摘要
本研究主要目的在發展「互動式糖尿病預防手冊」教育介入，並探討教育介入之成效。
本研究採「實驗組控制組前測後測設計」，以石牌國小和文林國小二所學校的五年級學童家長為研究對象。實驗組學童家長接受二週的互動式糖尿病預防互動式手冊介入計畫，而對照組則不接受任何實驗處理。在實驗介入前，研究對象同時接受前測，後測在介入後一週進行。所取得的資料以t檢定、卡方檢定及單因子變異數分析等方法進行分析，所得的結果如下：
一、 互動式糖尿病預防手冊介入後，實驗組學童家長「糖尿病預防知識」的後測得分顯著高於前測且達統計上顯著差異，但就實驗組與對照組的比較結果來看，本研究介入計畫僅對原本糖尿病預防知識較低之學童家長具顯著的提升效果。
二、 互動式糖尿病預防手冊介入後，對於「糖尿病態度」方面，實驗組學童家長的後測得分顯著高於前測且達統計上顯著差異；而對於「運動態度」方面，則無顯著的影響。
三、 互動式糖尿病預防手冊介入後，對於「降低脂肪攝取自我效能」上，實驗組學童家長的後測得分顯著高於前測且達統計上顯著差異，但就實驗組與對照組的比較結果來看，則實驗組與對照組在介入後無顯著的差異；而對於「增加身體活動和運動自我效能」上，實驗組學童家長的後測得分顯著高於前測且達統計上顯著差異，但就實驗組與對照組的比較結果來看，本研究介入計畫僅對原本增加身體活動和運動自我效能較低之學童家長具顯著的提升效果。整體來看，在控制前測得分下，實驗組學童家長「糖尿病預防自我效能」的後測得分顯著高於對照組且達統計上顯著差異。
四、 互動式糖尿病預防手冊介入後，在控制前測得分下，實驗組學童家長「糖尿病預防行為意向」的後測得分顯著高於對照組且達統計上顯著差異，且實驗組與對照組間有顯著差異。
五、 約七成的學童家長認為本研究所設計的手冊能幫助他更瞭解糖尿病預防的知識、能幫助其建立更正向的糖尿病預防態度，且使其信心去採取糖尿病預防行為，也有六成多的學童家長表示大部分會照著手冊教導的去做。
整體而言，本研究對於糖尿病態度、糖尿病預防自我效能、糖尿病預防行為意向等變項具有顯著的教育介入成效，而對於原本糖尿病預防知識較低者可增加其知識，原本增加身體活動和運動自我效能較低者可增加其自我效能。綜上可知，在教育媒體的發展過程中，若能結合社會認知理論、健康信念模式、理性行動論及溝通說服模式等，以行為科學理論為基礎的互動式手冊介入計畫，對於糖尿病的知識、預防態度、自我效能及行為意向都能有所提升，且學童家長對於本手冊表達正面的評價，可見此具理論背景及架構之介入計畫是具有果效的。另外，以學校為管道、學童為傳播媒介之家長的教育介入方式是可行的，建議未來可以透過此種管道針對社區民眾進行糖尿病或其他慢性病的預防教育。

Abstract
The purpose of this study is to develop an involvement program through educational channel at “Interactive Diabetes Prevention Manual” (IDPM) and to discuss the efforts of this program.
The research is conducted by an experiment with the subject consisting of students and their parents of fifth grade in Shi-Pai and Wen-Lin elementary school. This group of participants is divided into two groups--the control and experimental group--who take pro/post questionnaire for further analysis. Members of experimental group receive a two-week involvement program of IDPM while the control group remains in their original status. The subject, both control and experimental groups, takes pro questionnaire before the experiment begins and answers the post questionnaire one week later. The information collected from this experiment is to be analyzed by pair-t test, Chi-square test and one-way ANCOVA that result in an amount of findings. The main points of the findings are listed as following:
1. After the involvement program of IDPM:
1.1 The students and parents in experimental group apparently get higher scores on “diabetes prevention conception” in the post questionnaire, which has a great difference with pro questionnaire. When it comes to compare the difference between control and experimental group, the research proves that the involvement program of IDPM only enhances the conceptions of diabetes prevention for those has little knowledge in this area.
1.2 The students and parents in experimental group apparently get higher scores on “ the attitude toward facing diabetes” in the post questionnaire, which has a great difference with pro questionnaire. However, their scores on “the attitude toward working-out” has mere differences comparing to pro questionnaire.
