研究生: |
龔靖雅 Ching-Ya Kung |
---|---|
論文名稱: |
家庭不利條件、希望感與兒童生活適應之復原力取向研究:中介與調節效果的探討 Resilience in Family disadvantages, Hope, and Life Adjustment among Children: An Examination of Mediation and Moderation Effects |
指導教授: |
王麗斐
Wang, Li-Fei |
學位類別: |
碩士 Master |
系所名稱: |
教育心理與輔導學系 Department of Educational Psychology and Counseling |
論文出版年: | 2014 |
畢業學年度: | 102 |
語文別: | 中文 |
論文頁數: | 120 |
中文關鍵詞: | 兒童適應 、家庭不利環境 、希望感 、復原力 、中介 、調節作用 |
英文關鍵詞: | children’s adjustment, family disadvantages, hope, resilience, mediation, moderation |
論文種類: | 學術論文 |
相關次數: | 點閱:265 下載:28 |
分享至: |
查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報 |
本研究旨在以「復原力」的角度切入,探討高危機兒童的家庭不利條件及希望感與生活適應的關聯性。本研究的主要目的有五:1.了解身處家庭不利條件的兒童,其適應的情況為何;2.了解家庭不利條件、希望感、生活適應與行為困擾之間的關係;3.了解經歷較多家庭不利條件兒童的希望感,在客觀家庭不利條件與生活適應及行為困擾之間是否具有中介作用;4.了解經歷較多家庭不利條件兒童的希望感,在主觀家庭不利條件與生活適應及行為困擾間是否具有調節作用。研究者共邀臺灣北部與中部地區國小五六年級兒童進行問卷調查,共計回收有效問卷1,447份,再依研究目的篩選出身處家庭不利的高危機兒童共計487份問卷。研究結果發現,大多數高危機兒童的生活適應情形還不錯,平均分數高於中間值一些。家庭不利條件與高危機兒童生活適應間有顯著負相關;與高危機兒童行為困擾間有顯著正相關;與希望感有顯著負相關;而高危機兒童的希望感與生活適應間有顯著正相關。希望感是客觀家庭不利條件與生活適應間關係的完全中介變項;希望感也是客觀家庭不利條件與行為困擾間關係的部分中介變項。但希望感在主觀家庭不利條件和生活適應之間,以及在主觀家庭不利條件和行為困擾之間皆不具調節效果。詳細研究建議於文本中討論。
This research aims to discuss the correlation among disadvantageous family environment and hope to the adaption of the children from disadvantageous family environment. There are five purposes of the research: 1. How is the adaption of the children from disadvantageous family environment? 2. Try to understand the correlation in disadvantageous family environment, hope to children’s adjustment and behavior disturbance. 3. Try to understand whether hope is the mediator between objective disadvantageous family environment and children’s adjustment, and whether hope is the mediator between objective disadvantageous family environment and behavior disturbance.4. Try to understand whether hope is the moderator between subjective disadvantageous family environment and children’s adjustment, and whether hope is the moderator between subjective disadvantageous family environment and behavior disturbance. According to the research, most of the high-crisis children could adapt their life well, and the average grade was higher than the central value. There is negative correlation between disadvantageous family environment and children’s adjustment and there is positive correlation between disadvantageous family environment and children’s behavior disturbance. There is negative correlation between disadvantageous family environment and hope. In addition, there is positive correlation between hope and the adaption of the children from disadvantageous family environment; and there is negative correlation between hope and children’s behavior disturbance of the children from disadvantageous family environment. Hope is the full mediator between objective disadvantageous family environment and children’s adjustment, and hope is the partial mediator between objective disadvantageous family environment and behavior disturbance. But hope is neither the moderator between subjective disadvantageous family environment and children’s adjustment, nor the moderator between subjective disadvantageous family environment and behavior disturbance. According to these findings, some suggestions were provided for school administrative, teachers and future studies.
