本研究旨在瞭解透過誘發式爆發力訓練後，所引起的活化後增益作用對三級跳遠運動表現的影響。當中主要分析三級跳遠過程中各階段的速度變化、重心高度變化、觸地時間、膝蓋角度、起跳角度等生物力學參數與成績之關連。本研究以個案分析進行，對象為現役香港田徑隊三級跳遠代表。透過八週誘發式爆發力訓練並進行前中後之爆發力測試及三級跳遠測試，以Vmaxpro數據收集感應器測量反向跳（CMJ）、蹲跳（SJ），三臺 Smartspeed 紅外線光閘（Fusion Sport, Queensland, Australia）測量起跳前助跑速度變化，以及兩臺每秒300張畫面的高速攝影機(JVC)拍攝三級跳遠動作，並利用Kwon 3D 以14個肢段、21個關節點的人體模型作二度空間影片分析，以取得相關之參數。相關研究結果如下：（一）誘發式爆發力訓練可產生活化後增益作用的長期適應效果，提升爆發力。（二）三級跳遠各階段之間的比例差異不能太大，否則影響成績。（三）水平速度是影響三級跳遠成績的一個關鍵因素，但同時需配合相應的爆發力，爆發力不足時利用較高水平速度進行三級跳遠會對成績產生負面影響。（四）跨步跳階段的水平速度維持為三階段中最關鍵因素，起跳瞬間水平速度流失較少可產生較佳距離，藉由誘發式爆發力訓練有助改善單足跳與跨步跳之間的接跳效率。（五）誘發式爆發力訓練改善三級跳遠觸地時間，減少觸地時膝關節的壓縮幅度，改善下肢勁度，提升水平速度維持能力。

This study investigated the effect of Post-Activation Potentiation (PAP) on Triple Jump Performance, analyzed the relationship between the triple jump distance and the biomechanics related data which included the changes of velocity, height of center mass, ground contact time, knee angle, takeoff angle etc. This study used case study research, the subject is a Triple jump athlete of Hong Kong Athletics Team. There was 8 week’s power training program by PAP method, and measured the power and triple jump performance before, during and after the training program. Vmaxpro Sensor was used to record the result of Countermovement Jump and Squat Jump, 3 Timing Gates (Smart Speed) were used to record the change of velocity before takeoff and 2 digital high speed camera (JVC) capable of capturing 300 Hz were used to record the triple jump movement. Relevant parameters were collected by a two-dimensional analysis of the videos which based on the body model consisting of 14 limb segments and 21 joints. The results included: (1) The explosive force development can be induced by long term Post-Activation Potentiation Power Training. (2) A large of difference between each phase ratio caused a negative effect on triple jump performance. (3) Horizontal velocity is one of the key factors that affect the triple jump result, but also need to consider the ability of generate power. A high horizontal velocity with low power ability were caused a negative effect on triple jump. (4) The maintenance of horizontal velocity on Step phase was the most critical, PAP Power Training improved the efficiency of touch down and takeoff on Step phase. (5) PAP Power Training increased the leg stiffness, enhanced the maintenance of horizontal velocity.

Allen, S. J., Yeadon, M. R., King, M. A. (2016). The effect of increasing strength and approach velocity on triple jump performance. Journal of Biomechanics, 49(16), 3796–3802. doi: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2016.10.009

Allen, S. J., King, M. A., & Yeadon, M. (F. (2016). Optimisation of phase ratio in the triple jump using computer simulation. Human Movement Science, 46, 167–176. doi: 10.1016/j.humov.2015.12.012

Allen, S. J., King, M. A., & Yeadon, M. R. (2013). Trade-offs between horizontal and vertical velocities during triple jumping and the effect on phase distances. Journal of Biomechanics, 46, 979–983

Addie, C. D., Arnett, J. E., Neltner, T. J., Straughn, M. K., Greska, E. K., Cosio-Lima, L., & Brown, L. E. (2019). Effects of Drop Height on Drop Jump Performance. International Journal of Kinesiology and Sports Science, 7(4), 28. doi: 10.7575/aiac.ijkss.v.7n.4p.28

Antonini, S. (2015). Biomechanics of the triple jump: technical, coordinative and muscular aspects. Science & Sport, 26:13-8.

Aagaard, P., Simonsen, E. B., Andersen, J. L., Magnusson, P., & Dyhre-Poulsen, P. (2002) Increased rate of force development and neural drive of human skeletal muscle following resistance training. Journal of Applied Physiology, 93(4), 1318–1326. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00283.2002

Bridgett, L. A., & Linthorne, N. P. (2006). Changes in long jump take-off technique with increasing run-up speed. Journal of Sports Sciences, 24(8), 889-897. doi:10.1080/02640410500298040

Baechle, T.R., & Earle, R.W. (2008). Essentials of strength training and conditioning. Champaign: Human Kinetics.

Čoh, M., & Kugovnik, O. (2011). Variability Of Biomechanical Parameters In The Triple Jump Technique – A Case Study. Sportlogia, 7(2), 113–121. doi:10.5550/sgia.110702.en.113c

Coh, M., Zvan, M., & Kugovnik, O. (2017). Kinematic and Biodynamic Model of the Long Jump Technique. Kinematics. doi:10.5772/intechopen.71418

Ebben, W. P. (2002) Complex training: A brief review. Journal of Sport Science and Medicine, 1: 42–46.