1.3 The students and parents in experimental group apparently get higher scores on “efforts of self discipline in fat intake reduction” in the post questionnaire, which has a great difference with pro questionnaire. As to compare the results between control and experimental groups, it is hardly to see the difference after the the involvement program of IDPM. The students and parents in experimental group obviously get higher scores on “increasing self-discipline of body stretching and working-out ” in the post questionnaire, which has a big difference with pro questionnaire. When it comes to compare the difference between control and experimental groups, the research proves that the involvement program of IDPM only enhances the self-discipline of body stretching and working-out for those has lower intention to do so. In all, while controlling the pro questionnaire scores, on “personal efforts on diabetes prevention” in post questionnaire the students and parents in experimental group scores significantly higher than control group.
1.4 While controlling the pro questionnaire, the students and parents in experimental group obviously get higher scores on “intention of diabetes prevention” in the post questionnaire, which has a great variation with pro questionnaire. The variation also occurs when it comes to compare the scores between control and experimental groups.
2. Some 70 percent students and parents consider the IDPM using in this experiment is helpful for them to understand more about diabetes prevention. In addition to it, the IDPM also leads them to a more positive attitude toward facing diabetes and builds them higher confidence to prevent this disease. What we are happy to see is that 60 percent of all questionnaire participants are willing to follow the instructions of what IDPM says in the future.
In summary, there are significant efforts with the involvement of diabetes education through educational media in many aspects: the attitude toward facing diabetes, efforts of self discipline on diabetes prevention, and the intention of diabetes prevention. For those used to have little knowledge of diabetes prevention, it enhances their comprehension of the disease; and for those have fewer self discipline on body stretching and working-out, it helps them to be more aware of exercise more for their health. From above-mentioned points, it concludes that, during the development of educational media, an education medial involvement program bases on scientific behaviorism theory (such as: Social Cognitive Theory, Health Belief Model, The Theory of Reasoned Action, Communication- Persuasion Theory, and the like) is greatly helpful to enhance students and parents’ attitudes, conceptions, self-efforts, and self-intentions to diabetes. As students and parents viewing this manual with positive comments, it proves that the involvement program with scientific theory supports is significant effective. It also proves that the education of parents through school and students, as the media channel, is workable. We suggest proceeding diabetes or other chronic diseases prevention education to the residents in communities through educational media channel, schools and students, in the future.