中文部分
王麗斐(2012):「雙師合作」之兒童雙元情緒管理小團體輔導方案之探索研究。行政院國家科學委員會專案(編號:NSC 101-2410-H-003-014-MY2)。
內政部兒童局(2009):推動高風險家庭關懷輔導處遇實施計畫。台北:內政部兒童局。
江睿霞(1993):婚姻衝突對兒童生活適應之影響。國立政治大學教育研究所碩士論文。
江亮演(2006):我國家庭福利的展望。社區發展季刊,114,6-17。
任俊(2006):兒童希望的培養-心理學意義上的分析。常州工學院學報,24(5), 48-52。
何福田(1978):國小學生行為困擾調查表指導手冊。台北:正昇出版社。
呂雀芬、蕭淑貞(2003):希望概念之探討。護理雜誌,40(1),63-68。
宋麗玉、施教裕(2005):《高風險家庭關懷輔導處遇實施計畫評估期末報告》。台北:內政部兒童局委託研究報告。
宋麗玉、施教裕(2006):《高風險家庭關懷輔導處遇實施計畫評估期末報告》。台北:內政部兒童局委託研究報告。
李政隆(1996):兒童的生活壓力、堅毅力與生活適應之相關研究。中國文化大學兒童福利研究所碩士論文。
李俊良(2000)。復原力對諮商的啟示。輔導季刊,36(3),32-36。
李文欽(2003):國民小學單親兒童與雙親兒童行為困擾及生活適應之比較研究。屏東師範學院國民教育研究所碩士論文。
李仁宏(2004):雙親教養態度、家庭功能與青少年憂鬱傾性關係之追蹤研究。國立高雄醫學大學行為科學研究所碩士論文。
李介麟(2006):弱勢家庭學生的假期失落現象。師友月刊,470,21-25。
李坤崇、歐慧敏(2008):行為量表第四版指導手冊。台北:心理出版社。
李秀媚(2009):運用希望感團體方案提昇被同儕忽視兒童社交巧之輔導效果研究。國立花蓮教育大學國民教育研究所論文。
朱錦鳳、段亞新(2002):大學生身心適應調查表之編製及學生困擾分析。測驗統計年刊,10,1-38。
沈慶鴻(2001)。由代間傳遞的觀點探索婚姻暴力對目睹兒童的影響。中華心理衛生學刊,14(2),65-86。
邵惠玲(2008):青少年復原力量表與相關研究。國立彰化師範大學輔導與諮商研究所碩士論文。
周招香(2006):高雄市國小高年級學童生命意義感、生活壓力與生活適應之關係研究。國立高雄師範大學教育學系研究所碩士論文。
林正文(1982)。各類少年犯行為困擾及其父母教養態度之關係比較。台南師專學報,15,79-143。
林亮岑(2001):國中生保護與危險因子及復原力之相關研究。國立彰化師範大學教育研究所碩士論文。
林家屏(2002):青少年自我概念與行為困擾之相關研究。國立成功大學教育研究所碩士論文。
林瑞吉(2004):家庭暴力受虐兒童之心理衡鑑。諮商與輔導,220,22-26。
林秋燕(2004):失戀歷程及復原力展現之分析研究。國立高雄師範大學輔導研究所碩士論文。
林志哲(2007):發現復原力–一個來自心理脈絡的觀點。輔導季刊,43(1),1-8頁。
周意茹(1995):國小學生行為困擾的相關因素及其因應方式之分析研究。國立高雄師範大學教育學系碩士論文。
吳武典、洪有義(1987):心理衛生。台北縣:空中大學。
吳武典(1989):青少年的問題與對策。台北市:張老師。
吳新華(1988):資賦優異之兒童之自我概念與生活適應。臺南師院學報,1,1-70 。
吳新華(1996):兒童適應問題。台北:五南。
吳新華(1993):適應的概念分析。初等教育學報,6,169-188。
吳佳蓉(2001):隔代教養兒童與非隔代教養兒童學校生活適應之比較研究。國立花蓮師範學院國民教育研究所碩士論文。
吳佳蓉、張德勝(2004)。隔代教養學生與非隔代教養學生學校生活適應之比較。花蓮師院學報,16,109-134。
吳香質(2005):服務學習對低自我概念學生復原力建構之影響。國立彰化師範大學輔導與諮商學系碩士論文。
吳逸萱(2006):家庭危機與轉機:以青少年心理健康問題和偏差行為為例。靜宜大學青少年兒童福利學系碩士論文。
吳明純(2007):堅毅特質、社會支持對家庭不利條件兒童適應之影響:復原力研究取向。國立新竹教育大學教育心理與諮商學系輔導教學碩士論文。
吳明隆(2007):SPSS統計應用學習實務。台北:知城數位科技。
吳宗弘(2009):高年級兒童的家庭結構、希望感與生活適應之分析研究。國立花蓮教育大學國民教育研究所碩士論文
施周明(2008):國小兒童學校生活希望感量表之發展研究。國立新竹教育大學教育心理與諮商學系輔導教學碩士論文。
唐全騰(2009):國中生生活壓力、壓力因應及憂鬱情緒—以新竹縣為例。國立新竹教育大學教育心理與諮商學系碩士班碩士論文。
唐淑華(2004):希望感的提昇-另一個進行情意教育的取向(Ⅰ)。行政院國家科學委員會專題研究計劃成果報告(編號:NSC92-2413-H-259-001)。
唐淑華(2005):希望感的提昇-另一個進行情意教育的取向(Ⅱ)。行政院國家科學委員會專題研究計劃成果報告(編號:NSC93-2413-H-259-002)。
徐綺櫻(1993):父母管教態度與學齡兒童行為困擾之研究-以台北縣為例。東吳大學社會工作研究所碩士論文。
徐嫚淳(2007):國中生生活壓力、自尊與其幸福感之相關研究:以復原力的觀點探討。國立彰化師範大學輔導與諮商學系輔導活動教學碩士班碩士論文。
