2018 高級中等以下學校的自閉症學生數有 14,501 人之多，且有高比例 的動作協調障礙。本研究目的在探討使用定向越野運動方案介入，對國小自 閉症學生的健康體適能及身體意象之影響，以台北市某國小自閉症學生為 研究對象，共 8 名符合條件之 10-12 歲自閉症學生參與研究。研究設計採前 實驗之單組前中後測設計，進行為期 8 週，每週 2 次，每次 40 分鐘的定 向越野運動方案介入，參與者必須在時間內依照積分賽或順點賽的規則或 跑或走找到檢查點，撕取貼紙粘貼於積分表上累積分數，並於時間終止前回 到原點。並對健康體適能，包含身體組成、肌肉適能、柔軟度和心肺適能; 以及身體意象，包含外表評價、健康評價、身體知覺與動作能力評估、身體 部位滿意度之前後測結果，使用 SPSSforwindows22 版進行成對樣本 t 檢 定考驗。結果顯示，本研究對於健康體適及身體意象個部分皆無顯著差異。 最後根據研究結果，提出對未來研究和教育現場實務之相關建議。

The population of autistic students in primary and secondary schools in 2018 is 14,501, and there is a high proportion of motor coordination disorders. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of interventional orienteering program on the health-related physical fitness and body image for elementary school students with autism. The study recruited 8 students with autism who are aged between 10 to 12 years old. The research design of this study is pre- experimental design. The participants' fitness and physical body image were measured before the exercise intervention. Then, the participants received orienteering for eight weeks, two times per week, and 40 minutes for each session. Participants must follow the rules to run or walk to find checkpoints during this time. They have to tear the stickers and paste it on the score sheet to accumulate their scores, after that they have to return to the starting line before the time is up. For physical fitness, including body composition, muscle fitness, softness and cardio-respiratory fitness; and body image, including appearance evaluation, health evaluation, body perception, motor ability assessment, and body part satisfaction before and after test results, the study used SPSS of windows version 22 to perform a paired sample t test. Finally, after the exercise training, the participants' fitness such as cardiovascular fitness, muscular fitness, body composition, flexibility, and as well as body image such as appearance evaluation, health evaluation, body perception, motor ability assessment, and body part satisfaction were measured again to compare the changes in the participants' fitness and body image. Paired sample t-test and SPSS software were applied for statistical analysis. The results showed that there were no significant differencesin the physical fitness and body image of this study. According to the results of the study, some practical suggestions were made for further studies.

參考文獻
王立平(2008):山東省高校定向運動現狀及發展對策研究。山東體育科
技，30(2)，68-69。 王政茹(2008):亞斯伯格青少年自我概念之生命故事敘說(未出版之碩士
論文)。國立臺灣師範大學，臺北。
吳思賢(2016):運動訓練計畫對成人泛自閉症障礙者身體適能之改善(未 出版之碩士論文)。高雄醫學大學，高雄。
周詩潔、蔡文哲、丘彥南、陳麗秋(2017):學齡期自閉症兒童的動作困難 和情緒行為問題對其適應性行為表現的影響。物理治療，42(2)，191-192。
林志遠、張君如(2005):校園定向運動教學之設計與實踐。中華體育， 19(2)，64-74。
林貴美(1994):運動治療對自閉症兒童學習影響之研究(未出版之碩士論 文)。
邱佩瑩(1993):國小學生對自閉症兒童接納態度之研究(未出版之碩士論 文)。國立臺灣師範大學，臺北。
侯堂盛(2008):跑走運動對智障者體適能與運動技能之影響研究。嘉大體 育健康休閒期刊，7(3)，44-58。
特殊教育法(2015):中華民國一百零四年三月六日教育部臺教較高(四) 字第 1040020827B 號令發布。
高明峰、劉家豪、翁正哲、蔡清煌(2013)。震動訓練對國中自閉症學生體適 能運動能力之成效分析。臺中科大體育學刊，9，15-23。
高鈺涵(2008):應用體感運動遊戲於自閉症兒童感覺統合訓練之研究(未 出版之碩士論文)。國立臺北科技大學，臺北。
國立臺灣師範大學體育研究與發展中心(2000):各類身心障礙學生體適 能檢測辦法研究報告。臺北:教育部。