參考文獻
一、中文部分
中華民國學校衛生學會主編（1997）：學校衛生工作指引。台北：教育部。
白崇田、陳美麗（1988）：新店市成人居民參加高血壓與糖尿病健康篩檢意願之調查研究。公共衛生，15（3），271-295。
任倩儀（2002）：家庭親子間飲食與身體活動量之研究。國立台灣師範大學家政教育研究所碩士論文。
行政院衛生署編（1993）：衛生白皮書。臺北市 : 行政院衛生署。
行政院衛生署（2000）：生命統計。臺北市 : 行政院衛生署。
李碧霞（2001）：中年人運動階段、身體活動及其影響因素之研究～以臺北市中山區居民為例。國立台灣師範大學衛生教育學系碩士論文。
李蘭、陸玓玲、李隆安、黃美維、潘怜燕、鄧肖琳（1995）：臺灣地區成人的健康行為探討:分佈情形、因素結構和相關因素。中華公共衛生雜誌，14（4），358－368。
吳碧蓮（2002）：國小學童母親運動行為認知及規律運動行為之探討。國立體育學院體育研究所碩士論文。
李守義、周碧瑟、晏涵文（1989）：健康信念模式的回顧與前瞻。中華衛誌，9（3），123－137。
周郁文（2000）：護理指導介入對職場高脂血員工血脂控制之成效探討。國立台灣大學護理學研究所碩士論文。
林薇、張美文（1998）：母親飲食教養方式與學前兒童體型、飲食行為之關係研究。公共衛生，24（4），205－217。
林薇、劉貴雲、陳聖惠、劉怡君（2001）：成人降低脂肪攝取營養教育課程--「減脂之旅」成效評估研究。中華民國營養學會雜誌，26（3），181－192。
林東泰（1988）：傳播理論之應用。台北：正中。
林素玲（2002）：營養教育與運動介入對肥胖者之體位、血壓、血糖、血脂質、尿酸及血清鈣鎂鋅銅影響之研究。靜宜大學食品營養系碩士論文。
林清山（1992）：心理與教育統計學。台北：東華。
邱培源（2002）：病患健康資訊需求與尋求行為之研究。淡江大學資訊與圖書館學系碩士論文。
邱瑞芳（2002）：國小學童家長親子兩性議題溝通方案成效之研究。國立高雄師範大學成人教育研究所碩士論文。
洪文綺（1997）：高職女學生愛滋病防治教學介入效果研究。國立台灣師範大學衛生教育學系碩士論文。
高儷玲（2001）：降低脂肪攝取營養教育課程對國小高年級學童之成效評估研究。國立台灣師範大學家政教育研究所碩士論文。
高毓秀、黃奕清（2000）：成年人運動行為影響因素之徑路分析。護理研究，8（4），435－446。
黃明月（1993）：從認知心理學的角度探討成人閱讀策略與印刷教材設計。中等教育，44（1），40－45。
黃美智、張美鶴、郭春花、林秀娟（1994）：比較衛教手冊與配合電話諮詢對G-6-PD缺乏症患兒父母認知改變的成效。護理研究，2（4），306－314。
黃淑貞（1996）：健康信念影響成人健康習慣之縱貫性研究。衛生教育論文集刊，9，97－113，
黄淑貞、姚元青（1999）：大學生的健康信念、飲食相關自我效能與飲食行為研究。師大學報，44（1&2），43－53。
黃齡儀（2002）：運用網際網路于青少年愛滋病預防教育之介入研究。國立台灣師範大學衛生教育學系碩士論文。
許泰彰（2000）：台北市國小教師運動行為及其影響因素之研究。國立台北體育學院論叢，11（1），261－277。
陳真美（2001）：職業婦女運動行為及其相關因素之研究-以台北市某家銀行為例。國立台灣大學護理研究所碩士論文。
陳麗淑（1998）：運用互動式平面媒體促進國小學童家長資源回收行為之介入研究。國立台灣師範大學衛生教育學系碩士論文。
陳玉欣（1998）：國中生飲食行為及相關因子的流行病學研究。國立臺灣大學流行病學研究所。
陳國東（1997）：台灣地區不同種族非胰島素依賴型糖尿病盛行率及其危險因子探討。行政院衛生署預防醫學研究所計畫。
章慶堅（2003）：環境營養教育介入對某學院住宿生營養知識及行為的探討。台北醫學院保健營養系碩士論文。
郭曉文（2000）：學童母親規律運動行為之相關因素探討。國立台灣師範大學衛生教育學系碩士論文。
張彩秀和黃乾全（2002）：中老年健康促進生活型態與自覺健康狀態。衛生教育學報，17，15－30。
張正發（2000）：台北縣新莊市國小學生家長運動參與行為及其影響因素之研究。國立體育學院體育研究所碩士論文。
張淑芬（2002）：國小學童家長參與親職教育活動需求、動機與阻礙之研究。國立嘉義大學家庭教育研究所碩士論文。
張淑芳、陳靜敏、陳品玲（2001）：衛生教育介入對於社區婦女在預防骨質疏鬆症知識、健康信念及行為成效之探討。新台北護理期刊，3（1），79－89。
張玉燕（1994）：教學媒體。台北：五南。
曾佳珍（1998）：以理性行動理論與自我效能探討某大學學生從事規律運動之意圖。國立台灣大學護理研究所碩士論文。
馮木蘭（2002）：女性青少年身體活動狀況及其影響因素之探討—應用健康促進模式。國立台灣師範大學體育學系碩士論文。
傅振宗、戴東原（1996）：糖尿病的三段五級預防。北市醫誌，40（4），31－44。
劉貴雲（1999）：國小學童營養教育介入效果研究--社會學習教學技巧與一般教學技巧。衛生教育學報，12，137－138。
劉潔心、晏涵文、劉貴雲、邱施楊、廖黎伶、李佳容、賴妙芬、羅逸平（2000）：社區健康媒體之發展與評價--健康訊息傳播與社會行銷策略探討。衛生教育學報，14，69－94。
劉潔心、劉貴雲、蔡春美（2000）：青少年互動式戒菸自助手冊教材發展及介入效果之初探性研究。衛生教育學報，13，73－90。
劉潔心、陳合如、楊智琳、林怡君、賴妙芬（2003）：社區糖尿病防治現況調查及其相關因素探討—以石牌地區為例。醫護科技學刊，5（2），142－166。
