無中文摘要

This study aims at discovering the factors that are linked to firefighters’ job satisfaction and their commitment for the purpose of decreasing the turnover intention and reduce the possibilities of firefighters getting too much job stress. Taiwan often encounters natural disasters of typhoons, earthquakes, and so on, and firefighters are important heroes whose mission is protecting the society and its victims from harm and to rescue injured people. Nevertheless, firefighters are working under challenging and severe situations, and their job involves many potential dangers. This research is being conducted in hoping to explore the possible relationships between intrinsic motivation and transformational leadership, job satisfaction, and organizational commitment. For the adaptability and fitness of the questionnaire adopted in this study, the researcher interviewed firefighters in order to understand their environment, difficulties, and current situation. After the questionnaire was designed, the questions were reviewed and revised according to experts’ opinions. Regarding to data collection, the researcher received samples by using both online-based and paper-based questionnaire. In the pilot test, 83 firefighters currently working for fire agencies or fire departments were included. To receive the final result, 290 samples were collected, and 275 of them were valid.

REFERENCES

Abraham, S. (2012). Job satisfaction as an antecedent to employee engagement. SIES Journal of Management, 8(2), 27-36.
Abu-Shamaa, R., Al-Rabayah, W. A., & Khasawneh, R. T. (2015). The effect of job satisfaction and work engagement on organizational commitment. IUP Journal of Organizational Behavior, 14(4), 7-27.
Ajibade, S. O., & Ayinla, N. K. (2014). Investigating the effect of training on employees' commitment: An empirical study of a discount house in Nigeria. Megatrend Review, 11(3), 7-18.
Akremi, A. E., Colaianni, G., Portoghese, I., Galletta, M., & Battistelli, A. (2014). How organizational support impacts affective commitment and turnover among Italian nurses: A multilevel mediation model. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 25(9), 1185-1207.
Allen, N. J., & John P., M. (1990). The measurement and antecedents of affective, continuance and normative commitment to the organization. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 63(1), 1-18.
Amabile, T. M. (1985). Motivation and creativity: Effects of motivational orientation on creative writers. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48(2), 393-399.
Ames, C. (1992). Classrooms: Goals, structures, and student motivation. Journal of Educational Psychology, 84(3), 261-271.
Astrauskaite, M., Vaitkevicius, R., & Perminas, A. (2011). Job satisfaction survey: A confirmatory factor analysis based on secondary school teachers’ sample. International Journal of Business and Management, 6(5), 41-50.
Avolio, B. (1999). Full leadership development: Building the vital forces in organization. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.
Avolio, B. J., & Bass, B. M. (1995). Individual consideration viewed at multiple levels of analysis: A multi-level framework for examining the diffusion of transformational leadership. The Leadership Quarterly, 6(2), 199-218.
Aydin, A., Sarier, Y., & Uysal, S. (2013). The effect of school principals' leadership styles on teachers' organizational commitment and job satisfaction. Educational Sciences: Theory and Practice, 13(2), 806-811.
Bagozzi, R., & Yi, Y. (1988). On the evaluation of structural equation models. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 16(1), 74-94.
Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173-1182.
Bass, B. M., & Riggio, R. E. (2005). Transformational leadership (2nd ed). New York: Lawrence competency frameworks.
Bass, B. M., Avolio, B.J., Jung, D.I., & Berson, Y. (2003). Predicting unit performance by assessing transformational and transactional leadership. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(2), 207-218.
Bass, B. M. (1985). Leadership and performance beyond expectations. New York: Free Press.
Bass, B. M. (1997). Does the transactional-transformational leadership paradigm transcend organizational and national boundaries?. American Psychologist, 52(2), 130-139.
Bass, B. M., & Avolio, B. J. (2005). Multifactor leadership questionnaire for research. Palo Alto, CA: Mind Garden.
Becker, G. S. (1960). An economic analysis of fertility. Columbia University Press, 60(2), 209-240.
Benkhoff, B. (1997). Disentangling organisational commitment: The changes of OCQ for research and policy. Personal Review, 26 (1), 114-120.
Bentler, P. M., & Bonnet, D. C. (1980). Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structures. Psychological Bulletin, 88(3), 588-606.