張芷榕(2018):功能性動作訓練課程對高中資源班自閉症學生動作精練度 之成效(未出版之碩士論文)。國立臺灣師範大學，臺北。
教育部特殊教育通報網(2010):99 年度特殊教育統計年報。2019 年 9 月 1 日，取自 https://www.set.edu.tw/actclass/fileshare/default.asp
教育部特殊教育通報網(2018):107 年度特殊教育統計年報。2019 年 9 月 1 日，取自 https://www.set.edu.tw/actclass/fileshare/default.asp
教育部體育署體適能網站(2019):體適能測驗。2019 年 9 月 1 日，取自 https://www.fitness.org.tw/measure01.php
莊鵬輝(1995):兒童身體自我概念與體適能及其建構之相關研(未出版之 碩士論文)。國立體育學院，桃園。
莊鵬輝、季力康(1997):兒童身體自我概念的編制:信度與效度的分析。 體育學報，22，107-116。
許義雄(譯)(1997):兒童發展與身體教育(Gallahue, D. L.著:Developmental physical education for today's children)。台北市:麥格羅‧希爾。(原著 出版於 1995)
郭乃真、林耀豐(2008):步行運動介入對國小學童身體意象之影響(未出 版之碩士論文)。國立屏東教育大學，臺北。
陳威勳、張家銘(2008)。多元智慧應用於定向運動課程規劃之探討。嘉大 體育健康休閒期刊，7(1)，195-205。
陳張榮、周俊良(2012):身心障礙者之體適能訓練。特殊教育季刊，123， 1-8。
焦建軍、李宏印、張勇(2006):對體育專業開設定向運動新課程的 探討。 檜林學院學報，16(2)，82-84。
黃瑞煥、陳寶珠編(譯)(1988):自閉症兒童的教學途徑(Margaret P. Everard 著:An Approach to Teaching Autistic Children。高雄:復文。(原著出版 於 1976)
黃靖娟、王美麗、黃宏裕(2017)。大跑步計畫對國小學童健康體適能之影 響 ─以彰化縣和美鎮和仁國小為例 。興大體育學刊，16，23-25。
滕德政(2004):適應體育教學。臺北:師大書苑。 衛生福利部國民健康署(2019):認識健康體能。2019 年 9 月 1 日，取自
https://www.hpa.gov.tw/Pages/Detail.aspx?nodeid=571&pid=884
謝易芬 (2003):高功能自閉症者自我概念之探索研究(未出版之碩士論
文)。國立臺灣師範大學，臺北。 謝凱玫(2011):泛自閉症障礙學生動作能力發展及其相關改善策略之探
討。中華體育季刊，25(1)，71-81。 簡淑婕(2002):高職學生參與定向越野流暢經驗與團隊凝聚力及身心健
康關係研究(未出版的碩士論文)。國立臺灣師範大學，臺北。
羅光飛(2009):定向運動對大學生健康體適能影響的研究(未出版的碩士 論文)。西安體育學院，西安。
American College of Sports Medicine. (2014). ACSM’s Guidelines for exercise testing and prescription (9th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
American College of Sports Medicine. (2017) . ACSM's Health-Related Physical Fitness Assessment Manual. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
American Psychiatric Association. (2013a). The diagnostic and statistical manual of men- tal disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
Auxter, D., Pyfer, J., Zittel, L., & Roth, K. (2010). Principles and methods of adapted physical education and recreation (11th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw Hill.
Ayán, c. , Martínez, I. Carral& Ballesteros , J. L.(2016). Reliability and Validity of Physical Fitness Field-Based Tests in Down Syndrome: A Systematic Review. Journal of Policy and Practice in Intellectual Disabilities, 13(2) .142- 156.
Baird, G., Simonoff, E., Pickles, A., Chandler, S., Loucas, T., Meldrum, D., & Charman, T. (2006). Prevalence of disorders of the autism spectrum in a population cohort of children in South Thames: The Special Needs and Autism Project (SNAP). Lancet, 368 (9351), 210-215.
Baron-Cohen, S., Scott, F. J., Allison, C., Williams, J., Bolton, P., Matthews, F. E., & Brayne, C. (2009). Prevalence of autism-spectrum conditions: UK school-based population study. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 194, 500- 509.
Bass, M. M., Duchowny, C. A., & Llabre, M. M. (2009). The effect of therapeutic horseback riding on social functioning in children with autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 39, 1261-1267.
Bauman, M. L. (1992). Motor dysfunction in autism. In A. B. Y. Joseph, R. R. (Ed.), Movement disorders in neurology and neuropsychiatry, 658-661. Boston, MA: Blackwell Scienti c.