劉嫻、劉延英（1989）：社區中年以上民眾高血壓、糖尿病知識、態度、行為之調查研究。公共衛生，16（2），193－204。
蔡世澤（2000）：臺灣糖尿病照護現況與省思。臨床醫學，45（5），316－320。
蔡佳倫（1998）：台灣地區30至59歲成年人之社會角色與運動行為。國立台灣大學公共衛生研究所碩士論文。
蔡瑞珍（2001）：某職廠員工營養知識,飲食行為及其影響因素與營養介入之成效評估。台北醫學院保健營養研究所碩士論文。
蔡佳宏（2002）：應用跨理論模式於老人運動行為之研究—以台北市中山區長青學院學員為例。國立台灣師範大學衛生教育系碩士論文。
廖麗娟 趙珠珍 張正二（1991）：臺灣地區十一處山地鄉居民高血壓﹑糖尿病盛行率及居民對高血壓糖尿病防治認知與行為之研究。公共衛生，18（2），113－132。
廖梨伶 劉潔心（2002）：運用網際網路於青少年戒菸行為之介入研究。衛生教育學報，17，109－126。
熊晴美（1997）：影響秀朗國小學童母親出席急救教育活動因素之探討。國立台灣師範大學衛生教育系碩士論文。
鄭守夏（1998）：民眾對健康資訊需要之初探。國立台灣大學衛生政策與管理研究所碩士論文。
賴妙芬（2002）：促進糖尿病患者社會支持與充能效果之介入研究-以台北市石牌地區吉慶里和石牌里為例。國立台灣師範大學衛生教育系碩士論文。
魏榮男、莊立民、林瑞雄、趙嘉玲、宋鴻樟（2002）：1996~2000年台灣地區糖尿病盛行率與住院率。台灣衛誌，21（3），173－180。
聶啓美（1998）：某國小學童母親低脂飲食行為及其影響因素之研究。國立台灣師範大學衛生教育系碩士論文。

二、英文部份
Abdella, N., Arouj, M., Nakhi,A., Assoussi, A., Moussa, M. (1998). Non-insulin-dependent diabetes in Kuwait: prevalence rates and associated risk factors. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, 42,187-196.
Ajzen, I. (1985). Action control: from cognition to behavior. New York: Springer-verlag.
Alcalay, R. & Alvarado, M.(1999). Salud para su Corazon: A community-based Latino cardiovascular disease prevention and outreach model. Journal of Community Health,24(5),359-379.
Ann, C. M., Gilles, P.,Louise ,P.(1997).The Kahnawaka school diabetes prevention project :Intervention ,evulation ,and baseline result of a diabetes primary prevention program with a native community in Canada.Preventive medicine,26,779-790.
Backer, T.E., Rogers, E.M., & Sopory, P.(1992). Designing health communication campaigns: what works? Newbury Park: Sage Publications.
Bandura, A.(1986).Social foundation of thought and action: a social cognitive theory. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall.
Beresford, S.A., Curry, S.J., Kristal, A.R., Lazovich, D., Feng, Z.,& Wagner,E.H.(1997). A dietary intervention in primary care practice: the eating patterns study. American Journal of Public Health, 87(4), 610-616.
Bјärås,G., Härberg, L. K., Sydhoff, J.,& Östenson C.(2001). Walking campaign: a model for developing participation in physical activity? Experiences from three campaign periods of the Stockholm Diabetes Prevention Program (SDPP). Patient Education and Counseling, 42,9-14.
Caroline, S. & Steven, H.C. (1998). Health campaign channels. Human Communication Research,24(3),410-433.
Cook, V.V. & Hurley, J.S.,（1998）. Prevention of type 2 diabetes in childhood. Clinical Pediatrics,37,123-130.
Daniel, M., Green, L. W., Marion, S. A., Gamble, D., Herbert, C. P., Hertzman, C.,& Sheps, S.B.(2001).Effectiveness of community-directed diabetes prevention and control in a rural Aboriginal population in British Columbia, Canada. Social Science & Medicine,48(6),815-832.
Diabetes Prevention Program Rearch Group (2002). Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. New England Journal of Medicine, 346 (6), 393-403.