高源令(1992):國小學生日常生活壓力之研究。國立政治大學教育研究所博士論文。
胡淑惠(1997):從耐撞性角度看國中後段班學生的學習動機及生活適應。國立政治大學心理學研究所碩士論文。
郭芳君(2003):父母教養方式、自我韌性與內在性自我控制、少年偏差行為之關係研究。國立成功大學教育研究所碩士論文。
張春興(1996):現代心理學。台北:東華。
程玲玲(1990):師生對於大學生的困擾及學校協助的情形之看法。法商學報,24,177-218。
黃德祥(1994):青少年發展與輔導。台北:五南出版社。
黃德祥、謝龍卿、薛秀宜、洪佩圓(2003):國小、國中與高中學生希望、樂觀與學業成就之相關研究。彰化師大教育學報,5,33-61。
黃芳銘(2002):結構方程模式─理論與應用。台北:五南。
黃淑芳(2005):不同家庭結構之國小高年級兒童家庭功能與生活適應模式探究。國立嘉義大學國民教育研究所博士論文。
彭佳涵(2007):隔代教養國中學生生活壓力與壓力因應策略之關係研究-以彰化縣為例。國立彰化師範大學教育研究所碩士論文。
曾淑華(2002):國小學生行為困擾、求助對象與因應策略之研究。國立屏東師範學院國民教育研究所碩士論文。
曾端真(2005):弱勢兒童的關懷與輔導。教師天地,137,28-33。
曾文志(2005a):復原力的構念與研究之分析。國立臺中護理專科學校學報,4,45-68。
曾文志(2005b):大一學生歷經創傷事件與復原力模式之文獻分析研究。慈濟通識教育學刊,2,117-162。
曾文志(2006):復原力保護因子效果概化之統合分析。諮商輔導學報,14,1-35。
歐慧敏(2002)。國小學生歸因方式、因應策略與行為困擾之調查與訪談研究。國立台北師範學院學報,15,283-312。
楊妙芬(1993):單親兒童團體輔導。國教天地,101,11-19。
賈馥茗(1968):自知與大學生生活之調適,國立師範大學學報,13,95-145。
葉佐偉、鍾偉恩、林亮吟(1998):影響兒童心智發展的危險因子-發展中的危機與轉機。中華心理衛生學刊,11(4),1-28。
陳貴龍(1987):國民小學學生生活適應之比較研究。輔導學報,10,121-141。
陳柏齡(2000):國中生生活壓力、失敗容忍力與憂鬱傾向之關係研究。國立高雄師範大學教育學系碩士論文。
陳雅鈴(2004):貧窮學童復原力(resilience)發展的成因及過程研究。行政院國家科學委員會專題研究計畫成果報告(編號:NSC93-2413-H-153-009)。
陳雅玲(2006):貧窮如何影響兒童。教育研究月刊,146,87-101。
陳金定(2006):復原性適應—復原性適應與各類相關因子之動力關係(一)。輔導季刊,42(3),1-11。
陳靜儀(2007):國小高年級單親兒童的自我概念、依附關係、情緒智力與行為困擾之關係研究。國立台南大學諮商與輔導研究所碩士論文。
陳奐妤(2011):國中資優生完美主義類型、生活壓力與幸福感之相關研究。國立彰化師範大學輔導與諮商學系碩士論文。
陳依璇(2011):不同背景國中學生的學校希望感及生活適應的相關研究。國立臺灣師範大學教育心理與輔導學系在職碩士論文。
蔡嘉慧(1998):國中生的社會支持、生活壓力與憂鬱傾向之相關研究。國立高雄師範大學教育研究所碩士論文。
蔡美雪(2006):生活壓力、制握信念、社會支持與青少年偏差行為之關係。國立成功大學教育研究所碩士論文。
蕭文(2001):復原力的概念在輔導上的應用。新加坡華人輔導知能研討會。
謝品蘭(1992):單親家庭親子關係與生活適應之分析研究---以離婚分居家庭為
例。東吳大學社會工作研究所碩士論文。
劉焜輝(1984):青少年不良適應行為:形成原因及輔導策略。台北:天馬文化。
劉焜輝(1985):師大學生自我概念與生活適應關係之研究。國立師範大學學生輔導中心。
劉永元(1988):單親兒童與正常家庭兒童人際關係、行為困擾及自我概念之比較研究。國立高雄師範大學教育研究所碩士論文。
劉玉玲(2005):青少年發展-危機與轉機。台北:揚智。
賴保禎(1975):行為問題者。載於中國教育學會(主編),特殊兒童心理與教育(123-172),台北:中國行為科學社。
鄭秀足(2004):國中生生活壓力、自尊與偏差行為之相關研究。國立彰化師範大學輔導與諮商學系在職進修專班碩士論文。
簡茂發(1986):大學生適應問題及其相關因素之研究。師大教育研究所集刊,
28,1-90。
顏郁心(2002):中輟復學生復原力建構歷程之分析研究。國立彰化師範大學輔導與諮商學系碩士論文。
謬敏志(1990):單親兒童學業成就、人格適應及其相關因素之研究。國立政治大學教育研究所博士論文。
蘇益志(2005)。家庭暴力對目睹兒童身心發展影響之探討。諮商與輔導,236,60-62。
羅婉麗(2001):國中小學生生活適應之訪談、評量與調查研究。國立成功大學教育研究所碩士論文。
羅文秀(2005):希望理論、測量及教育上的應用。中等教育,56(4),112-123。
洪蘭(譯)(2003)。真實的快樂。台北市:遠流。(原作者:Martin E. P. Seligman)。
英文部份
Affleck, G., & Tennen, H. (1996). Construing benefits from adversity: Adaptational significance and dispositional underpinnings. Journal of Personality, 64, 899-922.
