離院個案確實存在自立生活的需求，尤其當家庭無法扮演支持性角色時，離院個案往往被迫提早進入獨立自主的生活階段。過去研究多看到離院個案在自立過程中的負面影響與困境，忽略離院個案本身的優勢和韌性展現的可能性。本研究以質性研究深入訪談方式，瞭解離院個案的自立生活歷程，並且探討他們如何面對生活挑戰和因應困境，企圖看到離院個案的韌性保護因子。研究共訪談七位曾歷經機構安置、至少自立生活兩年以上的離院個案，研究結果發現：
1.離院個案的自立生活歷程皆在追求穩定的生活，存在努力奮鬥的一面。在不同的離院準備和生活環境下，發展成四種自立樣貌：「穩定成長型」、「努力奮鬥型」、「突破重圍型」以及「載浮載沉型」。
2.個人韌性因子多寡會影響離院個案的因應策略和自立發展。然而，離院個案即使在自立過程中遭受不同程度的挑戰，但多數依舊能運用個人所擁有的內外在力量或資源來因應生活挑戰。
3.整體而言，離院個案的自立生活歷程需要長時間的陪伴、仰賴安置期間正向照顧環境以及自立後友善環境的提供，才是促使離院個案往更正向穩定之路前進的關鍵因素。

研究者根據研究結果，分別針對安置機構、追輔單位以及政策提出建議。在整體建議上，除強調應正向關注離院個案的自立生活經驗外，更應將韌性觀點實踐在離院服務執行和規畫上，以培養離院個案的韌性因子或優勢，累積社會資本或能力。

Care leavers do have the needs of independent living, especially when their families can’t play the roles of supporters. Usually, in this situation care leavers are forced to enter the independence stage early. However, the existing researches focus more on the negative sides and difficulties of the care leavers’ independent living experiences than the strength or resilience innate in them. This study aims to provide a qualitative research to examine the care leavers’ independent living experiences and to explore how they confront the challenges and overcome the difficulties in their lives. To further demonstrate my assertions, this study targets on the seven care leavers who had received the residential replacements and had been living independently for at least two years. The main findings are as follows:
1. Care leavers seek stable lives and they show their striving attitudes in their independent living experiences. According to different leaving care and living situations, care leavers are divided into four types: ‘Moving on’, ‘Striving’, ‘Breaking the frame’ and ‘Shaky and unstable’.
2. Protective factors may affect care leavers’ strategies and development of being independent. However, care leavers can use their inner and outer strength or resources to overcome the difficulties, even though they have face various challenges.
3. Generally speaking, for the care leavers, long-term company, positive adjustment environment, and friendly independent living surroundings help them move towards a stable and positive way.
According to my findings, this study provides some suggestions to improve the service system. Overall speaking, the policy and practice work should focus not only on the positive sides of the care leavers’ independent living experiences, but also on the practice of implementing the resilience perspective into the cultivation of care leavers’ protective factors or strength.

中文部分:
內政部兒童局(2011)。兒童及少年福利機構及服務概況統計表。
王順民(2005)。育幼院機構照顧服務的一般性考察—從過去、現在到未來。兒童及少年福利期刊，8，81-100。
余瑞長 (2003)。育幼機構受虐兒童之社會適應研究-以內政部北區兒童之家為例。國立中正大學社會福利系碩士論文。
呂立漢（2010）。內政部中區兒童之家「少年自立生活訓練」服務方案。2010年11月2日發表於「愛在兒少成長時」研討會。內政部兒童局主辦。
李自強(2004)。從安置輔導少年需求論資源網絡建構。兒童及少年福利期刊，7，165-178。
