簡易檢索 / 詳目顯示

研究生: 洪藝綺
Hung, Yi-Chi
論文名稱: 綠島水肺潛水員專門化程度調查
The Study of Scuba Diver’s Recreational Specialization in Green Island
指導教授: 程瑞福
Chen, Jui-Fu
學位類別: 碩士
Master
系所名稱: 運動休閒與餐旅管理研究所
Graduate Institute of Sport, Leisure and Hospitality Management
論文出版年: 2019
畢業學年度: 108
語文別: 中文
論文頁數: 139
中文關鍵詞: 綠島水肺潛水遊憩專門化
英文關鍵詞: Green Island, scuba diving, recreational specialization
DOI URL: http://doi.org/10.6345/NTNU201901162
論文種類: 學術論文
相關次數: 點閱:155下載:0
分享至:
查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報
  • 中文摘要 i 英文摘要 ii 目次 iii 表次 v 圖次 viii 第壹章 緒論 1 第一節 研究背景與動機 1 第二節 研究目的 4 第三節 研究問題 4 第四節 研究範圍 5 第五節 研究限制 5 第六節 名詞釋義 6 第貳章 文獻探討 7 第一節 水肺潛水定義與相關研究 7 第二節 綠島地區基本資料與相關研究 31 第三節 遊憩專門化理論定義及相關研究 40 第參章 研究方法 58 第一節 研究架構 58 第二節 研究流程 59 第三節 研究對象 61 第四節 研究工具 63 第五節 資料處理與分析 73 第肆章 結果與討論 74 第一節 近三年到 (在) 綠島進行水肺潛水之參與者背景變項統計結果 74 第二節 專門化程度現況與分布 89 第三節 專門化程度與各變項的差異與相關性分析 93 第伍章 結論與建議 107 第一節 結論 107 第二節 建議 108 引用文獻 111 附錄一 專家效度審查專用問卷 128

    引用文獻

    DAN World (DAN亞太區中文網站)。《DAN 亞太分部正在進行中的計畫》,取自:http://www.danap.org/CN_T/accident.php
    中華民國內政部營建署 (2002)。墾丁國家公園海域遊憩活動發展方案。取自 http://www.cpami.gov.tw/chinese/index.php?option=com_content &view=article&id=10640&Itemid=57
    中華民國交通部觀光局 (2004)。水域遊憩管理辦法。取自 http://admin.taiwan.net.tw/ law/law_d.aspx?no=130&d=194
    尤若弘、何篤光、沈志堅 (2009)。墾丁地區水域休閒運動遊客滿意度調查研究。海洋休閒管理學刊,2,13-27。
    方景翰、陳其昌 (2010)。研析潛水電腦錶對休閒潛水活動的重要性。雲科大體育,12,145-151。
    牛柯琪、何俊傑、陳秋蓉 (2001)。潛水人員減壓症盛行率及其危險因子分析。勞工安全衛生研究季刊,9(2),179-197。
    牛柯琪、賴朝英、劉紹興、林灯賦、李賢鎧 (1995)。潛水意外事故之相關因素探討。中華職業醫學雜誌,2(4),212-222。
    王宏義、廖哲億、吳俊賢、簡后淑 (2014)。休閒潛水運動的風險與意外事故防範。休閒運動保健學報,6,67-77。
    王翔姿、邱聖豪 (2006)。以投資模型觀點探討休閒潛水參與行為。大專體育,85,104-112。
    王嘉淳、陳怡仁 (2018)。以質性研究探討水肺潛水領導階級者對海洋環境保育認知與行為之變化。環境與管理研究,19(2),61-76。
    古國宏、林子恩、蔡永川、吳穌、吳明憲 (2011)。墾丁海域休閒潛水常見之運動傷害及意外調查與分析。美和學報,31(1),185-196。
    交通部觀光局 (1996)。台灣潛在生態觀光及冒險旅遊產品研究與調查。臺北:交通部觀光局。
    交通部觀光局 (2014)。自然環境。認識台灣。取自: http://taiwan.net.tw/m1.aspx?sNo=0001006
    朱瑞淵、陳梅君 (2010)。自行車參與者深度休閒與遊憩專門化之研究-以美利達單車消遙遊爲例。智慧科技與應用統計學報,8(1),55-67。
    行政院海洋事務推動委員會 (2006)。海洋政策白皮書。臺北市:行政院研究發展考核委員會。
    吳崇旗、吳昀昌、王伯宇 (2015)。臺灣百岳登山者遊憩專門化與環境態度之關係研究。人文社會科學研究,9(1),66-88。