Baron , R. M. & Kenny, D.A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical consideration. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173-1182.
Barnum, D. D., Snyder, C. R., Rapoff, M. A., Mani, M. M., &; Thompson, R. (1998). Hope and social support in the psychologicaladjustment of pediatric burn survivors and matched controls. Children’s Health Care, 27, 15-30.
Benard, B. (1995). Fostering Resilience in Children. ERIC Digest. (ERIC Document
Reproduction Service No. ED386327)
Block, J., & Kremen, A. M. (1996). IQ and ego-resiliency: Conceptual and empirical connections and separateness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 349-361.
Bolger, K.E., Patterson, C.J., Thompson, W.W & Kupersmidt, J.B. (1995). Psychosocial Adjustment among Children Experiencing Persistent and Intermittent Family Economic Hardship. Child Development, 66(4), 1107-1129.
Chang, E. C. (1998). Hope, problem-solving ability, and coping in a college student population : Some implications for theory and practice. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 54, 953- 962.
Chang, E. C. (2003). A critical appraisal and extension of hope theory in middle-aged men and women: Is it important to distinguish agency and pathways components? Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 22(2), 121-143.
Ciarrochi, J., Heaven, P. C. L., &; Davies, F. (2007). The impact of hope, self-esteem, and attributional style on adolescents’ school grades and emotional well-being: A longitudinal study. Journal of Research in Personality, 41, 1161-1178.
Cohen, S., & Wills, T. A. (1985). Stress, social support, and the buffering hypothesis. Psychological Bulletin, 98(2), 310-357.
Costello, E. J., Erkanli, A., Fairbank, J. A., & Angold, A. (2002). The prevalence of potentially traumatic events in childhood and adolescence. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 15(2), 99-112.
Farmer, E., Burns, B., Angold, A. & Costello, E. J. (1997). Impact of Children's Mental Health Problems on Families: Relationships with Service Use. Impact of Children's Mental Health Problems on Families: Relationships with Service Use. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 5(4), 230-238.
