研究生: |
孔黛蜜 Delmi Yojana Cornelio |
---|---|
論文名稱: |
Gender, Gender Role Stereotypes and Attitude Towards Women Managers: A Comparison Study on Belize and Taiwan Gender, Gender Role Stereotypes and Attitude Towards Women Managers: A Comparison Study on Belize and Taiwan |
指導教授: |
盧承杰
Lu, Cheng-Chieh |
口試委員: |
賴志樫
Lai, Chih-Chien Steven 李栢浡 Lee, Pai-Po 盧承杰 Lu, Cheng-Chieh Allan |
口試日期: | 2021/06/20 |
學位類別: |
碩士 Master |
系所名稱: |
國際人力資源發展研究所 Graduate Institute of International Human Resource Developmemt |
論文出版年: | 2021 |
畢業學年度: | 109 |
語文別: | 英文 |
論文頁數: | 65 |
英文關鍵詞: | Gender, Attitude, Women Managers, Gender role stereotype, Nationality |
研究方法: | 調查研究 |
DOI URL: | http://doi.org/10.6345/NTNU202101356 |
論文種類: | 學術論文 |
相關次數: | 點閱:98 下載:10 |
分享至: |
查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報 |
Although women have been taking up space in society, there is still a huge underrepresentation in managerial positions, which for decades have been considered male dominated roles. The lack of participation of women in management positions has been attributed to gender role stereotypes, individual’s gender and nationality. This study aimed to investigate the influence of gender and gender role stereotypes on individual’s attitude towards women managers in Taiwan and Belize, by adopting Women as Managers Scale (WAMS) and Gender Role Stereotypes Scale (GRSS). Data was collected from a total sample size of 320 participants from both Belize and Taiwan using a cross sectional research design. The results of this quantitative study confirmed that women from both countries have a more favorable attitude towards women managers as compared to men from both countries. In addition, findings indicated that Belizeans’ perceptions of women managers are highly influenced by gender role stereotypes but such trend is not reflected in the data provided by Taiwanese respondents. The overall results led to the discussion of several practical implications for stakeholders in education and Human Resource Departments within organizations, aiming on reducing negative stereotypes associated with women. Findings are also valuable addition to the limited gender-related literature available in Belize and Central America. Hence, suggestions for future research directions are provided.
Arvey, R. (1979). Unfair discrimination in the employment interview: Legal and psychological aspects. Psychological Bulletin, 86(4), 736-765. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.86.4.736
Balgiu, B. A. (2013). Perception of women as managers. The difference of attitudes between employees and non-employees. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 78, 330-334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.04.305
Belize Press Office. (November 13, 2020). The office of the Prime Minister announces cabinet appointments.https://www.pressoffice.gov.bz/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Nov-13-OPM-Announces-Cabinet-Appointments.pdf
Bolarinwa, O. A. (2015). Principles and methods of validity and reliability testing of questionnaires used in social and health science researches. Nigerian Postgraduate Medical Journal, 22(4), 195-201. https://www.npmj.org/text.asp?2015/22/4/195/173959
Bowen, C. (2003). Sex discrimination in selection and compensation in Taiwan. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 14(2), 297-315. https://doi.org/10.1080/0958519021000029135
Budhwar, P., Saini, D., & Bhatnagar, J. (2005). Women in management in the new economic environment: The case of India. Asia Pacific Business Review, 11(2), 179-193. https://doi.org/10.1080/1360238042000291199
Burns, N., Kay L. S. & Sidney V. (2001) The private roots of public action: Gender, equality, and political participation. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Cann, A., & Siegfried, W. D. (1990). Gender stereotypes and dimensions of effective leader behavior. Sex Roles: A Journal of Research, 23(7-8), 413-419. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00289229
Chiang, L. (1998). Women and development in Taiwan. Asian Journal of Women's Studies, 4(4), 95-109. https://doi.org/10.1080/12259276.1998.11665836
Chou, W. C. G. (2000). Changing employment relations in the global economy: Case studies of Taiwan’s textiles industries. PhD Thesis, Bristol University.
Chou, W., Fosh, P., & Foster, D. (2005). Female managers in Taiwan: Opportunities and barriers in changing times. Asia Pacific Business Review, 11(2), 251-266. https://doi.org/10.1080/1360238042000291153
Couch, J., & Sigler, J. (2001). Gender perception of professional occupations. Psychological Reports, 88(3), 693-698. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.2001.88.3.693
Crampton, S., & Mishra, J. (1999). Women in management. Public Personnel Management, 28(1), 87-106. https://doi.org/10.1177/009102609902800107
Cundiff, J., & Vescio, T. (2016). Gender stereotypes influence how people explain gender disparities in the workplace. Sex Roles, 75(3-4), 126-138. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-016-0593-2
Department of Gender Equality of the Executive Yuan, (2020). Current Endeavors of Gender Equality in Taiwan. 1-16. https://gec.ey.gov.tw/en/44A64D84C166AE4A
Diekman, A. & Eagly, A. (2000). Stereotypes as dynamic constructs: Women and men of the past, present, and future. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 26. 1171-1188. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167200262001
Duignan, R. & Iaquinto, A. (2005). Female managers in Japan: Early indications of career progression. Women in Management Review, 20, 191-207
Eagly, A. H., & Mladinic, A. (1989). Gender stereotypes and attitudes toward women and men. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 15(4), 538–543.