    吳崇旗、巫昌陽、王偉琴 (2012)。高屏地區郊山登山健行者遊憩專門化對其環境行為之影響。休閒事業研究,10(1),59-71。
    吳崇旗、巫昌陽、王偉琴 (2012)。登山健行者遊憩專門化與管理策略支持之關係。臺灣體育運動管理學報,12(2),149-176。
    呂榮晉、方景翰 (2003)。SDI開放水域潛水教練指南中文版。美國緬因州:Scuba Diving International。
    宋一夫、湯慧娟、宋壬夫 (2008)。初級潛水員水肺潛水活動的參與動機與滿意度之研究。人文與社會,2(3),99-118。
    李玉芬 (1997)。綠島的人口成長與變遷。東台灣研究,2,99-129。
    李玉芬 (1998)。黑潮對綠島早期涉外關係的影響。東台灣研究,3,81-101。
    李宗鴻、張忠峰、詹芬樺 (2019)。休閒潛水遊客與綠蠵龜的互動:小琉球永續觀光之分析。戶外遊憩研究,32(1),33-61。
    李宗鴻、游顯宗 (2008)。溯溪行爲模式之研究-以溯溪俱樂部爲例。運動與遊憩研究,3(2),124-142。
    李明儒、許世芸、蘇智鈴、陳元陽 (2007)。休閒潛水者對潛水風險的認知與損害之研究。運動與遊憩研究,1(3),14-33。
    李明儒、陳元揚、陳宏斌 (2003)。休閒潛水者的風險管理之研究。戶外遊憩研究,16(2),49-67。
    李海清、戴有德、巫昌陽 (2010)。台灣休閒潛水運動環境屬性重要性之研究。休閒觀光與運動健康學報,1(1),42-61。
    李惠傑、牛柯琪、陳興漢、黃坤崙、蔡政達、林玉鐘、J. Henderson、Suk-Ki Hong (1991)。澎湖吉貝地區潛水減壓病高發生率之病因探討。Journal of Medical Sciences,12(1),25-32。
    李森源、蔡鋒樺、李昭憲 (2012)。潛水活動者休閒效益之探討-以墾丁地區相關潛點為例。中原體育學報,1,34-46。
    李德仁 (2009)。認真休閒者之潛水休閒利益。北體學報,18,99-110。
    豆丁海馬郵筒。臺東縣政府交通及觀光發展處,台東觀光旅遊網。取自:https://tour.taitung.gov.tw/zh-tw/attraction/details/1315
    林秉毅 (2016)。水肺潛水遊憩涉入及場所依戀之研究。休閒觀光與運動健康學報,6(2),1-25。
    林秉毅、李明倫 (2015)。國內開放式水肺潛水發展之探討。中華體育季刊,29(3),189-195。
    林秉毅、謝旻珊、莊鑫裕 (2016)。女性水肺潛水者休閒動機、休閒涉入與休閒阻礙關係之研究。嘉大體育健康休閒期刊,15(3),12-29。
    林舜涓、蔡佳燕、余梅香 (2012)。以港都騎跡探討單車騎士地方依戀之中介效果研究。興國學報,13,27-38。
    林瑩昭、唐燕娟 (2014)。家庭露營者遊憩專門化與家庭氣氛之研究。休閒事業研究,12(4),12-34。
    林燈賦 (1996)。長期潛水工作者之健康問題。中華民國航空醫學會刊,10(2),85-88。
    邱思慈、林欣怡、張家銘 (2010)。登山自行車騎士專門化。臺灣體育運動管理學報,10,65-92。
    邵廣昭 (1988)。蘭嶼的亞潮帶魚類相與其羣聚構造。臺灣省立博物館年刊,31,51-69。
    洪振唐、薛名凱、曹翕翔、朱冶璇、劉兆達 (2011)。墾丁地區水肺潛水者之休閒動機與休閒阻礙。美和學報,30(2),149-170。
    胡俊傑、林鎮鑑、吳明忠 (2012)。風帆運動者認真性休閒,遊憩專門化與流暢體驗之研究。運動與遊憩研究,7(1),1-18。
    飛魚貳號工作室 (2016)。「綠島潛點生態調查及安全服務設施規劃案」成果報告。取自交通部觀光局東部海岸國家風景區管理處: http://serving.eastcoast-nsa.gov.tw/File.ashx?attr=eyJ0YWciOiJyZXBvcnRQYXRoIiwiaWQiOiI0NyIsImZpbGVuYW1lIjoiZmlsZTM2OTk2MTc4ODg3MzAucGRmIiwiaXNTd2YiOmZhbHNlfQ%3D%3D
    唐燕娟、林瑩昭 (2014)。家庭露營者遊憩專門化與休閒效益之研究。運動與遊憩研究,8(4),1-26。
    高銘辰 (2012)。休閒水肺潛水發展之探討。輔仁大學體育學刊,11,214-231。
    張純芳 (2005),暗潮洶湧的十六平方公里-漢人移民綠島拓墾史(1800-1860)。新北大史學,3,77–88。
    張崑雄、詹榮桂、戴昌鳳、曾榮政、鄭明修、蘇焉 (1991)。綠島海域資源調查與保育研究計畫。交通部觀光局東海岸風景特定區管理處。
