隨著臺灣醫療技術的進步，社會逐漸邁入高齡化，身心障礙者的平均年齡也隨之提升。其中又以智能與發展障礙的族群對原生家庭的支持依賴最大，因為認知能力受限、生活自理能力不足，若伴隨著具挑戰性的行為問題，更導致社會適應困難、難以找到合適的安置場所。臺灣社會受家庭照顧主義風氣的影響，多將障礙者視為家庭的責任，當家庭照顧者與障礙者同時老化時，便出現了「雙老家庭」的照顧需求。因此，有一群面臨同樣處境的家長們決定打造心中的理想—「雙老家園」，成為一種由障礙家庭自給自足、不同以往的獨特照顧模式。本研究場域的雙老家園是複合式的建築場域，其中包含親子住宅、社福大樓，以及農場、茶園、公園等周邊活動場域。
本研究以家庭為單位，進行觀察與半結構訪談，了解在家園的家庭生命經驗與未來願景。根據Turnbull和Turnbull（1991）針對身心障礙家庭提出的家庭系統理論（Family Systems Theory）作為研究基礎，有以下發現：（一）家園中的障礙者大多特質相近，不同障礙類別的個性能互補相互協助。（二）家園中的照顧者多具有充足的人脈、資源與背景經歷，將照顧責任化為投入莊園經營的使命感。（三）家園具有獨特的經營模式，且成員間彼此同理接納成為後天的家人，使家園成為如眷村般的大家庭關係。（四）參與者與家庭成員大多對雙老家園的未來生活模式有正面的期待，並將家園視為彼此最終的家。
透過研究結果有以下未來建議：（一）建議障礙家庭成員及早規劃未來生活，深度對談了解彼此想法。（二）建議實務工作者在提供服務時留意家庭成員相互影響的重要性，並以家庭整體為中心考量。（三）建議政府組織應深度了解家長心聲進行社福制度的修正與改善；亦可透過實際的支持與雙老家園保持合作關係。（四）建議未來研究者等家園運行穩定後，再深入探索生活樣貌或不同家庭成員角色的想法與觀點。

Taiwan's medical technology innovation is making significant strides to meet the needs of its aging population and the increasing number of people with disabilities. Among this population, individuals with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (IDD) are the most reliant on support from their original families due to their limited cognitive abilities and insufficient self-care skills. When challenging behaviors accompany these limitations, it becomes even more difficult for them to adapt socially and find adequate residential placement. Influenced by the tradition of familial caregiving in Taiwanese society, people often view caring for individuals with disabilities as family responsibility. When both the caregiver and the individual with disabilities age simultaneously, a caregiving need known as "double-aging families" arises. Therefore, families needing such long-term care established a new residential option: "Village Communities". The Village Community in this study is a complex that includes residential units for both parents and children, a social welfare building, and surrounding activity areas such as farms, tea gardens, and parks.
In this study, I took families as units for observation and semi-structured interviews to understand the life experiences and future visions of families choosing to move into the community. Based on the Family Systems Theory proposed by Turnbull and Turnbull (1991) for families with disabilities, findings from my analyses revealed: (1) Most of the individuals IDD in the community have similar characteristics, and the different personalities of various types of disabilities can complement and assist each other. (2) The caregivers in the community generally have extensive networks, resources, and background experiences, transforming caregiving responsibilities into a sense of mission for managing the estate. (3) The community has a unique management mode, where members connect with and accept each other, becoming an extended family like a military dependents’ village.
Based on the research results, the following future recommendations are made: (1) Family members of individuals with disabilities should plan their future lives early and engage in in-depth discussions to understand each other's thoughts. (2) Practitioners should pay attention to the significant impact of mutual influence among family members when providing services, considering the family unit as a whole. (3) Government organizations should listen to parents' voices to amend regulations and improve social welfare systems; they may also cooperate with Village Communities to provide practical supports. (4) Future researchers are advised to follow-up with this Village Community to explore different family members' living patterns and perspectives.

