人類對生態系統服務的需求會引發人類與自然的互動，而多層面的相互作用也將導致地景隨之改變。人與環境之間的互動可以源自於社會發展或是促使經濟增長等動機，進而對於生態系統服務有不同程度的需求。就農業景觀而言，農業系統本質上就是一個複雜多變的系統，根據人類在一個自然環境中的活動不斷產生變化。自古以來，農業活動一直都是人類發展中不可或缺的一部分，同時也對一系列如土壤，水資源系統，和氣候調節系統等生態系統服務有高度依賴。人類與環境之間的複雜關係有必要被視為一個重要的研究指標，有鑒於此，社會生態系統（SES）一詞便將兩者作為理論核心，解釋生態系統與人類活動之間的互惠效應和相互關聯性。
本研究將新北市坪林區作為研究區，調查過去三十年來的景觀變化和探討導致變化的社會和環境因素。該區域坐落於新北市，多年來以農林業為主要經濟活動，同時也是翡翠水庫上游地段，山區環繞加上因應水源保護區落實的措施導致當地經濟發展受到限縮。現今茶葉種植是坪林的主力收入來源，也是該區重要的農產品，因此本研究將研究範圍進一步縮小，將茶業視為研究的核心，以水源保護區的制度和茶葉種植為主軸，探討研究區過去三十年面臨的外部擾動。
本研究應用Ostrom等人提出的社會生態系統框架來考察坪林整體的社會生態系統狀況，後續再挑選出相對應的變項。整體來說，茶葉種植和生產會受到氣候變遷和市場機制等外部壓力的影響，而農民在面臨這些影響因子時的反應能力也是了解在地茶產業韌性的關鍵。本研究以社會生態系統內生物性和非生物要素的時空變異性為基礎資料，使用描述性統計的方法評估坪林地區農業景觀的變化。此外這些變動也隨著該地區的社會和生態系統韌性相互作用，因此進一步對韌性進行評估也有助於後續資源盤點和自然資源永續管理。

In this research, Pinglin, a rural district of New Taipei City, was used as a study area to investigate landscape transformation in the past few decades and how it impacts social and ecological transformations. Located along the upper stream of Feitsui Reservoir, this area served as an important catchment to provide water resources for the city. Despite this, tea farming is the key economic activity in Pinglin, as it is the region's most important agricultural product. In addition to being a commodity, Pinglin's tea industry serves as an economic indicator. Considering it is a water-conservation area, industrial development is restricted under conservative rules and regulations. At the same time, the industry is highly susceptible to environmental and socioeconomic stressors. This research applies the SES framework to examine the social-ecological context in Pinglin. Plantations and production of tea were often stressed by external pressures like global warming and market mechanisms, which affected Pinglin farmers’ resiliency. An in-depth assessment of the spatiotemporal variability of biotic and abiotic components within socio-ecological systems provides insights into the dynamics of the agricultural landscape. Moreover, the resilience of these interconnected social and ecological systems depends on various variables arising from their interactions with surrounding elements. An in-depth assessment of resiliency will therefore assist natural resource management in focal systems. Specifically, this study examines the spatial heterogeneity of SES and relates the causal relationships between them. Results indicate key factors affecting land use pattern changes and their connection to local SES, as well as the results, facilitating decision-making at all levels and reinforcing regional capacity-building efforts.

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