    張崑雄、蘇焉、夏復國、鄭明修 (1989)。台灣潛水運動現況調查分析之研究。國家公園學報,1(1),33-49。
    曹勝雄、黃文雄 (2016)。社會支持對遊憩專門化與場所依戀關係之調節效果。大專體育學刊,18(3),147-162。
    曹欽榮 (2015)。記得綠島-人權、遺產及永續性-社會企業創新概念的介入。臺東大學人文學報,5(2),37-84。
    梁俊煌、高如儀、龔飛熊 (2013)。墾丁潛水海域活動滿意度分析研究。嘉南學報:人文類,39,455-469。
    梁英文、曹勝雄 (2007)。認真性休閒與場所依戀之關係:遊憩專門化扮演的角色。戶外遊憩研究,20(3),1-24。
    許吉越、乃慧芳、陳玉梅、李春欣 (2016)。衝浪參與者休閒涉入,遊憩專門化與心流體驗之關係研究。休閒事業研究,14(1),62-77。
    許澤宇、陳儒賢、張嘉栢 (2014)。以豆丁海馬作為吸引水肺潛水之觀光資源:現況與問題。台灣首府大學學報,5,45-60。
    許鎔鑠、蔡鋒樺、王宏義、張珈瑛 (2014)。休閒水肺潛水運動者剌激尋求、參與動機與滿意度之研究-以墾丁潛水活動之大學生為例。中原體育學報,5,163-171。
    郭漢鍠、蘇玫碩、阮炳嵐 (2013)。台灣觀賞水族休憩之專門化研究。國立虎尾科技大學學報,31(3),11-25。
    陳文喜、葉時碩、曾冠暾 (2010)。專門化對水肺潛水者的環境知識與行為之影響。運動與遊憩研究,4(3),1-14。
    陳正平、黃興倬、李澤民、杜銘章 (2008)。綠島海洋生物調查。內政部營建署海洋國家公園管理處委託研究報告。取自海洋國家公園管理處: https://www.marine.gov.tw/%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E8%B3%87%E8%A8%8A%E5%85%AC%E9%96%8B/%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E8%B3%87%E8%A8%8A%E5%85%AC%E9%96%8B/%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E5%A0%B1%E5%91%8A?view=article&id=54
    陳正國、周財勝 (2007)。休閒水肺潛水教練應具備專業能力之探討。大專體育,92,103-109。
    陳永森、林孟龍 (2004)。台灣的國家風景區。新北市:遠足文化。
    陳玉梅、李春欣、許吉越、乃慧芳 (2016)。衝浪參與者休閒涉入、遊憩專門化與心流體驗之關係研究。休閒事業研究,14(1),62-77。
    陳明輝 (2005)。東沙海域軟體動物相。Platax,2005,33-47。
    陳新福、宋壬夫、饒秋琴 (2011)。綠島石朗水域生態旅遊資源調查。高應科大體育,10,11-28。
    黃任閔、李懷生 (2009)。墾丁水域運動參與者參與動機與休閒阻礙之研究。輔仁大學體育學刊,8,63-79。
    黃佳琳 (2017)。經典雜誌,233。取自:http://www.rhythmsmonthly.com/?p=33526
    黃坤崙、林玉鐘 (1996)。女性與潛水。中華民國航空醫學會刊,10(2),89-92。
    黃貴帥、吳榮旗、蔡朋育、蘇河仰、張陸澎、林灯賦 (2005)。澎湖潛水人員潛水型態與減壓病之探討。中華職業醫學雜誌,12(2),107-113。
    黃興倬、李坤瑄、洪和田、陳明輝 (2009)。綠島大型海洋無脊椎動物調查與保育規劃建議。國家公園學報,19(2),47-69。
    黃耀興、張陸澎 (2005)。海軍潛水人員之潛水型態和減壓病調查。中華職業醫學雜誌,12(2),107-113。
    楊志仁、楊清閔、李展榮 (2011)。綠島海域最佳潛點深入介紹。屏東:國立海洋生物博物館。
    溫卓謀、章勝傑、莊鑫裕 (2018)。以內容分析法系統回顧2003-2017臺灣休閒潛水研究。體育學報,51(3),275-291。
    綠島鄉公所 (1988)。《綠島鄉志》。綠島:綠島鄉公所。
    臺東縣政府 (2011)。臺東縣第三期 (100-103年度) 離島綜合建設實施方案《綠島篇》。取自: http://www.taitung.gov.tw/Upload/CP/1256/AttachFiles/634310515833993108.pdf
    劉月琪、劉永芳 (2010)。潛水活動之健康危害及其處置與預防。中華職業醫學雜誌,17(4),267-277。