壹、 中文部分
王仁音（2013）。自閉症者成年手足之生命經驗〔未出版之碩士論文〕。國立高雄師範大學。
王文娟（2011a）。智能障礙者雙老家庭新型居住模式之建構。身心障礙研究季刊，9（3），151-164。
王文娟（2011b）。智能障礙者雙老家庭壓力負荷之初探。身心障礙研究季刊，9（2），96-110。
王文娟（2016）。中高齡智障者雙老家庭之親子家園居住模式可行性分析。身心障礙研究，14（1），17-33。
王文娟（2023）。智能障礙者家屬選擇使用社區居住服務之決策過程。身心障礙研究季刊，21（2），101-114。
王國羽（2003）。居住在機構之成年智障者健康與疾病型態分析：性別與年齡之考量。臺大社會工作學刊，8，91-128。
江博煌、楊雅筑、張育嘉、徐尚為（2016）。自閉症患者全民健康保險健保門診醫療利用分析。身心障礙研究季刊，14（3），167-179。
呂思樺、姜義村、王智弘（2008）一個有生命力的家：成年心智障礙者「互助家庭」模式發展之探討。特殊教育學報，28，1-26。
宋靜芳（2021）。智能障礙者雙老家庭的服務經驗〔碩士論文，國立暨南國際大學〕。
李同正（2016）。建構成年心智障礙者「社區居住與生活服務」成本模式之個案研究-以作業基礎成本制〔碩士論文，國立暨南國際大學〕。
李宇涵（2020年9月3日）。和自閉孩子一起變老！建中退休教師打造台灣第一個共耕、共居住宅合作社。早安健康。https://www.edh.tw/article/25019。
李怡嫻、張正芬（2019）正向行為支持計畫對國中特教班自閉症學生行為問題處理成效之個案研究。中華民國特殊教育學會年刊（108年度），87-105。
李姿蓉（2012）。自閉症患者母親的益處發現、自我效能、社會支持與壓力因應歷程之關係〔未出版之碩士論文〕。長庚大學臨床行為科學研究所。
李婉萍（2003）。成年智能障礙者生活經驗-以某教養院機構教養與社區家園服務為例（未出版之碩士論文）。台北東吳大學社會工作研究所。
李崇信、周月清、陳寶珠、余丹鳳、詹雪珍、張淑娟、李婉萍（2006）。台灣成年心智障礙者社區居住與生活服務實務操作手冊。
李淑芬、張正芬、葉啓斌（2017）。心智理論教學提昇自閉症幼兒社會技巧成效之研究。特殊教育季刊，143，1-10。
李翠玲（2016）國小特教班低口語自閉症學生教學支援實施歷程之個案研究。身心障礙研究季刊，14（2），86-99。
李語薇（2020）。臺灣碩博論文自閉症手足關係相關文獻探討。雲嘉特教期刊31，37-44。
身心障礙者家庭照顧者服務辦法（民國108年10月31日）修正公布。https://law.moj.gov.tw/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?pcode=D0050186
身心障礙福利機構設置標準（民國 112 年06月21日）修正公布。
周月清（2005）。台灣智障者居住服務探討－型態、規模、對象與變遷。臺灣社會工作學刊，4，34-75。
周月清、李婉萍、王文娟（2018）。兩代「三老」家庭照顧轉銜與老年遷移：老年父母、中老年智障者與手足。臺大社工學刊，37，99-149。
周怡君（2016）。德國與臺灣身心障礙者政策與失能者長照政策的比較分析：復健模式的觀點。臺大社會工作學刊，(34)，1-39。
孟瑛如、葉佳琪（2020）。國中小自閉症學生透過虛擬實境教學系統學習社會技巧成效之探討。教育傳播與科技研究，123，39-58。
林秀雲（譯）（2016）。社會科學研究方法。（原作者：Earl babbie）。雙葉書廊。
林昀儂（2020）。自閉症類群障礙症幼兒行為問題與家長親職壓力的關係：縱貫研究〔未出版之碩士論文〕。高雄醫學大學。
林芳儀、賴宏昇、江莞兒、戴敏合（2013）學前自閉症兒童家長對症童休閒參與和休閒效益之認知，輔仁民生學誌，19（1），101-124。
林菱佩（2010）自閉症兒童父母生活適應與其社會參與之研究〔未出版之碩士論文〕。文化大學青少年兒童福利研究所。
林筠（2017）。另一個孩子：心智障礙者手足之親子關係〔未出版之碩士論文〕。國立臺灣大學。
林網市（2019）。台灣成年心智障礙者社區居住與生活服務的發展與困境。中華民國智障者家長總會會訊。80。
林燕萩、江秋樺（2022）。自閉症學童類手足介入之實例分享。雲嘉特教期刊35，34-41。
長期照顧服務法（民國110年06月09日）修正公布。
侯禎塘、許禎元、李俊賢（2009）。家族藝術治療介入認知障礙者手足之親子關
係。台灣藝術治療學刊，1（1），33-53。
姚奮志、顏惠羣、詹巧綾、林宜臻（2021）。臺灣雙老家庭服務政策實施現況與發展－以心智障礙者為例。台灣社區工作與社區研究學刊，11（2），35-85。