Eagly, A. H., Mladinic, A., & Otto, S. (1991). Are women evaluated more favorably than men? An analysis of attitudes, beliefs, and emotions. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 15, 203–216.
Election and Boundaries Department (2020). General election official results. https://www.elections.gov.bz/pdf/results-1-2020-elections.pdf
Everett, L., Thorne, D., & Danehower, C. (1996), “Cognitive moral development and attitudes toward women executives”, Journal of Business Ethics, 15, 1227-1235.
Fox,R. L. (2013). “Congressional elections: Where are we on the road to gender parity?” In gender and elections: Shaping the future of American politics. Cambridge University Press.
Franzoi, S. L. (2000). Social psychology. Mc Graw Hill, US.
Gallardo-Pérez, J., Romero-Moraleda, B., Paredes-Hernández, V., & León-Quismondo, J. (2021). The Glass Ceiling in the Sport Industry: Spanish Version of the Women as Managers Scale (WAMS). Sexes, 2(2), 163-173. https://doi.org/10.3390/sexes2020014
Gaucher, D., Friesen, J., & Kay, A. C. (2011). Evidence that gendered wording in job advertisements exists and sustains gender inequality. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 101, 109–128.
Gulhati, K. (1990). Attitudes toward Women Managers: Comparison of Attitudes of Male and Female Managers in India. Economic and Political Weekly, 25(8), M41-M48. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4395962
Guney, S., Gohar, R., Akıncı, S. K., & Akıncı, M. M. (2006). Attitudes toward women managers in Turkey and Pakistan. Journal of International Women's Studies, 8(1), 194-211.
Haines, E., Deaux, K., & Lofaro, N. (2016). The times they are changing … or are they not? A comparison of gender stereotypes, 1983–2014. Psychology Of Women Quarterly, 40(3), 353-363. https://doi.org/10.1177/0361684316634081
Heilman, M. (2001). Description and prescription: How gender stereotypes prevent women's ascent up the organizational ladder. Journal Of Social Issues, 57(4), 657-674. https://doi.org/10.1111/0022-4537.00234
Heilman, M. (2012). Gender stereotypes and workplace bias. Research In Organizational Behavior, 32, 113-135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.riob.2012.11.003
Hellerstein, J., Neumark, D., & Troske, K. (2002). Market forces and sex discrimination. The Journal Of Human Resources, 37(2), 353-380. https://doi.org/10.2307/3069651
Inglehart, R., & Welzel, C. (2006). Modernización, cambio cultural y democracia [Modernization, change and democracy]. Madrid: Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas. 15(1), 195-198.
International Labour Organization. (2018). Women in business and management: Gaining momentum in the Caribbean, 1-68. International Labour Office. https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_dialogue/---act_emp/documents/publication/wcms_645810.pdf
Islam, A., & Amin, M. (2015). Women managers and the gender-based gap in access to education: evidence from firm-level data in developing countries. Feminist Economics, 22(3), 127-153. https://doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2015.1081705
Iversen, T., & Rosenbluth, F. (2008). Work and power: The connection between female labor force participation and female political representation. Annual Review Of Political Science, 11(1), 479-495. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.polisci.11.053106.151342
Javalgi, R., Scherer, R., Sánchez, C., Pradenas Rojas, L., Parada Daza, V., Hwang, C., & Yan, W. (2011). A comparative analysis of the attitudes toward women managers in China, Chile, and the USA. International Journal Of Emerging Markets, 6(3), 233-253.https://doi.org/10.1108/17468801111144067
Khandelwal, P. (2002) Gender stereotypes at work: implications for organisations, Indian Journal of Training and Development, 57 (2), 219-230.