    劉照金、何月妃、李森源、陳志明、蔡永川 (2013)。臺灣運動觀光資源吸引力與民眾偏好之關係研究。運動休閒管理學報,10(3),1-14。
    歐慶賢主持 (2008)。設立國家公園對綠島既存漁業行為補償措施。內政部營建署委託辦理報告。取自:https://www.marine.gov.tw/filesys/dlarea/49/file2.pdf
    歐雙磐、侯錦雄 (2007)。登山者遊憩專門化與登山類型偏好。戶外遊憩研究,20(4),51-74。
    蔡鋒樺 (2012)。大學生於墾丁地區體驗水肺潛水活動之休閒滿意度研究。嘉大體育健康休閒期刊,11(1),1-12。
    鄭先祐、范玉玲 (2007)。沿海島嶼可持續性發展與生態保育並行之可行性研究-以綠島為例。海洋國家公園管理處,1-228。
    鄭明修 (1998)。綠島海洋生態之旅。臺灣:東部海岸國家風景區管理處。
    鄭明修 (2005)。台灣珊瑚礁海域大型底棲無脊椎動物多樣性現況評估與保育研究。行政院國家科學委員會專題研究計畫成果報告。取自:https://www.grb.gov.tw/search/planDetail?id=888822
    鄭明修 (2014)。澎湖南方四島海域是臺灣的海鮮銀行。臺灣博物季刊,33(3),6-15。
    鄭明修 (2014)。瀕危的龍王鯛和隆頭鸚哥魚迫切需要保育。生態臺灣,45,1-3。
    鄭新錦 (2000)。ADS HANDBOOK 2000。台北:新動有限公司。
    鄭憲成 (2009)。以水肺潛水調查棲地多樣性對海岸生物之影響。休閒保健期刊,1,33-48。
    鄭憲成 (2009)。以水肺潛水調查墾丁香蕉灣水域生態旅遊資源分析。休閒保健期刊,2,51–57。
    鄭憲成 (2009)。潛水參與體驗與滿意度之研究。嘉大體育健康休閒期刊,8(1),81–90。
    鄭憲成 (2009)。學習潛水課程的學生對休閒活動態度影響之研究-以國立高雄應用科技大學為例。休閒保健期刊,2,111-124。
    鄭憲成 (2010)。潛水活動與健康休閒生活相關之探討。高應科大體育,9,156-167。
    鄭憲成、宋壬夫、宋一夫 (2004)。以水肺潛水進行綠島海域的珊瑚礁生態調查。高應科大體育,3,67-76。
    鄭憲成、陳文良 (2004)。國際主要潛水組織教育系統、級別與訓練課程之比較。高應大體育,3,16-24。
    賴朝英、劉紹興、牛柯琪、顧天倫、林燈賦 (1996)。臺灣地區水下勞工潛水作業意外事故流行病學調查。中華職業醫學雜誌,3(4),171-184。
    戴友榆、王慶堂、陳宏斌、李明儒 (2012)。以澎湖水域遊憩活動檢視遊憩專門化成本效益分析模式。運動與遊憩研究,6(3),41-67。
    戴有德、黃文雄、李海清、陳冠仰 (2012)。在休閒潛水活動中環境屬性滿意度與場所依戀關係之研究。戶外遊憩研究,25(1),25-55。
    戴夢凡 (2018)。綠島恐怖故事:七月觀光客來了,醫護人員也崩潰? 取自: https://opinion.cw.com.tw/blog/profile/52/article/7177
    謝新曦 (2001)。台灣潛水發展史漫談。潛與潛專集,春刊,52-54。
    鍾政偉、陳桓敦、蔡禮宇 (2013)。水肺潛水參與者認真性休閒、遊憩專門化、心流體驗與休閒效益關係之研究。島嶼觀光研究,6(4),1-22。
    蘇東濤、劉宏裕 (2012)。休閒潛水遊憩行為與環境生態之探討—以礁區潛水為例。島嶼觀光研究,5(4),1-23。
    蘇焉 (1987)。NAUI準則與程序。台北市:海琦出版社。
    蘇焉 (1991)。潛水理論與技能。台北市:海琦出版社。
    蘇焉 (1999)。浮潛海中天─悠游水底世界。台北:大地地理出版事業股份有限公司。

    Augustine, S., Dearden, P., & Rollins, R. (2016). Are changing diver characteristics important for coral reef conservation? Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 26(4), 660–673.
    Beardmore, B., Haider, W., Hunt, L. M., & Arlinghaus, R. (2013). Evaluating the Ability of Specialization Indicators to Explain Fishing Preferences. Leisure Sciences: Recreation Specialization in Leisure, 35(3), 273-292.