柯菀榕（2011）。自閉症兒童之一般手足的壓力與因應方式之探討〔未出版之碩士論文〕。樹德科技大學兒童與家庭服務所。
洪玉昭（2012）。臺北市中重度智能障礙者家長對住宿型機構安置服務福利需求與滿意度之研究〔未出版之碩士論文〕。中國文化大學青少年兒童福利所。
洪玉珊、吳秀照（2015）。智能障礙者雙老家庭使用居家服務經驗之探討。福祉科技與服務管理學刊，3（3），321-322。
洪儷瑜（譯）（2013）。親師合作與家庭支援：由信任與夥伴關係創造雙贏。（原作者：Turnbull, A., Turnbull, R., Erwin, E., J., Soodak, L., C. & Shogren, K., A.）。華騰文化。(原著出版年：2013)。
孫佩雯（2006）。學齡前自閉症患童主要照顧者人格堅毅，社會支持與生活品質之關係探討〔未出版之碩士論文〕。長庚大學護理學研究所。
孫智辰、賴添福（2023）。臺灣長期照顧機構促參案可行性評估經驗之研究。台灣社區工作與社區研究學刊，13（3），187-226。
徐儀潔（2020）。協商與決策：雙老家庭照顧責任之代間轉移〔碩士論文，國立暨南國際大學〕。
財團法人台北市自閉兒社會福利基金會（2012）。自閉兒的春天-有效能的父母之愛。天宏。
馬立德、葉俊廷、劉以慧（2017）。我國小型長期照顧機構經營困境及策略之研究。社會發展研究學刊，20，61-81。
高欣葦（2021）。社會故事教學策略用於提升自閉症學生社會技巧能力之探究。臺灣教育評論月刊，10（8），207-211。
崔嘉真（2011）。自閉症青少年與正常手足互動之探究〔未出版之碩士論文〕。臺北市立體育學院。
張淑楨（2014）。視障家庭主要照顧者家庭功能、社會支持與照顧負荷之研究〔未出版之碩士論文〕。玄奘大學社會福利與社會工作學系。
張瓊齡（2021）。孩子，我要和你一起老去。心靈工坊。
梁幼祥、翟子睿（2023）。從臺灣「眷村飲食」探討族群融合的觀點。科際整合月刊，8（10），18-26。
莊沅融、林佳靜（2023）。小型老人福利機構轉型為長期照顧法人機構之研究。台灣高齡服務管理學刊，4（2），49-74。
莊秀美（2008）。「單位照顧」模式的環境建構與實踐理念之探討。臺大社工學刊，16，87-128。
許秋凰（2011）。這是我的家? 心智障礙者團體家庭之生活樣貌〔未出版之碩士論文〕。國立臺灣師範大學復健諮商所。
許毓琳（2018）。雙老家庭成年心智障礙者照顧安排與安老準備〔未出版之碩士論文〕。朝陽科技大學。
郭孟亭、林藍萍、林金定（2014）。智能障礙者雙老家庭之照顧者憂鬱情形及相關因素探討。身心障礙研究季刊，12（4），207-220。
陳伶珠（2011）。雙重老化智能障礙者家庭照顧經驗初探。台灣高齡服務管理學刊，11，138-165。
陳政智（2013）。《中高齡智障者需求及服務模式之研究》。衛生福利部。
陳淑瑜（2003）。父母或主要照顧者參與智能障礙子女未來照護規劃之調查研究。特殊教育研究學刊，25，85-106。
陳筱璘、唐榮昌（2015）。同儕教導策略在國中自閉症學生社會技巧課程之實務分享。特教園丁，30（4），41-47。
善耕365（2020年12月24日）。等無安置機構的背後關於自閉症的各種難題。星星兒社會福利基金會。https://www.starfamily.org.tw/contents/news_ct?id=14
鈕文英（2019）。質性研究方法與論文寫作。雙葉書廊。
鈕文英（2022）。美國智能和發展障礙協會智能障礙第12版定義的內容與意涵。中華民國特殊教育學會年刊，39-61。
黃建華（2019）。肯納家長的夢想莊園。取自財團法人台灣肯納自閉症基金會網址https://www.kanner.org.tw/about_service.aspx?id=7&type=11
黃瑜惠、陳佩玉（2022）。特殊教育教師輔導自閉症學生攻擊行為的歷程與省思。特殊教育季刊，162，31-38。
楊馥宣（2013）。智能障礙雙重老化家庭使用住宿型機構之決策歷程〔未出版之碩士論文〕。高雄醫學大學。
葉崇揚、周怡君、楊佑萱（2020）。家庭主義的分歧？台灣民眾對兒童及老人照顧的福利態度分析。臺大社會工作學刊，41，1-56。
詹益樑（2011）。自閉症者父親壓力與因應策略之初探研究〔未出版之碩士論文〕。彰化師範大學特殊教育研究所。
雷嗣益（2020）。力爭上游-一位穩定就業的輕症自閉症者之復原力研究〔未出版之碩士論文〕。國立臺灣師範大學。
廖珮廷（2019）。學齡前自閉症類群障礙症兒童及年長手足之氣質、手足關係與問題行為：父母差異對待之關聯〔未出版之碩士論文〕。中原大學。
廖淑廷、林玲伊（2013）。親子關係與母親安適感之關聯性研究：以臺灣青少年及成年自閉症個案之母親為例。中華輔導與諮商學報，37，157-175。
