目的：認知彈性對於個人生活扮演不可或缺之角色，急性有氧和阻力健身運動已被認為是促進認知彈性和增加大腦相關P3振幅之有效方法，鑑於美國運動醫學會建議該兩種健身運動型態之諸多優勢和參與之必要性，故探討結合有氧和阻力健身運動型態之急性同步健身運動對於認知彈性和P3振幅之影響，成為一項值得探究之議題。此外，急性健身運動誘發乳酸濃度之提升，可能與認知表現之增進產生關聯。然而，過去研究尚未探討乳酸在急性同步健身運動與認知彈性之中介效果。因此，本研究之目的為探討急性同步健身運動對認知彈性、P3振幅和乳酸之影響，並與有氧健身運動進行比較。此外，亦測量乳酸在急性健身運動與認知彈性和P3振幅之中介效果。
方法：本研究招募78位年輕成年人 (平均年齡：22.82 ± 1.80歲)，隨機分派至同步健身運動組 (concurrent exercise, CE)、有氧健身運動組 (aerobic exercise, AE) 和閱讀控制組 (reading control, RC)。CE組介入12分鐘中等強度有氧健身運動和約13分鐘中等強度阻力健身運動。AE組介入25分鐘中等強度有氧健身運動。運動組皆於運動前暖身5分鐘、運動後緩和5分鐘。RC組介入35分鐘雜誌閱讀。各組皆於介入前和後測量認知彈性和P3振幅，並於介入前、中和後測量指尖乳酸濃度。
結果：相較於RC組，CE和AE組在所有認知彈性情境存在顯著較短之反應時間，而準確率皆無顯著差異。相較於RC組，CE組在異質情境、AE組在轉換情境有較高之P3振幅。CE組較AE組和RC組、AE組較RC組有顯著較高之乳酸濃度。乳酸在組別與異質和轉換情境反應時間之間接效果達顯著，而同質和非轉換情境則未達顯著。乳酸在組別對於所有認知彈性情境P3振幅之間接效果皆未達顯著。
結論：本研究延伸過去之研究並指出，急性同步健身運動能夠增進認知彈性，且該效益與急性有氧健身運動相似。急性同步和有氧健身運動皆能夠增加注意力資源招募和投入於較高認知要求之情境。乳酸扮演急性健身運動和認知彈性間之中介角色，且急性同步健身運動較急性有氧健身運動存在更高之中介效果，該結果可能源於急性同步健身運動誘發之較高乳酸所致。急性健身運動和P3振幅之中介變項仍需進一步探究。

Background: Cognitive flexibility plays a critical role in daily life, both acute aerobic (AE) and resistance exercise (RE) have been recognized as effective ways to increase cognitive flexibility and brain-related P3 amplitudes. Given that the American College of Sports Medicine recommends the many benefits of both AE and RE, and both are necessary to participate, investigating the effects of acute concurrent exercise (CE; defined as combining both aerobic and resistance exercise) on cognitive flexibility and P3 amplitude becomes an issue worth to be explored. In addition, exercise-induced lactate may be associated with the improvement of cognitive performance. However, no study examined the mediating effect of lactate between acute exercise and cognitive flexibility. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of acute CE on cognitive flexibility, P3 amplitudes, and lactate, compared with AE. Additionally, the mediation of lactate between acute exercise and both cognitive flexibility and P3 amplitudes has also been examined.
Methods: 78 young adults (mean age 22.82 ± 1.80 years) were recruited and randomly assigned to CE, AE, and reading control (RC) groups. Group CE finished 12-minutes of AE and about 13-minutes of RE at moderate intensity. Group AE finished 25-minutes of moderate AE. Both exercise groups were asked to warm up for 5-minutes before exercise and cool down for 5-minutes after exercise. Group RC finished 35 minutes of magazine reading. Cognitive flexibility and P3 amplitudes were measured before and after intervention in each group, and lactate was measured before, during, and after an intervention.
Results: Compared with the group RC, the response time of both group CE and AE were significantly shorter in all cognitive flexibility conditions. There was no significant difference in the accuracy among groups. Compared with group RC, P3 amplitudes of group CE were higher in the heterogeneous condition, and P3 amplitudes of group AE were significantly higher in the switch condition. Lactate of group CE was significantly larger than group AE and RC. Group AE significantly released larger lactate than group RC. The indirect effects of lactate were significant between groups and cognitive flexibility in both heterogeneous and switch conditions, but not in the homogeneous and non-switch conditions. The indirect effects of lactate between groups and P3 amplitudes were not significant in all cognitive flexibility conditions.
Conclusion: The present study expands the existing literature by demonstrating that acute CE has a positive effect on cognitive flexibility, and the benefit is similar to acute AE. Both acute CE and AE can recruit and distribute more attentional resources into higher cognitive-demand conditions. Lactate plays a mediating role between acute exercise and cognitive flexibility, and the mediating effect of acute CE is higher than acute AE which may cause by a higher lactate concentration of acute CE. The mediator between acute exercise and P3 amplitudes needs to be further clarified.

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