Felner, R. D., Stolberg , A., & Cowen, E. L. (1975). Crisis events and school mental health referral patterns of young children. Journal of Counseling and Clinical Psychology, 43(3), 305-310.
Gilman R., Dooley J., & Florell, D. (2006). Relative levels of hope and their relationship with academic and psychological indicators among adolescents. Journal of Social and clinical Psychology, 25(2), 166-178
Grant, K. E., Compas, B. E., Thurm, A. E., McMahon, S. D., Gipson, P. Y., Campbell, A. J., et al. (2006). Stressors and child and adolescent psychopathology: Evidence of moderating and mediating effects. Clinical Psychology Review, 26, 257-283.
Herth, K. (1996). Hope from the perspective of homeless families. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 24(4), 743-753.
Herth, K. (1989). The relationship between level of hope and level of coping response and other variables in patients with cancer. Oncology Nursing Forum, 16(1), 67-72.
Hogue, A., Leckrone, J. J., Liddle, H. A. (1999). Recruiting high-risk families intofamily-based prevention and prevention research. Journal of Mental HealthCounseling, 21(4), 337-351.
Holmes, T. H., &; Rahe, R. H. (1967). The Social Readjustment Rating Scale. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 11, 213-218.
Horton, T.V., & Wallander, J.L. (2001). Hope and social support as resilience factors against psychological distress of mothers who care for children with chronic physical conditions. Rehabilitation Psychology, 46, 382-399.
Jew, C. L., Green, K. E., & Kroger, J. (1999). Development and validation of a measure of resiliency. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 32(2), 75-89.
Keith, B. M., Emory L. C., Peter A.W., Douglas B. F. & William C.W. (1999). Correlates of resilient outcomes among highly stressed African-American and white urban children. Jorunal of community psychology, 27(4), 473-487.
Kwon, P. (2002). Hope, defense mechanisms, and adjustment: Implications for false hope and defensive hopelessness. Journal of Personality, 70, 207-231.
Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping. New York: Springer.
Langelle, C. (1989). An assessment of hope in a community sample. Unpublished master’s thesis, Department of Psychology, University of Kansas, Lawrence.
Lewis, H., & Kliewer, W. (1996). Hope, coping, and psychological and physical adjustment among children with sickle cell disease: Testing moderator and mediator models. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 21, 25-41.
Luthar, S. S., Cicchetti, D., & Becker, B. (2000). The construct of resilience: A critical evaluation and guidelines for future work. Child Development, 71(3), 543-562.
Masten, A. S., & Coatsworth, J. D. (1998). The development of competence in favorable and unfavorable environments: Lessons from research on successful children. American Psychologist, 53(2), 205-220.
Masten, A. S. (2001). Ordinary magic: Resilience processes in development. American Psychologist, 56(3), 227-238.
Masten, A. S., Garmezy, N., Tellegen, A., Pellegrini, D. S., Larkin, K., & Larsen, A. (1988). Competence and stress in school children: The moderating effects of individual and family qualities. Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry & Allied Disciplines, 29(6), 745-764.
Masten, A. S., & Powell, J. L. (2003). A resilience framework for research, policy, and Practice. In S. S. Luthar (Ed.), Resilience and Vulnerability: Adaptation in the context of childhood adversities (pp. 1-25). New York: Cambridge University Press.
McGrath, R. E., &; Burkhart, B. R. (1983). Measuring life stress: A comparison of the predictive validity of different scoring systems for the Social Readjustment Rating Scale. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 39, 573-581.
Mcloyd, V. C. (1989). Socialnzation and Development in a Changing Economy: The Effects of Patemal Job and Income Loss on Children. Americam psychologist 44(2), 292-302.
Miller, J. F., & Powers, M. J. (1988). Development of an instrument in measure hope. Nursing Research, 37(1), 6-9.
Mrazek, P. J.,& Mrazek, D. (1987). Resilience in child maltreatment victims: A conceptual exploration. Child Abuse and Neglect, 11, 357-365.
Onwuegbuzie, A. J., & Snyder, C. R. (2000). Relations between hope and graduate students’ coping strategies for studying and examination- taking. Psychological Reports, 86, 803-806.
Pollard, J., Hawkins, D., & Arthur, M. (1999). Risk and protection: Are both necessary to understand diverse behavioral outcomes in adolescence? Social Work Research, 23, 145-158.
Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods, 40(3), 879-891.