Behm, D. G., Button, D. C., & Butt, J. C. (2001). Factors affecting force loss with prolonged stretching. Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology, 26(3),262-272.
Bertil Norman, Arne Yngström(2011).Orienteering Technique from Start to Finish.Swedish:Swedish Orienteering Federation.
Bird, G., Catmur, C., Silani, G., Frith, C.& Frith, U., (2006).Attention does not modulate neural responses to social stimuli in autism spectrum disorders. Neuroimage, 31, 1614 - 1624
Brasic, J. R. (1999). Movements in autistic disorder. Medical Hypotheses, 53(1), 48-49.
Brenner, L.A., Turner, K.C., and Müller, R.-A. (2007). Eye movement and visual search: are there elementary abnormalities in autism? J. Autism Dev. Disord. ,37, 1289-1309.
Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology(2018). CSEP-PATH®. CA:Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology.
Cash, T. F., & Pruzinsky, T. (1990). Body images: Development, deviance and change. New York: Guilford Press.
Chaziuddin, M., Butler, E., Tsai, L., & Ghaziuddin, N. (1994). Is clumsiness a marker for asperger syndrome? Intellectual Disability Research, 38, 519-527.
Chen, W., Chang, M. H. (2010). New Growth Charts for Taiwanese Children and Adolescents Based on World Health Organization Standards and Health- related Physical Fitness. Pediatr Neonatol , 51(2) , 69−79.
Cornelius, W. L.,& Hands, M. R.(1992). The effect of a warm-up on acute hip jointflexibility using a modified PNF stretching technique. Journalof AthleticTraining, 27 (2), 112-114.
Creagh, U.,Reilly, T.(1997).Physiological and biomechanical aspects of orienteering. Sports Medicine, 24(6), 409-18.
DiRocco, P.J. (1999). Muscular strength and endurance. In J. P. Winnick& F. X. (Eds.), The Brockport Physical Fitness Training Guide (pp. 39-73). Champaign, IL: Human Kintics.
Emck, C., Bosscher, R. J., van Wieringen, P. C. W., Doreleijers, T. A. H., & Beek, P. J. (2011). Gross motor performance and physical fitness in children with psychiatric disorders. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 53(2), 150-155.
Fragala-Pinkham, M., Haley, S. M., & O’Neil, M. E. (2008). Group aquatic aerobic exercise for children with disabilities. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 50, 822-827.
Freitag, C. M., Kleser, C., Schneider, M., & von Gontard, A. (2007). Quantitative assessment of neuromotor function in adolescents with high functioning autism and Asperger. J. Autism Dev. Disord. , 37(5), 948-59.
Gaetano R, Lipoma, M., Tafuri D. (2015).Postural control in young soccer players: differences between the cognitive approach and ecological-dynamic one. Journal of Human Sport and Exercise ,8(1), 44-46.
Garn, A.& Ennis, C. (2016) . Routledge Handbook of Physical Education Pedagogies. UK: Routledge.
Gibson, A. L.; Wagner, D. R. & Heyward, V. H. (2019). Advanced fitness assessment and exercise Prescription (8thed.). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
Golden, B. L., Levy, L., & Vohra, R. (1987). The orienteering problem. Naval research logistics, 34(3), 307- 318.
Green, D., Charman, T., Pickles, A., Chandler, S., Loucas, T., Simonoff, E., et al. (2009). Impairment in movement skills of children with autistic spectrum disorders. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 51, 311-316.
Green, D., Charman, T., Pickles, A., Chandler, S., Loucas, T., Simonoff, E., Baird, G.(2009). Impairment in movement skills of children with autistic spectrum disorders. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology,51, 311- 316.
Grogan, S. (2017). Body image: Understanding body dissatisfaction in men, woman, and children(3th ed.). New York: Routledge Press.
Hall, J. , Guyton, A. & Hall, J. (2007) . Textbook of medical physiology(11th ed.). Saunders, PA: Elsevier Science Health Science div.
Hillman, C., Erickson, K. & Kramer, A.(2008). Be smart, exercise your heart: exercise effects on brain and cognition.Nature Reviews Neuroscience volume, 9, 58–65.
Hoeger, W. W. K., & Hoeger, S. A. (2011). Lifetime physical fitness & wellness: a personalized program. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
Horvat, M., Eichstaedt, C., Kalakian, L., & Croce, R. (2003). Development/adapted physical education: making ability count. San Francisco, CA: Benjamin Cummings.