Berlyne, D. E. (1971). Aesthetics and psychobiology. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts
Boekaerts, M., & Boscolo, P. (2002). Interest in learning, learning to be interested. Learning and Instruction, 12(4), 375-382.
Brimeyer, T. M., Perrucci, R., & Wadsworth, S. M. (2010). Age, tenure, resources for control, and organizational commitment. Social Science Quarterly (Wiley-Blackwell), 91(2), 511-530.
Brophy, J. (1987). Synthesis of research on strategies for motivating students to learn. Educational Leadership, 45(2), 40-48.
Brown, S., & Huning, T. (2010). Intrinsic motivation and job satisfaction: The intervening role of goal orientation. Proceedings of the Academy of Organizational Culture, Communications and Conflict, USA, 15(1), 1-5.
Bryk, A. S., & Raudenbush, S. W. (1992). Hierarchical linear models: Applications and data analysis methods. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Burns, J. M. (1978). Leadership. New York: Harper & Row.
Butler, R. J., Contreras, M., Burton, L. C., Plisky, P. J., Goode, A., & Kiesel, K. (2013). Modifiable risk factors predict injuries in firefighters during training academies. Work, 46(1), 11-17.
Cannon, N. H., & Herda, D. N. (2016). Auditors' organizational commitment, burnout, and turnover intention: A replication. Behavioral Research in Accounting, 28(2), 69-74.
Carbonneau, N., Vallerand, R. J., & Lafreniere, M. K. (2012). Toward a tripartite model of intrinsic motivation. Journal of Personality, 80(5), 1147-1178.
Chan, J. (2009, August 17). Typhoon Morakot devastates Taiwan. World Socialist Web Site. Retrieved from https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2009/08/typh-a17.html
Chin, W. (1998). Partial least square approach to structural equation modelling. In G. A. Marcoulide (Eds.), Modern methods for business research (pp.295-336). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Çınar, İ., & Saraçlı, S. (2015). Examination of the relationships between organizational commitments and motivations of teachers: Çay county sample. International Online Journal of Educational Sciences, 7(4), 266-281.
Çoğaltay, N. (2015). Organizational commitment of teachers: A meta-analysis study for the effect of gender and marital status in Turkey. Educational Sciences: Theory and Practice, 15(4), 911-924.
Dave, D. S., Dotson, M. J., Cazier, J. A., Chawla, S. K., & Badgett, T. F. (2011). The impact of intrinsic motivation on satisfaction with extrinsic rewards in a nursing environment. Journal of Management & Marketing in Healthcare, 4(2), 101-107.
Day, J. M. (2014). Fostering emergent resilience: The complex adaptive supply network of disaster relief. International Journal of Production Research, 52(7), 1970-1988.
Diamantopoulos, A., & Siguaw, J. A. (2000). Introducing LISREL. London: Sage Publications.
Djordjević, D., Petrović, D., Vuković, D., Mihailović, D., & Dimić, A. (2015). Motivation and job satisfaction of health workers in a specialized health institution in Serbia. Vojnosanitetski Pregled: Military Medical & Pharmaceutical Journal of Serbia, 72(8), 714-721.
Eisenberger, R., Sucharski, I. L., Yalowitz, S., Kent, R. J., Loomis, R. J., Jones, J. R., Paylor, S., Aselage, J., Steiger Mueller, M., & McLauglin, J. P. (2010). The motive for sensory pleasure: Enjoyment of nature and its representation in painting, music, and literature. Journal of Personality, 78(2), 599-638.
Elliot, A. J., & Thrash, T. M. (2002). Approach-avoidance motivation in personality: Approach and avoidance temperaments and goals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82(5), 804-818.
Ertas, N. (2015). Turnover intentions and work motivations of millennial employees in federal service. Public Personnel Management, 44(3), 401-423.
Friel, C. M. (2010). Note on factor analysis. Retrieved from http://www.bama.ua.edu/~jcsenkbeil/gy523/Factor%20Analysis.pdf
Gagné, M., & Deci, E. L. (2005). Self-determination theory and work motivation. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 26(4), 331-362.
Garg, P., & Rastogi, R. (2006). New model of job design: Motivating employees performance. Journal of Management Development, 25(6), 572-587.