    Bennett, E. L. (2002). Is there a link between wild meat and food security? Conservation Biology, 16(3), 590-592.
    Bentz, J., Lopes, F., Calado, H., & Dearden, P. (2016). Managing marine wildlife tourism activities: Analysis of motivations and specialization levels of divers and whale watchers. Tourism Management Perspectives, 18, 74-83.
    Bentz, J., Lopes, F., Calado, H., & Dearden, P. (2016). Sustaining marine wildlife tourism through linking Limits of Acceptable Change and zoning in the Wildlife Tourism Model. Marine Policy, 68, 100-107.
    Bentz, J., Rodrigues, A., Dearden, P., Calado, H., Lopes, F. (2015). Crowding in marine environments: Divers and whale watchers in the Azores. Ocean & Coastal Management, 109, 77-85.
    Bloch, P. H., Black, W. C., & Lichtenstein, D. (1989). Involvement with the equipment component of sport: Links to recreational commitment. Leisure Sciences, 11(3), 187-200.
    Burr, S. W. & Scott, D. (2004). Application of The Recreational Specialization Framework to Understanding Visitors to the Great Salt Lake Bird Festival. Event Management, 9(1-2), 27-37.
    Butler, R. W. (1980). The concept of a tourist area cycle of evolution: implications for management of resources. The Canadian Geographer, 24(1), 5-12.
    Catlin, J., & Jones, R. (2010). Whale shark tourism at Ningaloo Marine Park: A longitudinal study of wildlife tourism. Tourism Management, 31(3), 386-394.
    Cheung, L. T. O., Lo, A. Y. H., & Fok, L. (2017). Recreational specialization and ecologically responsible behaviour of Chinese birdwatchers in Hong Kong. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 25(6), 817-831.
    Chipman, B. D., & Helfrich, L. A. (1988). Recreational specializations and motivations of Virginia river anglers. North American Journal of Fisheries Management, 8(4), 390-398.
    Choi, S., Loomis, D. K., & Ditton, R. B. (1994). Effect of social group, activity, and specialization on recreation substitution decisions. Leisure Sciences, 16(3), 143-159.
    Cisneros-Montemayor, A. M., Barnes-Mauthe, M., Al-Abdulrazzak, D., Navarro-Holm, E., & Sumaila, U. R. (2013). Global economic value of shark ecotourism: implications for conservation, Oryx, 47(3), 381-388.
    Cole, J. S., & Scott, D. (1999). Segmenting participation in wildlife watching: A comparison of casual wildlife watchers and serious birders. Human Dimensions of Wildlife, 4(4), 44-61.
    Cruz, F. A., Joung, S., Liu, K., Hsu, H., & Hsieh, T. (2013). A preliminary study on the feasibility of whale shark (Rhincodon typus) ecotourism in Taiwan. Ocean & Coastal Management, 80, 100-106.
    Davis, D. (1993). SCUBA diving: Conflicts in marine protected area. Australian Journal of Leisure and Recreation, 3(4), 65-71.
    Davis, D., & Tisdell, C. (1995). Recreational scuba-diving and carrying capacity in marine protected areas. Ocean & Coastal Management, 26, 19-40.
    Dearden, P., Bennett, M., & Rollins, R. (2006). Implications for coral reef conservation of diver specialization. Environmental Conservation, 33(4), 353-363.
    Dicken, M. L., & Hosking, S. G. (2009). Socio-economic aspects of the tiger shark diving industry within the Aliwal Shoal Marine Protected Area, South Africa. African Journal of Marine Science, 31, 227–232.
    Ditton, R. B., Loomis, D. K., & Choi, S. (1992). Recreation specialization: Re-conceptualization from a social worlds perspective. Journal of Leisure Research, 24(1), 33-51.
    Diving Science & Technology (DSAT). (2008). PADI Recrational Dive Planner Instructions for Use. Retrieved from http://www.glis.ntnu.edu.tw/files/archive/110_3dea30fc.pdf
    Duffus, D. A., & Dearden, P. (1990). Non-consumptive wildlife-oriented recreation: A conceptual framework. Biological Conservation, 53(3), 213-231.
    Dyck, C., Schneider, I., Thompson, M., & Virden, R. (2003). Specialization Among Mountaineers and Its Relationship to Environmental Attitudes. Journal of Park & Recreation Administration, 21(2), 44-62.
    Emang, D., Lundhedea, T. H., & Thorsen, B. J. (2016). Funding conservation through use and potentials for price discrimination among scuba divers at Sipadan, Malaysia. Journal of Environmental Management, 182, 436-445.
    Ewert, A., & Hollenhorst, S. (1994). Individual and setting attributes of the adventure recreation experience. Leisure Sciences, 16(3), 177-191.