Kittilson, Miki C., and Kim Fridkin. (2008). Gender, candidate portrayals and election campaigns: A comparative perspective. Politics & Gender 4(3): 371-92. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1743923X08000330
Laws & Regulations Database of The Republic of China (2021). Gender equity education act. https://law.moj.gov.tw/ENG/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?pcode=H0080067
Liu, J., & Wilson, D. (2001). The unchanging perception of women as managers. Women In Management Review, 16(4), 163-173. https://doi.org/10.1108/09649420110392145
Matland, R. (1998). Women's representation in national legislatures: Developed and developing countries. Legislative Studies Quarterly, 23(1), 109-125. https://doi.org/10.2307/440217
Mihail, D. (2006). Internships at Greek universities: An exploratory study. Journal Of Workplace Learning, 18(1), 28-41. https://doi.org/10.1108/13665620610641292
Mihalcova, B., Pruzinsky, M., & Gontkovicova, B. (2015). The consequences of gender stereotypes in the work of managers. Procedia Economics And Finance, 23, 1260-1265. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2212-5671(15)00464-5
Mills, M. J., Culbertson, S. S., Huffman, A. H., & Connell, A. R. (2012). Assessing gender biases. Gender in Management: An International Journal, 27(8), 520–540. https://doi.org/10.1108/17542411211279715
Ministry of Human Development. (2004). Belize’s report on the implementation of the Beijing platform for action (1995) and the outcome of the twenty-third special session of the general assembly (2000). Government of Belize, 1-13. https://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/Review/responses/BELIZE-English.pdf
Morgan, N., & Pritchard, A. (2019). Gender matters in hospitality (invited paper for ‘luminaries’ special issue of International Journal of Hospitality Management). International Journal Of Hospitality Management, 76, 38-44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2018.06.008
National Statistics, Republic of China (Taiwan). (2020). Latest indicator. https://eng.stat.gov.tw/point.asp?index=9
Newman, L. K. (2002). Sex, gender and culture: Issues in the definition, assessment and treatment of gender identity disorder. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 7(3), 352–359. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359104502007003004
Ng, C., & Pine, R. (2003). Women and men in hotel management in Hong Kong: perceptions of gender and career development issues. International Journal Of Hospitality Management, 22(1), 85-102. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-4319(02)00077-4
Office of the President Republic of China, Taiwan (2020). President & vice president. https://english.president.gov.tw/Page/40
Olsson, M., & Martiny, S. E. (2018). Does exposure to counterstereotypical role models influence girls’ and women’s gender stereotypes and career choices? A Review of Social Psychological Research. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 1-28. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02264
Owen, C., & Todor, W. (1993). Attitudes toward women as managers: Still the same. Business Horizons, 36(2), 12-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0007-6813(05)80032-1
Paxton, P., & Kunovich, S. (2003). Women's political representation: The importance of ideology. Social Forces, 82(1), 87-113. https://doi.org/10.1353/sof.2003.0105
Peters, L.H., Terborg, J.R. and Taynor, J. 1974, Women as managers scale (WAMS): a measure of attitudes toward women in management positions. JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, (4), 27
Podsakoff, P. M., & Organ, D. W. (1986). Self-reports in organizational research: Problems and prospects. Journal of Management, 12(4), 531-544. https://doi.org/10.1177/014920638601200408
Reszke, I. (1990). Women in culture and society. Lublin, 1, 271-280.
Sakalli-Ugurlu, N. & Beydogan, B. (2002). Turkish college students’ attitudes toward women managers: the effects of patriarchy, sexism, and gender differences. The Journal of Psychology, 136 (6), 647-656. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980209604825
Sartore, M. L., & Cunningham, G. B. (2007). Explaining the underrepresentation of women in leadership positions of sport organizations: A symbolic interactionist perspective. Quest, 59, 244–265. https://doi.org/10.1080/00336297.2007.10483551
Shoman, A. (2000). [13] chapters of a history of Belize. Angelus Press.
Statistical Institute of Belize. (2019). Labor Force Survey. http://sib.org.bz/infographics/posters/
Statistical Institute of Belize. (2020). Labour Force Survey. http://sib.org.bz/wp-content/uploads/LFS_Report_2020-09.pdf
Stockemer, D. (2014). Women’s descriptive representation in developed and developing countries. International Political Science Review, 36(4), 393-408. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192512113513966
Sui, C. (2016, May 20). Taiwan, the place to be a woman in politics. BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-36309137
Taipei Times. (2020, March 9). Taiwan legislature top in Asia for gender equality. Taipei Times http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2020/03/09/2003732361
Taiwan Women Web (1998) The report on women’s status in Taiwan: Working status. http://taiwan.yam.org.tw/womenweb/st/98e/e_welfare.htm
The Council of Europe. (2021). The 1st European conference on nationality. Strasbourg: The Council of Europe. https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/43f202412.pdf
The National Women’s Commission (2013). Beijing platform for action (1995) and the outcome of the twenty-third special session of the general assembly (2000), 1-13. Government of Belize. https://oig.cepal.org/sites/default/files/belize_2013national_gender_policy.pdf
Thompson, C. B. (2009). Descriptive data analysis. Air Medical Journal, 28(2), 56-59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amj.2008.12.001
UN Women (2021). Gender data gaps and country performance. https://data.unwomen.org/country/belize
United Nations (2020). The world’s women 2020: Trends and statistics. https://www.un.org/en/desa/world%E2%80%99s-women-2020
Williams, J. E., & Best, D. L. (1990). Measuring sex stereotypes: A multination study (rev. ed.). Sage Publications.
World Bank. (2011). World development indicators. http://data.worldbank.org/ data-catalog/world-development-indicators.
Wu, W. Y., Lin, C. & Lee, L. Y. (2000). Personal characters, decision-making patterns and leadership styles of female managers; a comparative study of American, Taiwanese and Japanese female managers. Cross Cultural Management, 7(1), 8–32.