國語副詞「就」和「才」 一直是一個廣受討論的題目。畢詠峨
(1984，1988) 和 劉美君(1993)從語用及言談分析的觀點，將此二副詞的
功能及意義做更有系統的探討。但是有關「就」和「才」的台語對應詞
TOH和CHIAH的用法之研究卻是少之又少。大部分的台語字典或文法書只是
條列式地將此二詞的意義列出，所舉之用法例句亦都為捏造的單句，並未
能顯示出TOH和CHIAH在真正的言談情境(discourse context) 中的功能。
本研究從語用及言談的觀點探討台灣閩南語副詞TOH和CHIAH的功用。研究
中係根據四小時之錄音語料全面譯寫加以分析，其中包括日常會話，廣播
call-in 節目及電視戲劇節目。研究發現，TOH和CHIAH在不同言談層次(
discourse level) 中具有連繫(linking)和限定(limiting)的功能。做為
連繫副詞時，第三聲的TOH通常出現於基層言談單位(local unit) 中連接
兩個非獨立子句(two clause with dependency relationship)，而第七
聲的TOH則出現於較高層次的言談單位(a more global unit)中做為全面
性的連繫副詞，連接兩個或兩個以上的獨立子句，且具有暗含語意
(pragmatic implicature)。第七聲的 TOH具全面性連繫
(globallinking)功能可由它經常與語句前端的言談標記(discourse
marker)ａ同時出現得証。做為限定副詞時，第三聲的TOH是以直接指出預
期的重點來達到強調的目的，而第七聲的TOH則是以標出最不可能的選擇
來突顯原先預期的重點。而CHIAH在做為連繫副詞時， 是用來將某命題和
其前面的命題相連接，並標示出此命題為整段談話 (discourse)的結論。
在基層言談單位中，CHIAH被用來反駁某個期待 (counter an
expectation)；在高層言談單位中， CHIAH 則沒有預設任何期待。在
CHIAH 的限定用法中，CHIAH 是以說出量化尺規上(scale)未受預期的極
端標示出一種量化的對比(a scalar contrast)。研究分析指出此二副詞
不同的言談功能可由三方面顯示：(1)就預期立場(presuppositionality)
而言，基層言談單位中的 CHIAH和高層言談單位中的TOH的預設立場是較
強的； 而高層言談單位中的CHIAH 和基層言談單位中的 TOH 則是預設立
場較弱的。(2) 就強調策略(strategies forlimiting)而言，第三聲的
TOH是以指出最有希望的選擇來達到強調的目的，CHIAH 是以說出量化尺
規上未受預期的極端標示出一種量化的對比，第七聲的TOH 則是將非預期
中的選擇納入述語的修飾範圍進而突顯預期的重點。 (3) 就期待
的取向 (expectationalorientations) 而言，第七聲TOH和CHIAH指出先
行語為"較苛求的，較難達成的"，而第三聲的TOH指出先行語為"較不苛求
的，或較易達成的"。第七聲的 TOH和CHIAH的區別則在於第七聲的TOH通
常具有較全面性的功能。

This thesis investigates the Taiwanese adverbs toh and chiah
from a pragmatic-discoursal perspective. The analysis is
based on four hours' recording ofnatural spoken data, including
a daily conversation, three TV drama series,and a radio call-in
program. Unlike the previous studies on these two adverbsin
Taiwanese which concern themselves mainly with the
enumeration of thevarious meanings and functions that each of
them is said to have, this studyfinds that toh and chiah
can be used as linking and limiting elements atdifferent
levels of discourse, manifesting distinct characteristics
inpresuppositionality, strategies for limiting, and
expectational orientations.Toh has two-tone variants
functioning at different discourse levels: thethird-tone
variant at a local level and the seventh-tone one at a
globallevel. As a l inking element, the third-tone toh is used
locally to link twopropositions with dependency relationship
at the same level, while theseventh-tone toh is used more
globally in relating the current proposition toa higher level
of discourse, e.g. the shared world knowledge of
theparticipants. As a limiting element, the third-tone toh
effects an emphasisby directly singling out the focused
(expected) constituent; the seventh-tonetoh, on the other
hand, achieves the purpose by marking the
unexpectedcandidate (the strongest claim) to highlight the
really focused one (theweaker statement). In its linking uses,
chiah is used to link a propositionto its preceding
proposition(s) and mark it as the consequent or conclusion ofthe
preceding discourse: locally, chiah is used to counter an
expectation,while in its global use it is not
presuppositional. In the limiting usage,chiah serves to
signal a scalar contrast by asserting an unexpected,
extremevalue on the opposite end of a scalar domain. The
analyses also show that thedistinct discourse-pragmatic
functions of the two adverbs are correlatedwith three
parameters: presuppositionality, strategies for limiting,
andexpectational orientations. With respect to
presuppositionality, local chiahand global toh are more
presuppositional or counter-expectational, whileglobal chiah
and local toh are weaker in their presuppositionality. In
termsof the strategies for limiting, the third-tone toh limits
the scope of choicesby singling out one candidate, while chiah
modifying the subsequent predicatesignals a scalar contrast
by asserting an unexpected, extreme value on theopposite end of
the scale. The seventh-tone toh, on the other hand, is usedto
make the expected candidate stand out by including the most
unexpected oneinto the modifying domain of the predicate,
while chiah modifying itspreceding NP is used to deny an
expectation by asserting another alternative.In terms of
expectational orientations, the seventh-tone toh and chiah
markthe antecedent as 'more demanding or harder to obtain',
while the third-tonetoh marks a 'less demanding or easy-to-
obtain' antecedent. The distinctionbetween the seventh-tone
toh and chiah lies in the fact that the seventh-tonetoh usually
functions more globally.
This thesis investigates the Taiwanese adverbs toh and chiah