    Gallagher, A. J., Vianna, G. M.S., Papastamatiou, Y. P., Macdonald, C., Guttridge, T. L., & Hammerschlag, N. (2015). Biological effects, conservation potential, and research priorities of shark diving tourism. Biological Conservation, 184, 365-379.
    Galloway, S. (2012). Recreation Specialization Among New Zealand River Recreation Users: A Multiactivity Study of Motivation and Site Preference. Leisure Sciences, 34(3), 256-271.
    Giglio, V. J., Luiz, O. J., & Schiavetti, A. (2015). Marine life preferences and perceptions among recreational divers in Brazilian coral reefs. Tourism Management, 51, 49-57.
    Gill, D. A., Schuhmann, P. W., & Oxenford, H. A. (2015). Recreational diver preferences for reef fish attributes: Economic implications of future change. Ecological Economics, 111, 48-57.
    Grafeld, S., Oleson, K., Barnes, M., Peng, M., Chan, C. & Weijerman, M. (2016). Divers' willingness to pay for improved coral reef conditions in Guam: An untapped source of funding for management and conservation? Ecological Economics, 128, 202-213.
    Hasler, H., & Ott, J. A. (2008). Diving down the reefs? Intensive diving tourism threatens the reefs of the northern Red Sea. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 56(10), 1788-1794.
    Hawkins, C., Loomis, D. K., & Salz, R. J. (2009). A replication of the internal validity and reliability of a multivariable index to measure recreation specialization. Human Dimensions of Wildlife, 14(4), 293-300.
    Hawkins, J. P., & Roberts, C. M. (1993). Effects of recreational scuba diving on coral reefs: trampling on reef-flat communities. Journal of Applied Ecology, 30(1), 25-30.
    Hawkins, J. P., Roberts, C. M., Hof, T. V., Meyer, K. D., Tratalos, J., & Aldam, C. (1999). Effects of Recreational Scuba Diving on Caribbean Coral and Fish Communities. Conservation Biology, 13(4), 888-897.
    Higham, J. E. S. (1998). Tourists and albatrosses: the dynamics of tourism at the Northern Royal Albatross Colony, Taiaroa Head, New Zealand. Tourism Management, 19(6), 521-531.
    Hobson, B. (1977). Leisure value system and recreational specialization: The case of trout fishermen. Journal of Leisure Research, 9(3), 174-187.
    Hobson, B. (1979). Conflict in the great outdoors. Birmingham, UK: The Birmingham Publishing Co.
    Hobson, B. (2000). Recreation Specialization Revisited. Journal of Leisure Research, 32(1), 18-21.
    Hutt, C. P., & Bettoli, P. W. (2007). Preferences, Specialization, and Management Attitudes of Trout Anglers Fishing in Tennessee Tailwaters. North American Journal of Fisheries Management, 27(4), 1257-1267.
    Hvenegaard, G. T. (2002). Birder Specialization Differences in Conservation Involvement, Demographics, and Motivations. Human Dimensions of Wildlife, 7(1), 21-36.
    Kerins, A. J., Scott, D., & Shafer, C. S. (2007). Evaluating the Efficacy of a Self-classification Measure of Recreation Specialization in the Context of Ultimate Frisbee. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration, 25(3), 1-22.
    Kim, S. S., Kim, J. H. & Ritchie, B. W. (2008). Segmenting Overseas Golf Tourists by the Concept of Specialization. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 25(2), 199-217.
    Kuentzel, W. F., & Heberlein, T. A. (1992). Does specialization affect behavioral choices and quality judgments among hunters? Leisure Sciences, 14(3), 211-226.
    Kuentzel, W. F., & Heberlein, T. A. (1997). Social Status, Self-Development, and the Process of Sailing Specialization. Journal of Leisure Research, 29(3), 300-319.
    Kuentzel, W. F., & Heberlein, T. A. (2006). From Novice to Expert? A Panel Study of Specialization Progression and Change. Journal of Leisure Research, 38(4), 496-512.
    Kuentzel, W. F., & McDonald, C. D. (1992). Differential Effects of Past Experience, Commitment, and Lifestyle Dimensions on River Use Specialization. Journal of Leisure Research, 24(3), 269-287.
    Lamont, M., & Jenkins, J. (2013). Segmentation of Cycling Event Participants: A Two-Step Cluster Method Utilizing Recreation Specialization. Event Management, 17(4), 391-407.
    Lee, J., & Scott, D. (2004). Measuring birding specialization: A confirmatory factor analysis. Leisure Sciences, 26(3), 245-260.
    Lee, S., Graefe, A. R., & Li, C. (2007). The Effects of Specialization and Gender on Motivations and Preferences for Site Attributes in Paddling. Leisure Sciences, 29(4), 355-373.
    Lepp, A., & Herpy, D. (2015). Paddlers' level of specialization, motivations and preferences for river management practices. Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism, 12, 64-70.