李思儀(2011)。從經歷安置服務少年觀點解讀「獨立生活」之起步—以「獨立生活第一桶金儲蓄計畫」為例。國立台灣師範大學社會工作學研究所碩士論文。
杜慈容(1999)。童年受虐少年『獨立生活』經驗探討--以台北市少年獨立生活方案為例。國立台灣大學社會工作學研究所碩士論文。
沈瓊桃(2010)。暴力的童年、堅韌的青年：目睹婚暴暨受虐青年復原力之探討。中華輔導與諮商學報，27，115-160。
林志哲(2007)。發現復原力—一個來自心理脈絡的觀點。輔導季刊，43(1)，1-8。
林俐君(2001)。育幼機構院童成長脈絡之探討—以中區兒童之家受刑人子女為例。兒童福利期刊，1，41-68。
洪晟芝(2010)。少年社會支持、自我效能與其復原力之關係研究-以北台灣地區少年安置機構為例。私立中國文化大學社會福利學系碩士論文。
洪錦芳（2010）。少年自立生活適應協助方案服務成果報告。2010年11月2日發表於「愛在兒少成長時」研討會。內政部兒童局主辦。
胡幼慧、姚美華(2008)。一些質性方法上的思考。於胡幼慧主編，質性研究—理論、方法及本土女性研究實例〈頁117-131〉。台北：巨流。
常欣怡、宋麗玉(2007)。青少年復原力概念與相關研究之探究。東吳社會工作學報，17，171-192。
張紉(2000)。青少年安置服務福利屬性之探討。台大社會工作學刊，2，191-215。
畢國蓮(2006)。歷經長期機構安置的兒少保護個案結案後的生活經驗初探。國立台灣大學社會工作學研究所碩士論文。
莊耀南(2011)。「自立生活」對歷經機構安置青少年之意涵。國立臺灣大學社會工作學系碩士論文。
許令旻(2010)。經歷兒少安置的自立生活者之完全依附關係探究。國立台北大學社會工作學系碩士論文。
許瑋倫(2007)。不同安置型態下兒少安置環境觀感之探究。國立臺灣大學社會工作學研究所碩士論文。
陳向明(2002)。社會科學質的研究。台北：五南。
郭佩婷(2005)。復原力理論的介紹與應用。諮商與輔導，231，45-50。
陳俊仲(2011)。邁向獨立自主的社會公民？育幼機構離院個案的獨立生活經驗初探。兒童及少年福利期刊，18，171-189。
陳俐靜(2011)。結束安置後性交易少女之社會韌性。國立台北大學社會工作學系碩士論文。
陳桂絨(2000)。復原力的發現--以安置於機構之兒少保個案為例。私立東吳大學社會工作學系碩士論文。
傅碧霞（2010）。財團法人台北市聖道基金會整體發展規劃書。2010年11月2日發表於「愛在兒少成長時」研討會。內政部兒童局主辦。
彭淑華(2007)。機構安置：保護他（她）？傷害他（她）？—兒童少年保護工作人員眼中之機構虐待圖像。東吳社會工作學報，16，1-36。
彭淑華(2009)。兒童及少年安置教養機構離院個案評估及追蹤輔導研究。內政部兒童局委託研究報告。
彭淑華(2012)。兒童及少年安置教養機構離院服務指標之規劃。內政部兒童局委託研究。
彭淑華、胡中宜(2010)。兒童及少年安置教養機構離院個案生活現況研究。內政部兒童局委託研究報告。
彭淑華、范書菁(2009)。兒童及少年安置教養機構離院個案評估及追蹤輔導模式之探究。兒童及少年福利期刊，16，1-34。
曾文志(2006)。復原力保護因子效果概化之統合分析。諮商輔導學報：高師輔導所學刊，14，1-35。
黃巧婷(2003)。從事性交易（之虞）少女離開機構後之生活經驗。國立台灣大學社會工作學系碩士論文。
楊馥璟(2008)。獨立生活服務模式的理念與實踐—社區居住的服務提供者之觀點。國立暨南國際大學社會政策與社會工作學系碩士論文。
歐姿秀(2004)。兒童家外安置服務。於彭淑華主編，兒童福利：理論與實務（頁307-323）。台北：偉華。
潘淑滿(2003)。質性硏究 : 理論與應用。臺北：心理出版社。
蔡志祥（2010）。財團法人私立台東基督教阿尼色弗兒童之家方案。2010年11月2日發表於「愛在兒少成長時」研討會。內政部兒童局主辦。
蔡明珠(2005)。影響安置少年院內生活主觀感受因素之研究－以花蓮縣少年安置機構為例。私立慈濟大學社會工作研究所碩士論文。
蔡淑怡(2007)。中長期安置機構青少年學校適應之探討－以某一個少年安置機構為例。私立輔仁大學社會工作學系碩士論文。
鄭如安、廖本富、王純琪(2009)。論復原力的展現：一位青少女的安置復原故事。美和技術學院學報，28(2)，91-113。
鄭麗珍(2002)。生態系統觀點。於宋麗玉、曾華源、施教裕、鄭麗珍主編，社會工作理論－處理模式與案例分析（頁251-263）。台北：洪葉文化
賴碧怡(2008)。『安置輔導』的定位對犯罪少年自主權益與重返家庭的影響。兒童及少年福利期刊，14，157-169。
簡春安、鄒平儀(2004)。社會工作研究法。台北：巨流。
顏寧譯(2011)。質性研究：設計與施作指南。S.B.,Merriam著。譯自：Qualitative research：A guide to design and implementation。台北：五南。

監察院糾正案文，2011/05/11瀏覽於http://www.cy.gov.tw/sp.asp?xdUrl=./di/edoc/eDocForm_Read.asp&ctNode=911&AP_Code=eDoc&Func_Code=t02&case_id=100000043
自由時報電子報，「離開育幼院，自立少年仍待援」，2010/03/19瀏覽於http://www.libertytimes.com.tw/2010/new/mar/29/today-life11.htm
中華育幼機構兒童關懷協會，「2007年育幼院院生離院與就學、就業情況調查分析報告」，2011/04/18瀏覽於http://www.childrenhome.org.tw/?tid=86

英文部分:
Barber, J., & Delfabbro, P. (2005). Children's adjustment to long-term foster care. Children and Youth Services Review, 27(3) : 329-340.
Brennan, M. A. (2008). Conceptualizing resiliency : An interactional perspective for community and youth development. Child Care in Practice, 14(1) : 55-64.