Hsieh, S. D., Muto, T. (2005). The superiority of waist-to-height ratio as an anthropometric index to evaluate clustering of coronary risk factors among non-obese men and women. Preventive Medicine, 40(2), 216-20.
Inger, F. (1978). Maximal aerobic power related to the capillary supply of the quadriceps femoris muscles in man. Acta Physiol Scand, 104, 238-240.
International Orienteering Federation. (2019, June1st) : Global Develop. Retrieved from https://orienteering.org/global-development/.
Joseph, R. M., Keehn, B., Connolly, C., Wolfe, J., & Horowitz, T. (2009). Why is visual search superior in autism spectrum disorder? Developmental Science, 12(6) , 1083-1096.
Koenig, K., White, S. W., Pachler, M., Lau, M., Lewis, M., Klein, A., & Scahill, L. (2010). Promoting social skill development in children with pervasive developmental disorders: A feasibility and efficacy study. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 40, 1209-1218.
Lang, R., Regester, A., Lauderdale, S., Ashbaugh, K., and Haring, A. (2010), “Treatment of anxiety in autism spectrum disorders using cognitive behaviour therapy: A systematic review”, Developmental Neurorehabilitation, 13 (1), 53–63.
Little, T., & Williams, A. G. (2006). Effects of differential stretching protocols during warm-ups on high-speed motor capacities in professional soccer players. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 20(1), 203–207.
Lochbaum, M., & Crews, D. (2003). Viability of cardiorespiratory and muscular strength programs for the adolescent with autism. Complementary Health Practice Review, 8, 225-233.
Lopata, C., Hamm, E. M., Volker, M. A., & Sowinski, J. E. (2007). Motor and visuomotor skills of children with Asperger's disorder: Preliminary findings. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 104, 1183-1192.
Lopata, C., Hamm, E. M., Volker, M. A., & Sowinski, J. E. (2007). Motor and visuomotor skills of children with Asperger's disorder: Preliminary findings. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 104, 1183-1192.
Manjiviona, J., & Prior, M. (1995). Comparison of asperger syndrome and high- functioning autistic children on a test of motor impairment. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 25, 23-39.
Marek, S. M., Cramer, J. T., Fincher, A. L., Massey, L. L., Dangelmaier, S. M.,urkayastha, S., Fitz, K. A., & Culbertson, J. Y. (2005). Acute effects of staticand proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation stretching on muscle strengthand power output. Journal of Athletic Training, 40(2), 94-103.
McCormack, W. P., K. J. Cureton, T A. Bullock, and P G. Weyand(1991). Metabolic determinants of 1-mile run/walk performance in children. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 23(5), 611-617.
McCormack. W.P., Cureton. K.J., Bullock. T.A. and Weyand. P.G. (1991) Metabolic determinants of 1-mile rin/walk performace in children. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 23 (5), 611-617.
Ming, X., Brimacombe, M., & Wagner, G. C. (2007). Prevalence of motor impairment in autism spectrum disorders. Brain and Development, 29, 565- 570.
Miyahara, M., Tsujii, M., Hori, M., Nakanishi, K., Kageyama, H., & Sugiyama, T. (1997). Brief report: Motor incoordination in children with Asperger syndrome and learning disabilities. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 27, 595-603.
Nicholson, H., Kehle, T. J., Bray, M. A., & Van Heest, J. (2011). The effects of antecedent physical activity on the academic engagement of children with autism spectrum disorder. Psychology in the Schools, 48, 198-213.
Noreau, L., & Shephard, P. J. (1995). Spinal cord injury, exercise and quality of life. Sports Medicine, 20(4), 226-250.
Pan, C. Y. (2009). Age, social, engagement and physical activity in children with autism spectrum disorders. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 3, 22-31.
Pan, C. Y. (2010). Effects of water exercise swimming program on aquatic skills and social behaviors in children with autism spectrum disorders. Autism, 14, 9-28.
Pan, C. Y. (2011). The efficacy of an aquatic program on physical fitness and aquatic skills in children with and without autism spectrum disorders. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 5, 657-665.
Pereira, A. C., Huddleston, D. E., Brickman, A. M., Sosunov, A. A., Hen, R., McKhann, G. M., ...Small, S. A. (2007). An in vivo correlate of exercise- induced neurogenesis in adult dentate gurus. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, 104, 5638-5643.
Pio(2017). A Simplex Approach to Learning, Cognition, and Spatial Navigation: Emerging Research and Opportunities. Italy: University of Salerno.
