本研究在不同前線索情境下，比較不同技能水準的國中軟網運動員，預期對手正手抽球決策時間與決策準確性，驗證預期能力為高水準運動員重要特質，並進一步找出影響預期能力的重要線索。本研究的受試者（N=48），平均身高163.94±8.52公分；平均體重56.25±11.44公斤；平均年齡15.31±0.95歲；平均球齡3.56±2.44年，利用電腦輔助動作分析學習系統(Computer Aided Motion Analysis Learning System；CAMALS)以時間遮蔽法將影片處理成5種不同時段的視覺前線索畫面，共計60個抽球畫面。結果顯示：擊球後之定格數的決策時間顯著優於擊球前2格。優秀組、一般組、初級組的決策時間顯著優於控制組。另外，在優秀組、一般組和初級組中，擊球後之定格數的決策準確性顯著優於擊球前2格。當在擊球後3格時，優秀組的決策準確性顯著優於一般組、初級組與控制組。在擊球後2格、擊球後1格、擊球瞬間時，優秀組、一般組、初級組的決策準確性均顯著優於控制組。

This research compares junior high school soft tennis players of different levels of skill under circumstances of different pre-cues in anticipation of forehand strokes from the opponent as to the making decision time and decision accuracy in order to prove that the ability of anticipation is an important quality in a high-level athlete and to identify the important cues that influence the ability of anticipation. The subjects(N=48) in this research, the average height was 163.94±8.52 cm, and the average weight was 56.25±11.44 kg, and the average age was 15.31±0.95 , and the average length of playing soft tennis was 3.56±2.44 years. With Computer Aided Motion Analysis Learning System, the movie is processed into 5 temporal occluded film conditions－a total of 60 pictures about strokes by employing temporal occlusion. The results of the research are as follows：The making decision time of “frames subsequent to ball-racquet contact” is significantly better than “2 frames prior to ball-racquet contact”. The making decision time of Superior Group, Average Group, Basic Group were all significantly better than Control Group. Further more, in Superior Group, Average Group and Basic Group, the making decision accuracy of “frames subsequent to ball-racquet contact” is significantly better than “two frames prior to ball-racquet contact”. At “three frames subsequent to ball-racquet contact “, the making decision accuracy of Superior Group is significantly better than Average Group and Basic Group and Control Group. At “2 frames subsequent to ball-racquet contact “ and “1 frames subsequent to ball-racquet contact “ and ”at the point of the ball racquet contact ”, the making decision accuracy of Superior Group and Basic Group and Control Group were all significantly better than Control Group.

王希升、劉占捷。(1999)。網球。台北市：國家出版社。
林清和。(1992)。運動學習/控制之我見。台灣體育，62，2-5。
林清和。(1994)。析論運動技能學習的預期和假動作。中等教育，45(3)，41-47。
林清和。(1996)。運動學習程式學。台北市：史文哲出版社。
林清山。(1999)。心理與教育統計學。台北市：東華書局。
林耀豐。(1996)。影響反應時間因素之探討及應用。中華體育36，113-121。
卓俊伶。(1989)。「運動行為的模式」。師大體育，27，54-59。
張春興。(1989)。張氏心理學辭典。台北市：東華書局。
陳俊汕。(1995)。「反應時間」與「預期」在快速運動項目的重要性。中華體育，32，39-47。
陳俊汕。(1995)。「前線索」的使用與「預期」的應用策略。中華體育，33，88-94。
陳俊汕。(1995)。不同羽球發球方式、視覺前線索與技能水準對預期羽球落點的影響。未出版碩士論文，國立台灣師範大學體育研究所，台北市，台灣。
溫卓謀。(1995)。訊息處理模式在運動表現的應用。體育學報，19，195-206。
溫卓謀。(1997)。運動員注意力概念及其研究方法之探討。中華體育，43，12-18.
溫卓謀。(1999)。不同性別與運動經驗之羽球運動員預期對手正手擊球方向及深度準確性之研究。本論文在1999年國際大專運動教練科學研討會發表。桃園縣：國立體育學院。
溫卓謀、林清和。(1998)。不同年段與運動訓練有無之國小男童單純及選擇反應時間之比較研究。體育學報，26，185-192。
溫卓謀。(2000)。不同發球前線索對羽球運動員回擊發球反應時間與準確性之影響。台東師院學報，11(下)，201-218。
溫卓謀。(2001)。羽球運動員知覺預期能力與訓練策略之研究。未出版博士論文，國立台灣師範大學體育研究所，台北市，台灣。
Abernethy, B. (1991). Visual search strategies and decision-making in sport. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 22, 189-210.
Abernethy, B. (1990). Anticipation in squash: Differences advance cue utilization between expert and novice players. Journal of Sport Sciences, 8, 17-34.
Abernethy, B. & Russell, D. G. (1984). Adnance cue utilization by skilled criccked batsmen. Australian Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 16(2), 2-10.
Abernethy, B., & Russell, D. G. (1987a). Expert-novice differences In an applied selective task. Journal of Sport Sciences, 9, 326-345.