臺灣自閉兒家庭關懷協會（2023年7月10日）。家長不得不面對的課題。取自
臺灣社區居住與獨立生活聯盟（2011年11月15日）。住宅法通過立法。取自
臺灣肯納自閉症基金會（無日期）。肯納莊園成就肯納終身大事。2023年7月2日，取自https://www.kanner.org.tw/news-info.aspx?class=320001&id=18543
劉毓芬、胡心慈（2005）。“破繭而出的意義”～一位自閉症兒童的母親之心理歷程。特殊教育研究學刊，29，225-249。
歐宥汝（2020）。學齡前自閉症類群障礙症兒童氣質、母親之社會網絡與父母共親職〔未出版之碩士論文〕。中原大學。
潘韻如、王湉妮（2015）。親子關係雙向模式之介紹與實務應用。臺灣職能治療研究與實務雜誌，11（2），100-108。
潘韻如、王湉妮、顏妙芫、宋宜珊、毛薰瑩（2017）。自閉症幼兒症狀嚴重度、認知功能與母親心理健康對親子關係之預測因子初探。身心障礙研究季刊，15（4），265-282。
蔣美珠、徐新逸（2014）。陪孩子走在融合教育的路上一位母親陪伴中度自閉症兒童就讀普通班級的心路歷程。中華民國特教學會年刊，263-275。
蔣瑋齊、曾美惠、蕭稑錡（2015）。自閉症類群障礙症孩童休閒活動參與和社會化能力之關係。職能治療學會雜誌，33（1），45-70。
衛福部（2011）。100年身心障礙者生活狀況及需求調查報告。
衛福部（2021）。心智障礙雙老家庭支持服務整合計畫工作指引。
衛福部（2022）。身心障礙者人數統計-年齡與類別分。
鄭元棻、林萬億、沈志勳（2019）。從社會支持角度探討臺灣雙重老化智能障礙者家庭照顧者之照顧負荷。臺灣社會工作學刊，22，3-41。
蕭仕敏（2003）。自閉症兒童之正常手足生活適應研究－以台北縣自閉症服務協進會為例〔未出版之碩士論文〕。國立嘉義大學特殊教育學系。
賴品妤（2021）。自立生活支持服務之重要性與困境探討：服務提供者的觀點〔碩士論文，高雄醫學大學〕。
戴珊珊（2023）。與你同行：父母教養自閉症兒的心路歷程之敘事探究〔未出版之碩士論文〕。國立臺灣師範大學教育心理與輔導學系。
謝文洋（2020）。學齡前自閉症類群障礙症兒童氣質、父母共親職與母親親職壓力〔未出版之碩士論文〕。中原大學。
顏瑞隆、張正芬（2014）。臺灣自閉症者家庭碩博士論文回顧與分析。中華民國特殊教育學會年刊，247-262。
羅鈞令、謝雅琳（2009）。自閉症幼兒的日常職能活動之參與及表現。職能治療學會雜誌，27（1），10-22。
 
貳、 英文部分
Abidin, R. R. (1990). Parenting Stress Index-short form: Test manual. Charlottesville, Pediatric Psychology Press.
Avieli, H. (2020). How Middle-Aged Siblings of Adults with Intellectual Disability Experience their Roles: a Qualitative Analysis. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 32(4), 633-651.
Baker B. L., McIntyre L. L., Blacher J., Crnic K., Edel-brock C. & Low C. (2003) Pre-school children with and without developmental delay: behaviour problems andparenting stress over time. Journal of Intellectual Disabil-ity Research 47, 217–30.
Baumbusch, J., S. Mayer, A. Phinney, and S. Baumbusch (2017). Aging Together: Caring Relations in Families of Adults with Intellectual Disabilities. Gerontologist, 57(2), 341-347.
Beck A., Hastings R. P. & Daley D. (2004) Pro-social andbehaviour problems independently predict maternalstress. Journal of Intellectual & Developmental Disability,29, 339–49.
