three Methods to Measure a Balanced Time Perspective: The Relationship Between a Balanced Time Perspective and Subjective Well-Being. Journal of Happiness Studies, 14(1), 169-184.
Zhang, L., Zhang, S., Yang, Y., & Li, C. (2017). Attachment orientations and dispositional gratitude: The mediating roles of perceived social support and self-esteem. Personality and Individual Differences, 114, 193-197.
Zhang, X., Chen, X., Ran, G., & Ma, Y. (2016). Adult children's support and self-esteem as mediators in the relationship between attachment and subjective well-being in older adults. Personality and Individual Differences, 97, 229-233.
Zimbardo, P. G., & Boyd, J. (2008). The time paradox: The new psychology of time that will change your life: Simon and Schuster.
Zimbardo, P. G., & Boyd, J. N. (1999). Putting time in perspective: A valid, reliable individual-differences metric. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77(6), 1271-1288.
Zimbardo, P. G., Marshall, G., & Maslach, C. (1971). Liberating Behavior from Time‐Bound Control: Expanding the Present Through Hypnosis1. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 1(4), 305-323.
Zimbardo, P. G., Sword, R., & Sword, R. (2012). The time cure: Overcoming PTSD with the new psychology of time perspective therapy. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Zimmermann, P. (1999). Structure and functions of internal working models of attachment and their role for emotion regulation. Attachment and Human Development, 1(3), 291-306.