Abernethy, B., & Russell, D. G. (1987b). The relationship between expertise and visual search strategy in a racqet sport. Human Movement Science, 6, 283-319.
Abernethy, B. (1988). The effects of age and expertise upon perceptral skill development in a racquet sport. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 59(3), 210-221.
Abernethy, B.,Wood, J. M., Parks S.（1999）.Can the Anticipatory skills of experts be learned by Novices？Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 70(3), 313-318.
Abernethy, B., Wollstein, J.（1989）.Improving anticipation in racquet sports. Sports Coach, 12,15-18.
Allard, F., & Starkes, J. L. (1980). Perception in sport: Volleyball. Journal of Sport Psychology, 2, 22-33.
Buckolz, E., Prapavessis, H., & Fairs, J. (1988). Advance cues and their use in predicting tennis passing shots. Canadian Journal of Sport Science, 13(1), 20-30.
Farrow, D., Chivers, P., Hardingham, C., & Sachse, S. (1998). The effect of video-based perceptual training on the tennis return of serve . International Journal of Sport Psychology, 29, 231-242.
Fery, Y. A., & Crognier, L. (2001). On the significance of game situations in anticipating ball trajectories in tennis. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 72(2), 143-149.
Goulet, C. Bard, C., & Fleury, M. (1989). Expertise differences in preparing to return a tennis serve: A visual information processing approach. Journal of sport & Exercise Psychology, 11, 382-398.
Haskins, M. J. (1965) Development of a response recognition training film in tennis. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 21, 207-211.
Hick, W. E. (1952). On the rate of gain of information. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 4, 11-26.
Jones, C. M., & Miles, T. R. (1978). Use of advance cues in predicting the flight of a lawn tennis ball. Journal of Human Movement Studies, 4, 231-235.
Keele, S.W., & Ivry, R. B. (1987). Modular analysis of timing in motor skill. in G.H. Bower (Ed.) The psychology of learning and motivation(vol.21). New York: Academic Press.
Lidor, R., Argov, E., & Daniel, S. (1998). An exploratory study of perceptual-motor abilities of women novice and skilled player of team handball. Perceptual and motor skills, 86(1),279-288.
Magill, R. A. (1989). Motor learning：Concepts and applications(3rd ed.). Dubuque, IA：Brown.
Magill, R. A. (1998). Motor learning : Concepts and Applications. The McGraw. Hill Companies.
Posner, M., Nissen, M., & Ogden, W. (1978). Attention and unattended processing modes : The role of set for spatial location. In HL. L. Pick & E. Saltzman(Eds.). Modes of perceiving and processing information,115-128.
Poulton, E. C. (1957). On prediction in skilled movement. Psychological Bulletin, 54, 467-478.
Rosebaum, D. A. (1983). The movement precuing technique: Assumptions, applications, and extensions. In Magill, R. A. (Ed). Memory and Control of action.
Schmidt, R. A. (1988). Motor control and learning: A behavioral emphasis (2nd ). Champaign. IL: Human Kinetics Publishers.
Schmidt, R. A. (1991). Motor control & learning: from principle to practice. Champaign. IL: Human Kinetics Publishers.
Schmidt, R. A., & Lee, T. D. (1999). Motor control and Learning: A behavior emphasis (3rd ed.). Champaign, IL: Human kinetics.
Singer, R. N. (1980). Motor Learning and Human Performance (3rd ed. ). New York：Macmillan Publish Company.
Singer, R. N., Cauraugh, J. H., Murphey, M., & Lidor, R.（1991）. Attentional training, distractors, and motor performance. Human Performance, 4, 55-69.
Singer, R. N., Cauraugh, J. H., Chen, D., Steinberg, S. G., & Wang, L. (1994).Training mental quickness in beginning/intermediate tennis players. The Sport Psychology, 8, 305-318.
Singer, R. N., Cauraugh, J. H., Chen, D., Steinberg, G. M., & Frehlich, S. G.（1996）. Visual search, anticipation, and reactive comparisons between highly-skilled and beginning tennis players. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 8(1), 9-26.
Starkes, J. L., Deakin, J. (1984).Perception in sport: A cognitive approach to skilled performance. In W. F. Straub, & J. M. Williams (Eds),Cognitive Sport Psychology, 115-128
Tenenbaum, G., Levy-Kolker, N., Sade, S., Liebermann, D. G., & Lidor, R. (1996). Anticipation and confidence of decision related to skilled performance. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 27, 293-307.
Williams,A. M., & Burwitz, L. (1993). Advance cue utilization in soccer. In T. Reilly, J. Clarys, & A. Stibbe (Eds.), Science and football II (pp.239-244). London, E. & F. N. Spon .
Williams, A. M., & Davids, K. (1998). Visual search strategy, selective attention, and expertise in soccer. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 69(2), 111-128.
Wright, D. L., Pleasants, F., & Gomez-Meza, M. (1990). Use of advanced cue sources in volleyball. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psy-chology, 12, 406-414.