Cashmore, J., & Paxman, M. (2006). Predicting after-care outcomes : The importance of ‘felt' security. Child & Family Social Work, 11(3) : 232-241.
Child Welfare League of America (2005). Standards of excellence for transition, independent living, and self-sufficiency services. Washington ,DC : Child Welfare League of America.
Courtney, M. E. (2009). The difficult transition to adulthood for foster youth in the U.S.: Implications for the state as corporate parent. Social Policy Report, 13(1) : 3-18.
Courtney, M. E., & Dworsky, A. (2006). Early outcomes for young adults transitioning from out-of-home care in the USA. Child & Family Social Work, 11(3) : 209-219.
Daining, C., & DePanfilis, D. (2007). Resilience of youth in transition from out-of-home care to adulthood. Children and Youth Services Review, 29(9) : 1158-1178.
Dixon, J. (2008). Young people leaving care: Health, well-being and outcomes. Child & Family Social Work, 13(2) : 207-217.
Dixon, J., & Stein, M. (2005). Leaving care : Throughcare and aftercare in Scotland. London : Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
Drapeau, S., Saint-Jacques, M. C., Lépine, R., Bégin, G., & Bernard, M. (2007). Processes that contribute to resilience among youth in foster care. Journal of Adolescence, 30(6) : 977-999.
Dumaret, A. C., Donati, P., & Crost, M. (2011). After a long-term placement : Investigating educational achievement, behaviour, and transition to independent Living. Children & Society, 25(3) : 215-227.
Fowler, P. J., Toro, P. A., & Miles, B. W. (2011). Emerging adulthood and leaving foster care : Settings associated with mental health. American Journal of Community Psychology, 47(3-4) : 335-348.
Geenen, S., & Powers, L. E. (2007). “Tomorrow is another problem” The experiences of youth in foster care during their transition into adulthood. Children and Youth Services Review, 29(8) : 1085-1101.
Gilligan, R. (2007). Adversity, resilience and the educational progress of young people in public care. Emotional and Behavioural Difficulties, 12(2) : 135-145.
Goodkind, S., Schelbe, L. A., & Shook, J. J. (2011). Why youth leave care : Understandings of adulthood and transition successes and challenges among youth aging out of child welfare. Children and Youth Services Review, 33(6) : 1039-1048.
Hass, M., & Graydon, K. (2009). Sources of resiliency among successful foster youth. Children and Youth Services Review, 31(4) : 457-463.
Hawkins-Rodgers, Y. (2007). Adolescents adjusting to a group home environment : A residential care model of re-organizing attachment behavior and building resiliency. Children and Youth Services Review, 29(9) : 1131-1141.
Henley,R.(2010). Resilience enhancing psychosocial programmes for youth in different cultural contexts : Evaluation and research. Progress in Development Studies,10(4) : 295-307.