Pitetti, K. H., Rendoff, A. D., Grover, T., & Beets, M. W. (2007). The efficacy of a 9-month treadmill walking program on the exercise capacity and weight reduction for adolescents with severe autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 37, 997-1006.
Pollock,M., Gaesser,G., Butcher,J., Dishman,R., Garber,C., Després,J.& Franklin,B.(1998). ACSM Position Stand: The Recommended Quantity and Quality of Exercise for Developing and Maintaining Cardiorespiratory and Muscular Fitness, and Flexibility in Healthy Adult. 30(6):975-991.DOI: 10.1097/00005768-199806000-00032
Provost, B., Heimerl, S., & Lopez, B. R. (2007). Levels of gross and fine motor development in young children with autism spectrum disorder. Physical and Occupational Therapy in Pediatrics, 27, 21-36.
Raiola G, Tafuri D., 2015.Teaching method of physical education and sports by prescriptive or heuristic learning. Journal of Human Sport and Exercise .vol 101 supplement.
Raudsepp, L., & Pall, P. (2006). The relationship between fundamental motor skills and outside-school physical activity of elementary school children. Pediatric Exercise Science, 18, 426-435.
Richler, J., Bishop, S., Kleinke, J., & Lord, C. (2007). Restricted and repetitive behaviors in young children with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 37, 73-85.
RosenthalMalek, A., & Mitchell, S. (1997). Brief report: The effects of exercise on the selfstimulating behaviors and positive responding of adolescents with autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 27, 193-202.
Rosser, Sandt D. D., & Frey, G. C. (2005). Comparison of physical activity levels between children with and without autistic spectrum disorders. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 22, 146-159.
Saltin, B., Heriksson, J, Nygaard, E., and Anderson, P. (1977). Fiber types and metabolic potentials of skeletal muscles in sedentary man and endurance runners. Ann NY Acad Sci., 301, 3-29.
Shavelson, Hubner, and Stanton (1976) model. Journal of Educational Psychology, 87, 134-153.
Shrier, (2002). Does stretching help preventing injuries? Evidence Based Sports Medicine. By MacAuley, D. and Best, T. London: BMJ. 97-116
Sowa M, Meulenbroek R. (2012). Effects of physical exercise on autism spectrum disorders: a meta-analysis. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 6(1) , 46- 57.
Staples, K. L., & Reid, G. (2010). Fundamental movement skills and autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 40, 209- 217.
Tidmarsh, L., & Volkmar, F. R. (2003). Diagnosis and epidemiology of autism spectrum disorders. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. 48(8), 517-525.
Todd, T. & Reid, G. (2006). Increasing physical activity in individuals with autism. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, 21, 167-176.
United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.(2012). Prevalence of autism spectrum disorders-autism and developmental disabilities monitoring network, 14 sites, United States. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 61(3), 1-18.
Walker, A. N., Barry, T. D., & Bader, S. H. (2010). Therapist and parent ratings of changes in adaptive social skills following a summer treatment camp for children with autism spectrum disorders: A preliminary study. Child Youth Care Forum, 39, 305-322.
Williams, H. G., Pfeiffer, K. A., O'Neill, J. R., Dowda, M., Mciver, K. L., Brown, W. H., et al. (2008). Motor skill performance and physical activity in preschool children. Obesity, 16, 1421-1426.
Winnick, J.P. & Short, F.X. (1999). The Brockport Physical Fitness Training Guide. Champaign: Human Kintics.
World Health Organization. (2011). Waist circumference and waist-hip ratio : report of a WHO expert consultation, Geneva, 8-11 December 2008.
Wrotniak, B. H., Epstein, L. H., Dorn, J. M., Jones, K. E., & Kondilis, V. A. (2006).The relationship between motor proficiency and physical activity in children American Academy of Pediatrics, 118, e1758-e1765.
Yamaguchi, T., & Ishii, K. (2005). Effects of static stretching for 30 seconds anddynamic stretching on leg extension power. Journal of Strength and conditioning Research, 19(3), 677-683.
Yilmaz, I., Yanardag, M., Birkan, B. A., & Bumin, G. (2004). Effects of swimming training on physical fitness and water orientation in autism. Pediatrics International, 46, 624-626.
Zangwill, O. & Shepherd, M.(2011). Handbook of Psychiatry: Volume 1, General Psychopathology. Cambridge, UK: Carmbridge University Press.