中 文 摘 要

從臺灣各地採集土壤及水樣，進行壺菌的誘釣、分離，並在1/4YpSs培養
基上純培養。經過了形態學的比對，超微構造的鑑定，生理上的實驗，並
使用生化方法檢測其遺傳上的蛋白質表現型等生物學研究之後，整理出一
個最接近自然的分類系統，目前發現二目三科十屬三十五種。包括：單中
心的根生壺菌屬 (Rhizophydium) 16種，分別是：R. biporosum, R.
capillaceum, R. chaetiferum, R. chlorogonii, R. condylosum, R.
constantineani, R. elyensis, R. globosum, R. hynaldii, R.
laterale, R. macrosporum, R. melosirae, R. patellarium, R.
pollinis-pin R. sphaerocarpum, R. sphaerotheca；根壺菌屬6種分別
是：R. hyalina, R. mastigotrichis, R. variabile, R. racemosum,
R. windermerense, R. macroporosum；小壺菌屬的4種分別是：S.
acuminatus, S. palustre, S. punctatum, S. pseudodichotomus；壺菌
屬2種：C. hyalinus, C. planicorne；異壺菌屬 (Allochytridium) 的
A. expandens；串珠壺菌屬 (Catenochytridium) 的 C. carolinianum；
內壺菌屬 (Entophlyctis) 的 E. confervae-glomeratae；哥德納壺菌屬
的G. spectabile；以及多中心的歧壺菌屬 (Cladochytrium) 2種：C.
hyalinum, C. replicatuF多壺菌屬 (Polychytrium) 的 P. aggregatum
。其中28種為臺灣新記錄種，以根生壺菌屬種類最多，而毛囊根生壺菌
(R. chaetiferum) 分離到11個菌株為優勢種。僅8種有休眠孢子形成，實
際觀察到有性生殖的只有透明壺菌 (C. hyalinus) 及溫地根壺菌 (R.
windermerense)。

本研究歸納三十二種單中心壺菌的形態、游孢子微細構造及生理特性共三
十一項特徵，發現游孢子釋放時是否形成泡囊 (vesicle) 是一項穩定的
特徵，與游孢子超微結構具有電子緻密構造的特徵一致，可作為亞科
(subfamily) 階層的分類依據。菌體發育的類型、假根主軸的特性、以及
囊蓋有無分別可當作屬 (genus) 階層的分類依據。種的分類則按各屬特
質，再採用最高生長溫度、菌落顏色、孢子囊壁附屬物、游孢子釋放方式
、碳源利用能力等特徵。綜合菌體外部形態與游孢子超微構造特徵，發現
部份種類應于訂正，包括：六種囊壺菌屬 (Phlyctochytrium) 之中的非
洲壺菌 (P. africanum)、沼澤囊壺菌 (P. palustre)、斑點囊壺菌 (P.
punctatum)、偽分叉囊壺菌 (P. pseudodichotomus) 訂正為小壺菌屬
(Spizellomyces) 的種類；奇觀囊壺菌 (P. spectabile) 訂正為哥德納
壺菌屬 (Gaertneriomyces) 的一種；扁囊壺菌 (P. planicorne) 與壺菌
屬 (Chytriomyces) 較相近；另外，建議將根囊壺菌屬 (Rhizophlyctis)
與根壺菌屬 (Rhizidium) 合併為根壺菌屬，再將大孔根生壺菌 (R.
macroporosum) 訂正為根壺菌屬的一種。 經
由同功酵素電泳分析，比較具有兩個以上菌株的八種壺菌之電泳型，發現
種間變異明顯大於種內的變異。比較十五種根生壺菌的電泳型，在3-D模
型中呈現均勻的分佈，顯示的確為不同的種。另外，三種根囊壺菌與二種
根壺菌在ALD、SOD具有相同的電泳型，而在IDH、PGD各有一個共同的條帶
，可視為該分類群的遺傳標誌 (genetic maker)；綜合菌體形態、游孢子
超微構造與電泳型的特徵，支持將根囊壺菌屬併入較早成立的根壺菌屬。
同功酵素電泳分析的結果，顯示所使用的形態分類特徵有遺傳證據加以支
持。

Abstract

The Chytridiales in Taiwan is pure cultured and integrated in a
nearly natural taxonomical system according to the biological
studies on comparison of morphology, identification of
ultrastructure, experiment of physiology and detection of
genetic protein phenotype using biochemical method. Those are of
two orders, three families, ten genera and thirty-five species.
Those include sixteen species of Rhizophydium: R. biporosum, R.
capillaceum, R. chaetiferum, R. chlorogonii, R. condylosum, R.
constantineani R. elyensis, R. globosum, R. hynaldii, R.
laterale, R. macrosporum, R. melosirae, R. patellarium, R.
pollinis-pini, R. sphaerocarpum, R. sphaerotheca; six species of
Rhizidium: R. hyalina, R. mastigotrichis, R. variabile, R.
racemosum, R. windermerense, R. macroporosum; four species of
Spizellomyces: S. acuminatus, S. palustre, S. punctatum, S.
pseudodichotomus; two species of Chytriomyces: C. hyalinus, C.
planicorne; Allochytridium expandens; Catenochytridium
carolinianus; Gaertneriomyces spectabile and Entophlyctis
confervae-glomeratae. Those are monocentric chytrids. The rest
are polycentric chytrides including two species of
Cladochytrium: C. hyalinum, C. replicatum and Polychytrium
aggregatum. Twenty-eight of these are newly recorded in Taiwan.
Rhizophydium and R. chaetiferum are dominant. Sexual
reproduction is only observed in Chytriomyces hyalinus and
Rhizidium windermerense.

The presence of a vesicle during discharge is a stable
characteristic corresponds with the electrone dense structure in
the flagellar basal area of zoospore, which are two main
characteristics of subfamily distinctions. The criteria of
genera level are determined by type of thallus development,
operculation and rhizoid system. The criterior of species
including the maximum growth temperature, color of colony,
appendage of zoosporangium, method of zoospore discharge, growth
ability on different carbohydrate nutrition, etc.. After the
preceding observation, some taxa are revised: four species of
six Phlyctochytrium revised to Spizellomyces, one revised to
Gaertneriomyces. P. planicorne is similar to Chytriomyces. R.
macroporosum revised to Rhizidium macroporosum.
Based on isozyme electromorphs, twenty-three strains of eight
chytrids produce eight clusters. TPI and ALD can be considered
as the genetic marker of these eight chytrids. The sixteen
species of Rhizophydium reveal little morphological variation.
Isozyme variation indicates that the sixteen species are
distinct species. Three Rhizophlyctis and two Rhizidium have one
common band of ALD, SOD, IDH and PGD. Those can be regarded as
the genetic marker of this taxon. Based on thallus morphology,
zoospore ultrastructure and isozyme electromorphs, this study
supports the merging of Rhizophlyctis in Rhizidium.
Abstract