Eissa, A. (2014). Biomechanical Evaluation of the Phases of the Triple Jump Take-Off in a Top Female Athlete. Journal of Human Kinetics, 40(1), 29-35. doi:10.2478/hukin-2014-0004

Fatouros, I. G., Jamurtas, A. Z., Leontsini, D., Taxildaris, K., Aggelousis, N., Kostopoulos, N., & Buckenmeyer, P. (2000). Evaluation of Plyometric Exercise Training, Weight Training, and Their Combination on Vertical Jumping Performance and Leg Strength. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 14(4), 470. doi: 10.1519/1533-4287

Grahman-Smith, P., & Lees, A. (1994). British triple jumpers 1993: approach speeds, phase distances and phase ratios. Athletic Coach, 28, 5–12.

Gotas, A., Maszczyk, A., Zajac, A., Mikołajec, K., & Stastny, P. (2016). Optimizing post activation potentiation for explosive activities in competitive sports. Journal of Human Kinetics, 52(1), 95–106. doi: 10.1515/hukin-2015-0197

Hay, J. G., & Miller, J. A. (1985). Techniques Used in the Triple Jump. International Journal of Sport Biomechanics, 1(2), 185-196. doi:10.1123/ijsb.1.2.185

Hakkinen, K. and Komi, P.V. (1985b). The effect of explosive type strength training on electromyographic and force production characteristics of leg extensor muscles during concentric and various stretch-shortening cycle exercise. Scandinavian Journal of Sports Science. 7: 65-76.

Hay, J. G. (1992) The biomechanics of the triple jump: a review. Journal of Sport Science, 10(4), 343– 378.

Hay, J. G. (1999) Effort distribution and performance of Olympic triple jumpers. Journal of Applied Biomechanics, 15: 36-51

Hay, J. G. and Reid, J. G. (1988). Anatomy, Mechanics and Human Motion. 2nd edition. Prentice Hall Inc., Englewood Cliffs, N. J

Haff, G., & Triplett, N. T. (2016). Essentials of strength training and conditioning. Fourth edition. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.

Hodgson, M., Docherty, D., & Robbins, D. (2005). Post-Activation Potentiation: Underlying Physiology and Implications for Motor Performance. Sports Medicine, 35(7), 585–595. doi: 10.2165/00007256-200535070-00004

Lowery, R. P., Duncan, N. M., Loenneke, J. P., Sikorski, E. M., Naimo, M. A., Brown, L. E., Wilson, F. G., Wilson, J. M. (2012). The Effects of Potentiating Stimuli Intensity Under Varying Rest Periods on Vertical Jump Performance and Power. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 26(12), 3320–3325. doi: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e318270fc56

McGuigan, M. R., Doyle, T. L., Newton, M., Edwards, D. J., Nimphius, S., & Newton, R. U. (2006). Eccentric Utilization Ratio. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 20(4), 992–995. doi: 10.1519/00124278-200611000-00042

Miladinov, O., & Bonov, P. (2004). Individual approach in improving the technique of triple jump for women. New Studies in Athletics, 4, 27–36

Morin, J. B., Dalleau, G., Kyröläinen, H., Jeannin, T., & Belli, A. (2005). A Simple Method for Measuring Stiffness during Running. Journal of Applied Biomechanics, 21(2), 167–180. doi: 10.1123/jab.21.2.167

Newton, R. U. (1997). Expression and development of maximal muscle power. Southern Cross university, Lismore, Australia

Philip, G. S. (1999). The Kinematics and Kinetics of jumping for distance with particular reference to the long and triple jumps (Doctoral thesis, Liverpool John Moores University). Retrieved from http://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/5069/1/313164.pdf

Struzik, A., Juras, G., Pietraszewski, B. & Rokita, A. (2016). Effect of drop jump technique on the reactive strength index. Journal of Human Kinetics, 52(1), 157–164. doi: 10.1515/hukin-2016-0003

Tillin, N. A., & Bishop, D. (2009). Factors Modulating Post-Activation Potentiation and its Effect on Performance of Subsequent Explosive Activities. Sports Medicine, 39(2), 147–166. doi: 10.2165/00007256-200939020-00004

Toumi, H., Best, T. M., Martin, A., & Poumarat, G. (2004). Muscle Plasticity after Weight and Combined (Weight Jump) Training. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 36(9), 1580–1588. doi: 10.1249/01.mss.0000139896.73157.21

Tucker, C., Nicholson, G., Cooke, M., & Bissas, A. (2017) Biomechanical Report for the IAAF World Championships LONDON 2017 Triple Jump Men’s. Carnegie School of Sport

Tucker, C., Bissas, A. (2018) Biomechanical Report for the IAAF World Indoor Championships 2018 Triple Jump Men. Carnegie School of Sport

Turner, A. N., & Jeffreys, I. (2010). The Stretch-Shortening Cycle: Proposed Mechanisms and Methods for Enhancement. Strength and Conditioning Journal, 32(4), 87-99. doi:10.1519/ssc.0b013e3181e928f9