動作意象與行動觀察已經被證實可作為增進運動技能表現與學習的技巧。而這兩種技巧大都被單獨使用，近年來腦科學研究已證實，結合動作意象與行動觀察會增進大腦中運動區域的皮質活化。然而，結合這二種使用技巧在實務應用上是否能產生較大的應用效益仍無法確知。本研究之目的為比較 PETTLEP 意象加身體練習、PETTLEP 意象結合行動觀察加身體練習及身體練習對高爾夫參與者推桿表現與學習之效益。以 45 名未曾正式參與意象訓練及高爾夫推桿初學者的大學生為研究對象，隨機分成PETTLEP意象加身體練習組、PETTLEP 意象結合行動觀察加身體練習組以及身體練習組三組，以「不同實驗組前後測」設計進行研究。參與者進行為期 6 週每週 3 次共 18 次的不同介入。所得資料以單因子共變數進行分析，以探討 PETTLEP 意象、行動觀察與身體練習不同結合的介入方式，對參與者高爾夫推桿技能表現與學習的影響。介入後，並以介入問卷與日誌，瞭解參與者對不同動作意象與行動觀察介入的感受與建議。研究結果發現：三組參與者高爾夫球推桿得分，於 18 次的實驗介入後，在表現與學習上，PETTLEP 意象加身體練習組、PETTLEP 意象結合行動觀察加身體練習組皆顯著優於身體練習組；但PETTLEP 意象結合行動觀察加身體練習組則與 PETTLEP 意象加身體練習組並無顯著差異存在。研究結論為：將身體練習單獨結合 PETTLEP 意象使用或將其結合 PETTLEP 意象與行動觀察一起使用，對參與者高爾夫推桿表現與學習的效果都優於單獨身體練習；但 PETTLEP 意象結合行動觀察對參與者高爾夫推桿得分的學習與表現效果並未優於單獨使用 PETTLEP 意象。研究在經介入日誌及實驗設計方法的綜合討論分析後，對未來研究與實務應用提出具體建議。

Movement imagery and action observation are proven techniques in improving the performance and learning of sport-related skill. To date, both these techniques are mostly implemented separately. Recently, neuroscience’s research indicated that combination of movement imagery with action observation is capable of improving the activation of the primary motor cortex. However, the efficiency of these two techniques in practical training implementation is still unknown. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the relationship of the following methods: the combination of PETTLEP imagery with physical practice, the combination of PETTLEP imagery, physical practice and action observation and physical practice, with golfers’ performance and learning of the golf putting technique. Research subjects comprised 45 college students with no golfing and imagery training experience and were randomly assigned into three groups: the combination of PETTLEP imagery with physical practice group, the combination of PETTLEP imagery, physical practice and action observation group and the physical practice group. Research subjects participated in 18 trials which were divided into 3section per week in a 6week span. The research was conducted by using “Different Experimental Groups with Pre and Post Measured, designs. while the results were analyzed by using one-way ANCOVA. Surveys and daily records were given to collect feedbacks and record perceived feeling of different training methods. Results were as followed: The three groups of participants scored golf putting. After 18 experiments, the combination of PETTLEP imagery with physical practice group and the combination of PETTLEP imagery, physical practice and action observation group performed and learned significantly better than the physical practice group. However, there were no significant differences between the former two groups. This research indicated that combining PETTLEP imagery or both PETTLEP imagery and action observation with physical practice resulted in better performance and learning of golf putting than solely dependent on physical practice method. However, research also shown that the combination of PETTLEP imagery with action observation on the learning and performance of participants' golf putting scores was not better than using PETTLEP imagery alone. Recommendation for future research and practical implementation were also proposed by comprehensive discussion and analysis of the intervention log and experimental design methods.

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