Bell, R. Q. (1968). A reinterpretation of the direction of effects in studies of socialization. Psychological Review, 75(2), 81-95.
Bentenuto, A., Perzolli, S., de Falco, S., & Venuti, P. (2020). The emotional availability in mother-child and father-child interactions in families with children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 75, 101569.
Beurkens, N. M., Hobson, J. A., & Hobson, R. P. (2013). Autism severity and qualities of parent–child relations. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 43, 168-178.
Burke, M. M., Lee, C. E., Arnold, C. K., & Owen, A. (2017). The perceptions of professionals toward siblings of individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities. Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 55(2), 72-83.
Burla, L., Knierim, B., Barth, J., Liewald, K., Duetz, M., & Abel, T. (2008). From text to codings: intercoder reliability assessment in qualitative content analysis. Nursing research, 57(2), 113-117.
Cairns, D., Tolson, D., Brown, J., & Darbyshire, C. (2013). The need for future alternatives: an investigation of the experiences and future of older parents caring for offspring with learning disabilities over a prolonged period of time. British Journal of Learning Disabilities, 41(1), 73-82.
Carter, E. W., Common, E. A., Sreckovic, M. A., Huber, H. B., Bottema-Beutel, K., Gustafson, J. R., Dykstra, J., & Hume, K. (2014). Promoting social competence and peer relationships for adolescents with autism spectrum disorders. Remedial and Special Education, 35(2), 91-101.
Chen, J.L., Leader, G., Sung, C. (2015).Trends in Employment for Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder: a Review of the Research Literature. Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,2,115–127.
Chiu, C.-Y. (2022). Bamboo sibs: Experiences of Taiwanese non-disabled siblings of adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities across caregiver lifestages. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 34(2), 233-253.