Rutter, M. (1987). Psychosocial resilience and protective mechanisms. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 57(3), 316-331.
Ruyan, D. K., Hunter, W. M., Scoloar, R. R., Amaya-Jackson, L., English, D., Landsverk, j., Dubowitz, H., Browne, D., Bangdiwala, S. I., & Mathew, R. W. (1998). Children who prosper in unfavorable environments: The relationship to social capital. Pediatrics, 101(1), 12-19.
Sameroff, A. J., & Seifer, R. (1990). Early contribution to developmental risk. In J. Rolf, A. S., Masten, D. Cicchetti, K. H., Nuechteriein, & S. Weintraub (Eds.), Risk and protective factors in the development of psychopathology (pp. 52-66). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Seigel, J. M., & Brown, J. D. (1988). A prospective study of stressful circumstances, illness symptoms, and depressed mood among adolescents. Developmental Psychology, 24(5), 715-721.
Snyder, C. R. (1995). Conceptualizing, measuring and nurturing. Journal of Counseling and Development, 73 (3), 355-361.
Snyder, C. R. (1999). Hope, goal blocking thoughts, and test-related anxieties. Psychological Reports, 84, 206–208.
Snyder, C.R., Hoza, B., Pelham, W. E., Rapoff, M., Ware, L., Danovsky, M. (1997).The development and validation of the Children’s Hope Scale. Journal of pediatric Psychology, 22, 399-421.
Snyder, C. R. (2000). The past and possible futures of hope. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 19, 11-28.
Snyder, C. R. (2002a). Hopeful choice: A school counselor guide to hope theory. Professional School Counseling, 5, 298-307.
Snyder, C.R. (2002b). Hope Theory: Rainbows in the Mind. Journal of Psychology Inquiry, 13, 249-275.
Snyder, C. R., Harris, C., Anderson, J. R., Holleran, S. A., Irving, L. M., Sigmon, S. T., Yoshinobu, L., Gibb, J., Langelle, C., & Harney, P. (1991). The will and the ways: Development and validation of an individual-differences measure of hope. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60, 570-585.
Snyder, C. R., Hoza, B., Pelham, W. E., Rapoff, M., Ware, L., Danovsky, M., Highberger, L., Rubinstein, H., & Stahl, K. (1997). The development and validation of the Children's Hope Scale. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 22(3), 399-421.
Snyder, C. R., Lehman, K. A., Kluck, B., & Monsson, Y. (2006). Hope for rehabilitation and vice versa. Rehabilitation Psychology, 51, 89-112.
Snyder, C. R., Sympson, S. C., Ybasco, F. C., Borders, T. F., Babyak, M. A., & Higgins, R. L. (1996). Development and validation of the State Hope Scale. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 321-335.
Stoner, T., & Keamper, S. (1985). Recalled life expectancy, phase of illness and hope in cancer patient. Research in Nursing and Health , 8, 269-274.
Straus, M. A. (1994). Power and support structure of family in relation to socialization. Journal of Marriage and Family, 26, 318-326.
Tennen, H., Cloutier, M. M., Wakefield, D. B., Hall, C. B., & Brazil, K. (2009). The Buffering Effect of Hope on Clinicians’ Behavior: A Test in Pediatric Primary Care. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 28(5), 54-57.
Turner, H. A., & Butler, M. J. (2003). Direct and indirect effects of childhood
adversity on depressive symptoms in youth adults. Journal of Youth and
Adolescence, 32(2), 89-103.
Waller, M.A. (2001). Resilience in ecosystemic context: Evolution of the concept. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 71(3), 290-297.
Werner, E. E. and Smith, R. S., (1998) Vulnerable but invincible: A longitudinal study of resilient children and youth. New York, NY: Adams, Bannister, Cox.
Wilson, S.E., Bell, R. W., & Arredondo, R. (1995). Temperament , family history of alcohol abuse, Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly, 2, 55- 68.
Work, W. C., Cowen, E. I., Parker, G. W., & Wyman, P.A. (1990). Stress resilient children in an urban setting. Journal of Primary Prevention, 11, 143-157.
Zamostny, K. P., Slyter, S. L., & Rios, P. (1993). Narcissistic injury and its relationship to early trauma, early resources, and adjustment to college. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 40(4), 501-510.
Zimmerman, M. A., & Arunkumar, R. (1994). Resiliency research: Implications for schools and policy. Social Policy Report, 8, 1-18.