    Leujak, W., & Ormond, R. F. G. (2007). Visitor perceptions and the shifting social carrying capacity of South Sinai's coral reefs. Environmental Management, 39(4), 472-489.
    Leujak, W., & Ormond, R. F. G. (2008). Quantifying acceptable levels of visitor use on Red Sea reef flats. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 18(6), 930–944.
    Little, B. R. (1976). Specialization and Varieties of Environmental Experience. (Seymour WapnerB. Cohen, Bernard KaplanSaul, Editor) New York, NY: Plenum Press.
    Littlefield, J., & Siudzinski, R. A. (2012).‘Hike your own hike’: equipment and serious leisure along the Appalachian Trail. Leisure Studies, 31(4), 465-486.
    Lucrezi, S., Saayman, M., & Merwe, P. (2013). Managing diving impacts on reef ecosystems: Analysis of putative influences of motivations, marine life preferences and experience on divers' environmental perceptions. Ocean & Coastal Management, 76, 52-63.
    Luna, B., Pérez, C. V., & Sánchez-Lizaso, J. L. (2009). Benthic impacts of recreational divers in a Mediterranean Marine Protected Area. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 66(3), 517-523.
    Marroni, A. (1994). Recreation diving to-day risk evaluation & problemmanagement. Divers alert network Europe. proceeding of the XXth annual meeting of the EUBS. 121-134.
    Martin, S. R. (1997). Specialization and differences in setting preferences among wildlife viewers. Human Dimensions of Wildlife, 2(1), 1-18.
    McFarlane, B. L. (1996). Socialization influences of specialization among birdwatchers. Human Dimensions of Wildlife, 1(1), 35-50.
    McFarlane, B. L. (2004). Recreation Specialization and Site Choice Among Vehicle-Based Campers. Leisure Sciences, 26(3), 309-322.
    McIntyre, N. (1989). The personal meaning of participation: Enduring involvement. Journal of Leisure Research, 21(2), 167-179.
    McIntyre, N., & Pigram, J. J. (1992). Recreation specialization reexamined: The case of vehicle‐based campers. Leisure Sciences, 14(1), 3-15.
    Miller, C. A., & Graefe, A. R. (2000). Degree and range of specialization across related hunting activities. Leisure Sciences, 22(3), 195-204.
    Musa, G. (2002). Sipadan: A SCUBA-diving paradise: An analysis of tourism impact, diver satisfaction and tourism management. Tourism Geographies, 4(2), 195-209.
    Musa, G., Kadir, S. L. S. A., & Lee, L. (2006). Layang layang: An empirical study on scuba divers' satisfaction. Tourism in Marine Environments, 2(2), 1-14.
    Needham, M. D. & Vaske, J. J. (2013). Activity Substitutability and Degree of Specialization Among Deer and Elk Hunters in Multiple States. Leisure Sciences: Recreation Specialization in Leisure Research, 35(3), 235-255.
    Needham, M. D., Sprouse, L. J. & Grimm, K. E. (2009). Testing a Self-Classification Measure of Recreation Specialization Among Anglers. Human Dimensions of Wildlife, 14(6), 448-455.
    Needham, M. D., Vaske, J. J., Donnelly, M. P., & Manfredo, M. J. (2007). Hunting Specialization and its Relationship to Participation in Response to Chronic Wasting Disease. Journal of Leisure Research, 39(3), 413-437.
    Newsome, D., Dowling, R. K., & Moore, S. A. (2005). Wildlife tourism. Clevedon, England, UK: Channel View Publications.
    Oh, C., & Ditton, R. B. (2006). Using Recreation Specialization to Understand Multi-Attribute Management Preferences. Leisure Sciences, 28(4), 369-384.
    Oh, C., Ditton, R. B., Anerson, D. K., Scott, D., & Stoll, J. R. (2005). Understanding Differences in Nonmarket Valuation by Angler Specialization Level. Leisure Sciences, 27(3), 263-277.
    Ong, T. F., & Musa, G. (2012). Examining the influences of experience, personality and attitude on SCUBA divers' underwater behaviour: A structural equation model. Tourism management, 33(6), 1521-1534.
    Polaka, O., & Shashar, N. (2013). Economic value of biological attributes of artificial coral reefs. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 70(4), 904-912.
    Poonian, C., Davis, P. Z. R., & McNaughton, C. K. (2010). Impacts of Recreational Divers on Palauan Coral Reefs and Options for Management. Pacific Science, 64(4), 557-565.
    Pope, K. L., Chizinski, C. J., Wileyb, C. L., & Martin, D. R. (2016). Influence of anglers' specializations on catch, harvest, and bycatch of targeted taxa. Fisheries Research, 183, 128-137.
    Reynolds, P. C., & Braithwaite, D. (2001). Towards a conceptual framework for wildlife tourism. Tourism Management, 22(1), 31-42.