Chou, Y.-C., Lee, Y.-C., Lin, L.-C., Kröger, T., & Chang, A.-N. (2009). Older and younger family caregivers of adults with intellectual disability: Factors associated with future plans. Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 47(4), 282-294.
Cicirelli, V. G. (1994). The longest bond: The sibling life cycle. In L. L'Abate (Ed.), Handbook of Developmental Family Psychology and Psychopathology (pp. 44–59). John Wiley & Sons.
Clouse, J. R., Wood-Nartker, J., & Rice, F. A. (2020). Designing beyond the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA): Creating an autism-friendly vocational center. HERD.Health Environments Research & Design Journal, 13(3), 215-229.
Crawford Sullivan, S., & Aramini, V. (2019). Religion and positive youth development: Challenges for children and youth with autism spectrum disorder. Religions, 10(10), 540.
Dabrowska, A., & Pisula, E. (2010). Parenting stress and coping styles in mothers and fathers of pre‐school children with autism and Down syndrome. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 54(3), 266-280.
Damian, O.(2019). Life in Camphill communities: a balance model approach. World Congress for Positive and Transcultural Psychotherapy.1-6.
Dauz Williams, P., Piamjariyakul, U., Graff, J. C., Stanton, A., Guthrie, A. C., Hafeman, C., & Williams, A. R. (2010). Developmental disabilities: Effects on well siblings. Issues Comprehensive Pediatric Nursing, 33(1), 39–55.
Davis, R. F., & Kiang, L. (2020). Parental stress and religious coping by mothers of children with autism. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 12(2), 137.
Davys, D., Mitchell, D., & Haigh, C. (2016). Adult siblings consider the future: Emergent themes. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 29(3), 220-230.
Enea, V., & Rusu, D. (2020). Raising a child with autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review of the literature investigating parenting stress. Journal of Mental Health Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 13(4), 283-321.
Factor, R. S., Ollendick, T. H., Cooper, L. D., Dunsmore, J. C., Rea, H. M., & Scarpa, A. (2019). All in the family: A systematic review of the effect of caregiver-administered autism spectrum disorder interventions on family functioning and relationships. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 22, 433-457.
Francis, G. L., Blue-Banning, M., & Turnbull, R. (2014). Variables within a household that influence quality-of-life outcomes for individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities living in the community: Discovering the gaps. Research and Practice for Persons with Severe Disabilities, 39(1), 3-10.
Friedman, C. (2019). Quality-of-Life Outcomes of Older Adults with Severe Disabilities. Research and Practice for Persons with Severe Disabilities, 44(4), 237-250.
Guercio, J. M. (2022). Community-Based Residential Options for Adults with Autism and Intellectual Disabilities. In Handbook of Quality of Life for Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (pp. 159-177). Springer.
Haley, W. E., & Perkins, E. A. (2004). Current status and future directions in family caregiving and aging people with intellectual disabilities. Journal of Policy and Practice in Intellectual Disabilities, 1(1), 24-30.
Hall, S. A., & Rossetti, Z. (2018). The roles of adult siblings in the lives of people with severe intellectual and developmental disabilities. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 31(3), 423-434.
Hamedanchi, A., Khankeh, H. R., Fadayevatan, R., Teymouri, R., & Sahaf, R. (2016). Bitter experiences of elderly parents of children with intellectual disabilities: A phenomenological study. Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research, 21(3), 278.
Hamilton, D., Sutherland, G., & Iacono, T. (2005). Further examination of relationships between life events and psychiatric symptoms in adults with intellectual disability. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 49(11), 839-844.
Hayes, S. A., & Watson, S. L. (2013). The impact of parenting stress: A meta-analysis of studies comparing the experience of parenting stress in parents of children with and without autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 43, 629-642.
Hendricks, D. R., & Wehman, P. (2009). Transition from school to adulthood for youth with autism spectrum disorders: Review and recommendations. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, 24(2), 77–88.
Hewitt, A. S., Stancliffe, R. J., Hall-Lande, J., Nord, D., Pettingell, S. L., Hamre, K., & Hallas-Muchow, L. (2017). Characteristics of adults with autism spectrum disorder who use residential services and supports through adult developmental disability services in the United States. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 34, 1-9.