Eakin, E.G., Glasgow, R.E., Riley, K.M., & Denver, C. (2000). Review of Primary Care-Based Physical Activity Intervention Studies: Effectiveness and Implications for Practice and Future Research. The Journal of Family Practice, 49(2), 158-168.
Folsom, A.R., Kushi, L.H., & Hong, C.P.（2000）.Physical Activity and Incident Diabetes Mellitus in Postmenopausal Women. American Journal of Public Health, 90(1), 134-138.
Fracp, D.S.& Mesui, J. (1999). Decision balance and stage of change in relation to weight loss, exercise and dietary fat reduction among Pacific Island people, Asia Pacific Journal Client Nutrition, 8(1),39-45.
Freisheim, K.L, & Gates, G.E.(1995). Demographics, Attitudes, Beliefs, and Knowledge Weakly Influence Percent of Calories From Fat. Journal of the American Dietetic Association,95(9),56.
Holcomb, J. D. & Lira, J.（1998）. Evaluation of jump into action: a program to reduce the risk of non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus in school children on the Texas-Mexico border.Journal of School Health,68(7),282-288.
Hu, F.B., Manson, J.E., Stampfer, M.J., Colditz, G., Liu, S., Solomon, C.G., & Willett, W. C.（2001）. Diet, Lifestyle, and the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Women. The New England Journal of Medicine, 345(11),790-797.
Kahn, E.B., Ramsey, L.T., Brownson, R.C., Health, G.W., Howze, E.H., Powell, K.E., Stone, E.J., Rajab, M.W., & Corso, P.(2002). The effectiveness of interventions to increase physical activity. American Journal of Prevention Medician,22(45),73-107.
Kristal, A. R., Curry, S. J., Shattuck, A. L., Feng, Z., & Li,S.(2000). A randomized trial of a tailored, self-help dietary intervention: the Puget Sound Eating Patterns Study. Preventive Medicine, 31,380-389.
Lauby, J.L., Smith, P.J., Stark, M., Person, B. ＆ Adams, J.（2000）: A community-level HIV prevention intervention for inner-city women: results of women and infant demonstration projects。American Journal of Public Health,90(2),216-222.
Lynch, J., Helmrich, S. P., Lakka, T. A., Kaplan, G. A., Cohen, R. D., Salonen, R., & Salonen, J. T. (1996). Moderately Intense Physical Activities and High Levels of Cardiorespiratory Fitness Reduce the Risk of Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus in Middle-aged Men. Arch Intern Med, 156(12), 1307-1314.
Macdonald,G & Davies,K.J.(1998): Reflection and Vision –Proving and improving the promotion of health. In Quality, Evidence & effectiveress in health Promotion chap one. 5-1.
Matti, U., Anne, L. & Jaana, L. (2000). The Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study. The British Journal of Nutrition ,83 (1),137-142.
Marcus,B.H.,Banspach,S.W.,Lefebvre,R.C.,Rossi,J.S.,Garleton,R.A.,& Abrams,D.B.(1992).Using the stage of change model to increase the adoption of physical activity among community participants. American Journal of Health Promotion, 6(6),424-429.
Marcus,B.H.,Owen,N.,Forsyth,L.H.,Cavill,N.A.,& Fridinger,F.(1998).Physical activity intervention using mass media, print media , and information technology.American Journal of Prevention Medicine,15(4),362-378.
Nicolette, I.T. & Cheryl, K.R. (1998). Development of a primary prevention program: Insight gained in the Zuni diabetes prevention program. Clinical Pediatrics,37(2),131-142.
Pan, X.R., Li, G.W., Hu, Y.H., Wang, J.X., Yang, W.Y., Zuo-Xin, A., Hu, Z.X., Lin, J.L., Xiao, J.Z., Cao, H.B., Liu, P.A., Jiang, X.G., Jiang, Y.Y., Wang, J.P., Zheng, H., Zhang, H., Bennett, P.H., & Howard, B.V.(1997). Effects of Diet and Exercise in Preventing NIDDM in People With Impaired Glucose Tolerance: The Da Qing IGT and Diabetes Study. Diabetes Care, 20(4),537-544.
Perry, I.J., Wannamethee, S.G., Walker, M.K., Thomson, A.G., Whincup, P. H.,& Shaper, A.G.(1995). Prospective Study of Risk Factors for Development of Non-Insulin Dependent Diabetes in Middle Aged British Men. The British Medical Journal,310(6979),560-564.