    Salim, N. Bahauddin, A., & Mohamed, B. (2013). Influence of scuba divers’ specialization on their underwater behavior. Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes, 5(4), 388-397.
    Salz, R. J., & Loomis, D. K. (2005). Recreation Specialization and Anglers’ Attitudes Towards Restricted Fishing Areas. Human Dimensions of Wildlife, 10(3), 187-199.
    Salz, R. J., Loomis, D. K., & Finn, K. L. (2001). Development and validation of a specialization index and testing of specialization theory. Human Dimensions of Wildlife, 6(4), 239-258.
    Schroeder, S. A., Fulton, D. C., Lawrence, J. S. & Cordts, S. D. (2013). Identity and Specialization as a Waterfowl Hunter. Leisure Sciences: Recreation Specialization in Leisure, 35(3), 218-234.
    Schuhmann, P. W., Casey, J. F., Horrocks, J. A., & Oxenford, H. A. (2013). Recreational SCUBA divers' willingness to pay for marine biodiversity in Barbados. Journal of Environmental Management, 121, 29-36.
    Scott, D., & Shafer, C. S. (2001). Recreational specialization: A critical look at the construct. Journal of Leisure Research, 33(3), 319-343.
    Scott, D., Cavin, D. A., & Shafer, C. S. (2007). Toward a New Understanding of Recreational Specialization. Annals of Leisure and Recreation Research, 1(2), 1-23.
    Scott, D., Ditton, R. B., Stoll, J. R., & Eubanks, T. L. JR. (2005). Measuring Specialization Among Birders: Utility of a Self-Classification Measure. Human Dimensions of Wildlife, 10, 53-74.
    Selin, S. W., & Howard, D. R. (1988). Ego involvement and leisure behavior: A conceptual specification. Journal of leisure Research, 20(3), 237-244.
    Shideler, G. S., & Pierce, B. (2016). Recreational diver willingness to pay for goliath grouper encounters during the months of their spawning aggregation off eastern Florida, USA. Ocean & Coastal Management, 129, 36-43.
    Sorice, M. G., Oh, C., & Ditton, R. B. (2009). Exploring level of support for management restrictions using a self-classification measure of recreation specialization. Leisure sciences, 31(2), 107-123.
    Tabata, R. S. (1992). Scuba diving holidays. In B. Weiler & C. M. Hall (Eds.), Special interest tourism, 171-184. New York, NY: Belhaven.
    Tetzlaff, K., Shank, E. S., & Muth, C. (2003). Evaluation and management of decompression illness-an intensivist’s perspective. Intensive Care Medicine, 29, 2128-2136.
    Thapa, B., Graefe, A. R., & Meyer, L. A. (2006). Specialization and marine based environmental behaviors among SCUBA divers. Journal of Leisure Research, 38(4), 601-615.
    Thapa, B., Graefe, L. A., & Meyer, A. R. (2005). Moderator and mediator effects of scuba diving specialization on marine-based environmental knowledge-behavior contingency. The Journal of Environmental Education, 37(1), 53-67.
    Thomas, B. (1985). Commitment and leisure behavior: A theoretical perspective. Leisure Sciences, 7(4), 1985.
    Tratalos, J. A., & Austin, T. J. (2001). The impact of recreational SCUBA diving on coral reefs of the Cayman Islands. Biological Conservation, 102, 67–75.
    Trujillo, J. C., Carrillo, B., Charris, C. A., & Velilla, R. A. (2016). Coral reefs under threat in a Caribbean marine protected area: Assessing divers' willingness to pay toward conservation. Marine Policy, 68, 146-154.
    Vianna, G. M. S., Meekan, M. G., Pannell, D. J., Marsh, S.P., & Meeuwig, J. J. (2012). Socio-economic value and community benefits from shark-diving tourism in Palau: A sustainable use of reef shark populations. Biological Conservation, 145(1), 267-277.
    Wellman, J. D., Roggenbuck, J. W. & Smith, A. C. (1982). Recreation Specialization and Norms of Depreciative Behavior Among Canoeists. Journal of Leisure Research, 14(4), 323-340.
    Wilks, J. & Davis, R. J. (2000). Risk management for scuba diving operators on Australia's Great Barrier Reef. Tourism Management, 21(6), 591-599.
    Won, D., Bang, H., & Shonk, D. J. (2008). Relative Importance of Factors Involved in Choosing a Regional Ski Destination: Influence of Consumption Situation and Recreation Specialization. Journal of Sport & Tourism, 13(4), 249-271.
    Zakai, D., & Chadwick, N. (2002). Impacts of intensive recreational diving on reef corals at Eilat, northern Red Sea. Biological Conservation, 105(2), 179-187.

    無法下載圖示 電子全文延後公開
    2024/10/24
    QR CODE