Higgins, D. J., Bailey, S. R., & Pearce, J. C. (2005). Factors associated with functioning style and coping strategies of families with a child with an autism spectrum disorder. Autism, 9(2), 125-137.
Hoffman, C. D., Sweeney, D. P., Hodge, D., Lopez-Wagner, M. C., & Looney, L. (2009). Parenting Stress and Closeness: Mothers of Typically Developing Children and Mothers of Children With Autism. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, 24(3), 178–187.
Kaminsky L. & Dewey. D.(2002).Psychosocial adjustment in siblings of children with autism. Journal of Child Psychol Psychiatry.43(2),225-32.
Khanna R., Madhavan S.S., Smith M.J., Patrick J.H., Tworek C & Becker-Cottrill B.(2011).Assessment of health-related quality of life among primary caregivers of children with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 41(9),1214-1227.
Kinnaer, M., Baumers, S., & Heylighen, A. (2016). Autism-friendly architecture from the outside in and the inside out: An explorative study based on autobiographies of autistic people. Journal of Housing and the Built Environment, 31, 179-195.
Kruithof, K., IJzerman, L., Nieuwenhuijse, A., Huisman, S., Schippers, A., Willems, D., & Olsman, E. (2021). Siblings’ and parents’ perspectives on the future care for their family member with profound intellectual and multiple disabilities: A qualitative study. Journal of Intellectual & Developmental Disability, 46(4), 351-361.
Kuhn J.C., Carter A.S.(2006).Maternal self-efficacy and associated parenting cognitions among mothers of children with autism. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry,76(4), 564-75.
Lee, C. E., & Burke, M. M. (2020). Future planning among families of individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities: A systematic review. Journal of Policy and Practice in Intellectual Disabilities, 17(2), 94-107.
Lee, C. E., Burke, M. M., Arnold, C. K., & Owen, A. (2019). Comparing differences in support needs as perceived by parents of adult offspring with down syndrome, autism spectrum disorder and cerebral palsy. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 32(1), 194-205.
Lee, C., & Burke, M. M. (2018). Caregiving roles of siblings of adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities: A systematic review. Journal of Policy and Practice in Intellectual Disabilities, 15(3), 237–246.
Lemanek, K. L., Stone, W. L., & Fishel, P. T. (1993). Parent-child interactions in handicapped preschoolers: The relation between parent behaviors and compliance. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 22(1), 68-77.
Lennox, N., Prasher, V., & Janicki, M. (2002). Health promotion and disease prevention. Physical Health of Adults with Intellectual Disabilities, 230-251.
Lincoln, Y. S., & Guba, E. G. (1985). Naturalistic inquiry: Beverly Hills.CA: Sage.
Lindahl, J., Stollon, N., Wu, K., Liang, A., Changolkar, S., Steinway, C., Trachtenberg, S., Coccia, A., Devaney, M., & Jan, S. (2019). Domains of planning for future long‐term care of adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities: Parent and sibling perspectives. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 32(5), 1103-1115.
Maaskant, M. A., Gevers, J. P., & Wierda, H. (2002). Mortality and life expectancy in Dutch residential centres for individuals with intellectual disability, 1991–1995. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 15(3), 200-212.
Macedo Costa, T., & Pereira, A. P. D. S. (2019). The child with autism spectrum disorder: The perceptions of siblings. Support for Learning, 34(2), 193-210.
Macks, R. J.,Reeve, R. E.(2007). The adjustment of non-disabled siblings of children with autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 37, 1060–1067.
Marsack-Topolewski, C. N. (2023). Predictors of quality of life for aging family caregivers of adults with autism. Journal of Family Social Work, 1-17.
Marsack-Topolewski, C. N., & Graves, J. M. (2020). “I worry about his future!” Challenges to future planning for adult children with ASD. Journal of Family Social Work, 23(1), 71-85.
Mostafa, M. (2014). Architecture for autism: Autism ASPECTSS™ in school design. International Journal of Architectural Research: ArchNet-IJAR, 8(1), 143-158.