Gray, C. D., & Kinnear, P. R. (2012). IBM SPSS statistics 19 made simple. Hove: Psychology Press.
Gruneberg, M. M. (1979). Understanding Job Satisfaction. Great Britain: the Macmillan Press Ltd.
Hair, J. F., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2011). PLS-SEM: Indeed a silver bullet. Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 19(2), 139-151.
Hair, J., Black, B., Babin, B., Anderson, R., & Tatham, R. (2006). Multivariate Data Analysis. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Harter, S. (1981). A new self-report scale of intrinsic versus extrinsic orientation in the classroom: Motivational and informational components. Developmental Psychology, 17(3), 300-312.
Hauser, L. (2014). Work motivation in organizational behavior. Economics, Management & Financial Markets, 9(4), 239-246.
Healey, J. F. (2002). Statistics: A tool for social research. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, Thomson Learning.
Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sinkovics, R. R. (2009). The use of partial least squares path modeling in international marketing. Advances in International Marketing, 20(1). 277-320
Hofmann, D. A. (1997). A review of logic and rational of HLM. Journal of Management, 23(6), 723-742.
Hooper, D., Coughlan, J., & Mullen, M. R. (2008). Structural equation modelling: Guidelines for determining model fit. Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods, 6(1), 53-60.
Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6(1), 1-55.
Hulin, C. L., & Judge, T. A. (2003). Job attitudes: A theoretical and empirical review. In W. C. Borman, D. R. Ilgen, & R. J. Klimoski (Eds.), Handbook of Psychology, (pp. 255-276).
Ingram, T. N., Lee, K. S., & Skinner, S. J. (1989). An empirical assessment of salesperson motivation, commitment, and job outcomes. Journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management, 9(3), 25-33.
Institute for Career. (2006). Career as a firefighter: fire prevention. Chicago: U.S.A. Institute for Career Research.
Kagan, J. (1972). Motives and development. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 22(1), 51-66.
Kahai, S., Jestire, R., & Rui, H. (2013). Effects of transformational and transactional leadership on cognitive effort and outcomes during collaborative learning within a virtual world. British Journal of Educational Technology, 44(6), 969-985.
Kastros, A. (2013). How to inspire and motivate firefighters. Fire Engineering, 166(4), 73-92.
Kennedy, P. (1989). Non-nested hypothesis tests: A diagrammatic exposition. Australian Economic Papers, 28(52), 160-165.
Kerlinger, F. N. (1986). Foundations of behavioral research. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Kvaløy, O., Nieken, P., & Schöttner, A. (2015). Hidden benefits of reward: A field experiment on motivation and monetary incentives. European Economic Review, 76, 188-199.
Larwood, L., & Trentham, S. (1998). Job satisfaction: Application, assessment, causes and consequences. British Journal of Industrial Relations, 36(4), 672-674.
Lehmann-Willenbrock, N., Meinecke, A. L., Rowold, J., & Kauffeld, S. (2015). How transformational leadership works during team interactions: A behavioral process analysis. Leadership Quarterly, 26(6), 1017-1033.
Leite, N. P., de Aguiar Rodrigues, A. C., & de Albuquerque, L. G. (2014). Organizational commitment and job satisfaction: What are the potential relationships? BAR - Brazilian Administration Review, 11(4), 476-495.
Li, Y., Sheldon, K. M., & Liu, R. (2015). Dialectical thinking moderates the effect of extrinsic motivation on intrinsic motivation. Learning & Individual Differences, 39, 89-95.
Lloyd, J., & Barenblatt, L. (1984). Intrinsic intellectuality: Its relations to social class, intelligence, and achievement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 46(3), 646-654.
Locke, E. A. (1976). The nature and causes of job satisfaction. In M. D. Dunnette (Ed.), Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology (pp. 1297-1349). Chicago: Rand McNally.
MacCallum, R. C., Browne, M. W., & Sugawara, H. M. (1996). Power analysis and determination of sample size for covariance structure modeling. Psychological Methods, 1(2), 130-149.
Mathieu, J., & Zajac, D. (1990). A review of meta-analysis of the antecedents, correlates and consequences of organizational commitment. Psychological Bulletin, 108(2), 171-194.