Polley, B.A., Jakicic, J.M., Venditti, E.M., Barr, S., & Wing, R.R.(1997). The effects of health beliefs on weight loss in individuals at high risk for NIDDM. American Diabetes Association, 20(10) , 1533-1538.
Reardon, A.W. & Stachura, M.E.(1993).The development and field testing of materials on diabetes for persons with low vision or low literacy. Journal of Visual Impairment ＆ Blindness,87(9), 347-348.
Reid, D.(1996).How effective is health education via mass communications? Health Educational Jounal,55,332-344.
Rice, R. E., & Atkin, C. K.(1989). Public communication campaigns. Newbury Park, Calf: Sage Publications.
Sallis J. F., Simons-Morton B. G. ,& Stone E. J.（1992）.Determinants of physical activity and intervention in youth. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 24(6),248-257.
Swinburn, B. A., Metcalf, P. A., & Ley, S. J.(2001). Long-Term (5-Year) Effects of a Reduced-Fat Diet Intervention in Individuals With Glucose Intolerance. Diabetes Care, 24(4), 619-624.
Teufel, N.I. & Ritenbaugh, C.K.,(1998). Development od a primary prevention program: insight gained in the Zuni diabetes prevention program. Clinical Pediatrics,37(2),131-140.
The Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group (2000).The Diabetes Prevention Program: baseline characteristics of the randomized cohort. Diabetes Care,23,1619-1629.
The Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group (1999).The Diabetes Prevention Program: designand methods for a clinical trial in the prevention of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care,22(4),623-634.
Tilley, B.C., Vernon, S.W., Glanz, K., Myers, R., Sanders, K., Hirst, K., Kristal, A.R., Smereka, C., & Sowers, M.F.（1997）.Worksite cancer screening and nutrition intervention for high-risk auto workers：design and baseline findings of the next step trial. Preventive Medicine,26,227-235.
Trevino, R.P., Pugh, J.A., Hernandez, A.E., Menchaca, V.D., & Ramtr ez, R.R. (1998). Bienestar: A diabetes risk-factor prevention program. Journal of School Health,68(2),62-67.
Tudor-Locke, C.E., Myers, A.M.,Bell, R.C., Harris, S.B., & Rodger,N.W.(2002). Preliminary outcome evaluation of the First Step Program: a daily physical activity intervention for individuals with type 2 diabetes. Patient Education and Counseling, 47,23-28.
Tuomilehto, J., Lindstrom, J., Eriksson, J. G., Valle, T. T., Hamalainen, H., Ilanne-Parikka, P., Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi, S., Laakso, M., Louheranta, A., Rastas, M., Salminen, V. ,& Uusitupa, M. (2001). Prevention of type 2 Diabetes mellitus by changes in lifestyle among subjects with impaired glucose tolerance, The New England Journal of Menicine, 334(18), 1343-1350.
Uusitupa, M., Louheranta, A., Lindstro¨m, J., Valle, T., Sundvall, J., Eriksson, J., & Tuomilehto, J.（2000）. The Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study. British Journal of Nutrition,83(1),137-142.
Walter, H.J.(1989). Primary prevention of chronic disease among children: The school-based “know Your Body” intervention trials. Health Education Quarterly,16(2),210-214.
Wardle, J., Rapoport, L., Miles, A., Afuape, T., & Duman, M.（2001）. Mass education for obesity prevention: the penetration of the BBC’s ‘Fighting Fat, Fighting Fit’ campaign. Health Education Research, 16(3),343-355.
Wimbush, E., MacGregor, A., & Fraser, E.（1998）.Impacts of a national mass media campaign on walking in Scotland. Health Promotion International, 13(1),45-53.
Wing, R.R.,Venditti, E., Jakicic, J.M., Polley, B.A., & Lang, W. (1998). Lifestyle intervention in overweight individuals with a family history of diabetes. Diabetes Care. 21(3),350-359.
Wing, R. R., Goldstein, M. G., Acton, K. J., Birch, L. L., Jakicic, J. M., Sallis, J. F., Smith-West, D., Jeffery, R. W., & Surwit, R. S. (2001). Behavioral Science Research in Diabetes: Lifestyle changes related to obesity, eating behavior, and physical activity. Diabetes Care,24(1),117-123.
Zimmerman, M., Newton, N., Frumin, L., & Wittet, S,(1989). Developing health and family planning print materials for low-literate audiences: a guide. Washington: PATH’s Communication Department.