Nagib, W., & Williams, A. (2017). Toward an autism-friendly home environment. Housing Studies, 32(2), 140-167.
Newman B.(2005).Self-management of Initiations by Students Diagnosed with Autism. The Analysis of Verbal Behavior,21(1),117-22.
Nguyen, P., d’Auria, V., & Heylighen, A. (2020). Detail matters: exploring sensory preferences in housing design for autistic people. Designing for Inclusion,132-139.
Otero T.L., Schatz R.B., Merrill A.C. & Bellini S.(2015).Social skills training for youth with autism spectrum disorders: a follow-up. Child Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America,24(1),99-115.
Paode, P. (2020). Housing for adults with autism and/or intellectual and developmental disabilities: Shortcomings of federal programs〔Paper presentation〕.The Daniel Jordan Fiddle Foundation.
Pardini, D. A. (2008). Novel insights into longstanding theories of bidirectional parent–child influences: Introduction to the special section. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 36(5), 627-631.
Scheeren, A. M., Howlin, P., Bartels, M., Krabbendam, L., & Begeer, S. (2022). The importance of home: Satisfaction with accommodation, neighborhood, and life in adults with autism. Autism Research, 15(3), 519-530.
Schepens, H. R., Van Puyenbroeck, J., & Maes, B. (2019). How to improve the quality of life of elderly people with intellectual disability: A systematic literature review of support strategies. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 32(3), 483-521.
Seltzer, M. M., & Krauss, M. W. (1989). Aging parents with adult mentally retarded children: Family risk factors and sources of support. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 94(3), 303–312.
Shattuck, P. T., Garfield, T., Roux, A. M., Rast, J. E., Anderson, K., Hassrick, E. M., & Kuo, A. (2020). Services for adults with autism spectrum disorder: A systems perspective. Current Psychiatry Reports, 22, 1-12.
Sim, A., Vaz, S., Cordier, R., Joosten, A., Parsons, D., Smith, C., & Falkmer, T. (2018). Factors associated with stress in families of children with autism spectrum disorder. Developmental Neurorehabilitation, 21(3), 155-165.
Smith, L. E., Hong, J., Seltzer, M. M., Greenberg, J. S., Almeida, D. M., & Bishop, S. (2010). Daily experiences among mothers of adolescents and adults with ASD. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 40, 167–178.
Spiker, D., Lotspeich, L. J., Dimiceli, S., Myers, R. M., & Risch, N. (2002). Behavioral phenotypic variation in autism multiplex families: evidence for a continuous severity gradient. American Journal of Medical Genetics, 114(2), 129-136.
Stoneman, Z. (2001). Supporting positive sibling relationships during childhood. Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities, 7, 134-142.
Taylor J.L, Seltzer M.M.(2011). Employment and post-secondary educational activities for young adults with autism spectrum disorders during the transition to adulthood. Autism Developmental Disorders,41(5),566-74.
Turnbull, A. P., & Turnbull, H. R. (1991). Understanding families from a systems perspective. In J. M. Williams & T. Kay (Eds.), Head injury: A family matter (pp. 37–63). Paul H. Brookes Publishing.
Umberson, D., & Thomeer, M. B. (2020). Family matters: Research on family ties and health, 2010 to 2020. Journal of Marriage and Family, 82(1), 404-419.
Walker, R., & Hutchinson, C. (2018). Planning for the future among older parents of adult offspring with intellectual disability living at home and in the community: A systematic review of qualitative studies. Journal of Intellectual and Developmental Disability, 43(4), 453-462.
Woodman A.C., Mailick M.R., AndersonK.A. & Esbensen A.J.(2014). Residential Transitions among Adults with Intellectual Disability across 20 Years. Intellectuall Developmental Disability, 119, 496-515.
Wright, B. M., Benigno, J. P., Mccarthy, J. W., & Chabot, J. (2022). ‘They Change Our Lives More than We Change Them’: Young Adults’ Perspectives on Relationships with Autistic Siblings. International Journal of Disability, Development and Education, 1-14.