McInman, A. D., & Grove, J. R. (1991). Peak Moments in Sport: A Literature Review. Quest, 43(3), 333-351.
Mercurio, Z. A. (2015). Affective commitment as a core essence of organizational commitment: An integrative literature review. Human Resource Development Review, 14(4), 389-414.
Mert, S. I., Keskin, N., & Bas, T. (2010). Leadership style and organizational commitment: Test of a theory in Turkish banking sector. Journal of Academic Research in Economics, 2(1), 1-20.
Meyer, J. P., & Allen, N. J. (1991). A three-component conceptualizational commitment. Human Resource Management Review, 1(1), 61-89.
Meyer, J. P., Stanley, D. J., Herscovitch, L., & Topolnytsky, L. (2002). Affective, continuance and normative commitment to the organization: A meta-analysis of antecedents, correlates, and consequences. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 61(1), 20-52.
Mirabela-Constanta, M., & Maria-Madela, A. (2011). Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation: An investigation of performance correlation on students. Annals of the University of Oradea, Economic Science Series, 20(1), 671-677.
Moldovan, O. D. (2014). Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation to primary school children. Journal Plus Education / Educatia Plus, 10(1), 203-211.
Mottaz, C. J. (1987). An analysis of the relationship between work satisfaction and organizational commitment. Sociological Quarterly, 28(4), 541-558.
Mowday, R. T., Porter, L. W., & Steers, R. M. (1982). Employee-organization linkages: The psychology of commitment, absenteeism, and turnover. New York: Academic Press, Inc.
National Fire Agency, Ministry of the Interior. (2015). 104年消防統計年報. Retrieved from: http://www.nfa.gov.tw/uploads/1/2016070602390704-%E5%85%A8.pdf
Neuman, W. L. (2011). Social research methods: Qualitative and quantitative approaches. UK: Pearson Education, Inc.

Nobuo, T., Hirofumi, O., & Nobuyuki, I. (2014). Spurious correlation between self-determination and job satisfaction: A case of Company X from 2004-2013. Annuals of Business Administrative Science, 13(5), 243-254.
Nunnally, J. C. (1978). Psychometric theory. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Nunnally, J. C., & Bernstein, I. H. (1994). Psychometric theory. New York: McGraw Hill.
O'Reilly, C. A., & Caldwell, D. F. (1980). Job choice: The impact of intrinsic and extrinsic factors on subsequent satisfaction and commitment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 65(5), 559-565.
Pelletier, L. G., & Tuson, K. M. (1995). Toward a new measure of intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation, and amotivation in sports. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 17(1), 35-53.
Porter, L., Steers, R., Mowday, R., & Boulian, P. (1974). Organizational commitment, job satisfaction, and turnover among psychiatric technicians. Journal of Applied Psychology, 59(5), 603-609.
Pradhan, S., & Pradhan, R. K. (2015). An empirical investigation of relationship among transformational leadership, affective organizational commitment and contextual performance. Vision: The Journal of Business Perspective 19(3), 227-235.
Rahimnia, F., & Sharifirad, M. (2015). Authentic leadership and employee well-being: The mediating role of attachment insecurity. Journal of Business Ethics, 132(2), 363-377.
Rai, S., & Sinha, A. K. (2000). Transformational leadership, organizational commitment and facilitating climate. Psychological Studies, 45(1-2), 33-42.
Raina, R., & Britt Roebuck, D. (2016). Exploring cultural influence on managerial communication in relationship to job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and the employees' propensity to leave in the insurance sector of India. International Journal of Business Communication, 53(1), 97-130.
Robbins, S. P., & Judge, T. A. (2015). Organizational behavior. NJ: Pearson.
Rozynski, G., Hung, N. M., & Ostrowski, R. (2009). Climate change related rise of extreme typhoon power and duration over south-east Asia seas. Coastal Engineering Journal, 51(3), 205-222.
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Intrinsic and extrinsic motivations: Classic definitions and new directions. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 25(1), 54-67.
Sabri, P. S., Ilyas, M., & Amjad, Z. (2011). Organizational culture and its impact on the job satisfaction of the university teachers of Lahore. International Journal of Business and Social Science. 24(2). 121-128
Schwepker, C. H. (2001). Ethical climate’s relationship to job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and turnover intention in the salesforce. Journal of Business Research, 54(1), 39-52.
Shibru, B., & Darshan, G. M. (2011). Effects of transformational leadership on subordinate job satisfaction in leather companies in Ethiopia. International Journal of Business Management & Economic Research, 3(5), 284-296.
Smith, P. C., Kendall, L. M., & Hulin, C. L. (1969). The measurement of satisfaction in work and retirement. Chicago: Rand McNally.
Spector, P. E. (1997). Job satisfaction: Application, assessment, causes, and consequences. University of South Florida, U.S.A, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2007). Using Multivariate Statistics (5th ed.). New York: Allyn and Bacon.
Tesfaw, T. A. (2014). The relationship between transformational leadership and job satisfaction: The case of government secondary school teachers in Ethiopia. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 42(6), 903-918.
Thompson, A. M., & Bono, B. A. (1993). Work without wages: The motivation for volunteer firefighters. American Journal of Economics & Sociology, 52(3), 323-343.
Tseng, H. C., & Kang. L. M. (2008). How does regulatory focus affect uncertainty towards organizational change? Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 29(8), 713-731.
Utman, C. H. (1997). Performance effects of motivational state: A meta-analysis. Personality & Social Psychology Review (Lawrence Erlbaum Associates), 1(2), 170.
Wahab, J. A., Fuad, C. M., Ismail, H., & Majid, S. (2014). Headmasters' transformational leadership and their relationship with teachers' job satisfaction and teachers' commitments. International Education Studies, 7(13), 40-48.
Wheaton, B., Muthen, B., Alwin, D. F., & Summers, G. (1977). Assessing reliability and stability in panel models. Sociological Methodology, 8(1), 84-136.
White, R. W. (1959). Motivation reconsidered: The concept of competence. Psychological Review, 66(5), 297-333.
Wiener, Y. (1982). Commitment in organizations: A normative view. Academy of Management Review, 7(3), 418-428.
Wikipedia (2016). Bajhang River Event. Retrieved from https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E6%8E%8C%E6%BA%AA%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6. [八掌溪事件]
Williams, F., & Monge, P. (2001). Reasoning with statistics. CA: Thomson Wadsworth.
Withen, P. (2015). Climate change and wildland firefighter health and safety. New Solutions: A Journal of Environmental and Occupational Health Policy, 24(4), 577-584.
Wofford, J. C., Goodwin, V. L., & Whittington, J. L. (1998). A field study of a cognitive approach to understanding transformational and transactional leadership. The Leadership Quarterly, 9(1), 55-84.
Wold, H. (1975). Path models with latent variables: The NIPALS approach. In H. M. Blalock, A. Aganbegian, F. M. Borodkin, R. Boudon, V. Capecchi (Eds.), Quantitative Sociology (pp. 307-359). New York: Academic Press.
World Health Organization (2014). Quantitative risk assessment of the effects of climate change on selected causes of death, 2030s and 2050s. Geneva: World Health Organization.
Wu, M., & Wang, J. (2012). Developing a charismatic leadership model for Chinese organizations: The mediating role of loyalty to supervisors. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 23(19), 4069-4084.
Yang, Y. F. (2014). Transformational leadership in the consumer service workgroup: Competing models of job satisfaction, change commitment, and cooperative conflict resolution. Psychological Reports, 114(1), 33-49.
Yoichi, F., & Heizo, T. (2011). Lessons from the disaster: Risk management and the compound crisis presented by the Great East Japan Earthquake. Tokyo: The Japan Times.
Yong, A. G., & Pearce, S. (2013). A beginner’s guide to factor analysis: Focusing on exploratory factor analysis. Tutorials in Quantitative Methods for Psychology, 9(2), 79-94.
Yucel, I. (2012). Examining the relationships among job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and turnover intention: An empirical study. International Journal of Business and Management. 7(20). 44-58.
Zhang, J. C., Ling, W. Q., Zhang, Z. Y., & Xie, J. (2015). Organizational commitment, work engagement, person-supervisor fit, and turnover intention: A total effect moderation model. Social Behavior & Personality: An International Journal, 43(10), 1657-1666.
Zuckerman, M. (1979). Sensation Seeking: Beyond the Optimum Level of Arousal. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.