Hines, A. M., Merdinger, J., & Wyatt, P. (2005). Former foster youth attending college : Resilience and the transition to young adulthood. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 75(3) : 381-394.
Hojer, I., & Sjoblom, Y. (2010). Young people leaving care in Sweden. Child & Family Social Work, 15(1) : 118-127.
Houston, S. (2010). Building resilience in a children's home : Results from an action research project. Child & Family Social Work, 15(3) : 357-368.
Knorth, E. J., Harder, A. T., Zandberg, T., & Kendrick, A. J. (2008). Under one roof : A review and selective meta-analysis on the outcomes of residential child and youth care. Children and Youth Services Review, 30(2) : 123-140.
Lemon, K., Hines, A. M., & Merdinger, J. (2005). From foster care to young adulthood : The role of independent living programs in supporting successful transitions. Children and Youth Services Review, 27(3) : 251-270.
Liborio, R. M. C., & Ungar, M. (2010). Children's perspectives on their economic activity as a pathway to resilience. Children & Society, 24(4) : 326-338.
Luthar, S. S., Cicchetti, D., & Becker, B. (2000). The construct of resilience : A critical evaluation and guidelines for future work. Child Development, 17(3) : 543-562.
McGloin, J. M., & Widom, C. S. (2001). Resilience among abused and neglected children grown up. Development and Psychopathology, 13(4) : 1021-1038.
Mendes, P., & Moslehuddin, B. (2006). From dependence to interdependence : Towards better outcomes for young people leaving state care. Child Abuse Review, 15(2) : 110-126.
Montgomery, P., Donkoh, C., & Underhill, K. (2006). Independent living programs for young people leaving the care system : The state of the evidence. Children and Youth Services Review, 28(12) : 1435-1448.
Naccarato, T., Brophy, M., & Courtney, M. E. (2010). Employment outcomes of foster youth : The results from the midwest evaluation of the adult functioning of foster youth. Children and Youth Services Review, 32(4) : 551-559.
Noom,M.J.,Dekovic,M.,& Meeus,W.H.J.(2001).Conceptual analysis and measurement of adolescent autonomy. Journal of Youth and Adolescence,30(5):577-595.
Olsson, C. A., Bond, L., Burns, J. M., Vella-Brodrick, D. A., & Sawyer, S. M. (2003). Adolescent resilience : A concept analysis. Journal of Adolescence, 26(1) : 1-11.
Osgood, D. W., Foster, E. M., & Courtney, M. E. (2010). Vulnerable populations and the transition to adulthood. The Future of Children, 20(1) : 209-229.
Pinkerton, J., & Coyle, D. (2008). Living care in the UK : General reflections on developments and delivery. 2008 International Conference on Developing & Delivering Care Living Services for Youth in Out-of-home Care.
Racheli, L. E., & Itzhaky, H. (2005). Social support, mastery, self-esteem and individual adjustment among at-risk youth. Child & Youth Care Forum, 34(5) : 329-346.
Rutter,M.(2000). Children in substitute care: Some conceptual considerations and research implications. Children and Youth Service Review, 22(9/10) : 685-703.
Samuels, G. M., & Pryce, J. M. (2008). "What doesn't kill you makes you stronger" : Survivalist self-reliance as resilience and risk among young adults aging out of foster care. Children and Youth Services Review, 30(10) : 1198-1210.
Simon, A. (2008). Early access and use of housing : Care leavers and other young people in difficulty. Child & Family Social Work, 13(1) : 91-100.
Stein, M. (2006). Research review: Young people leaving care. Child & Family Social Work, 11(3) : 273-279.
Stein, M. (2008a). Resilience and young people leaving Care. Child Care in Practice,14(1) : 35-44.
Stein, M. (2008b). Transitions from care to adulthood : Messages from research for policy and practice. In M. Stein, & E. R. Munro (Eds), Young people's transitions from care to adulthood : International research and practice (pp.289-306). London : Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
Stott, T., & Gustavsson, N. (2010). Balancing permanency and stability for youth in foster care. Children and Youth Services Review, 32(4) : 619-625.
Trout, A. L., Chmelka, M. B., Thompson, R. W., Epstein, M. H., Tyler, P., & Pick, R. (2010). The departure status of youth from residential group care : Implications for aftercare. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 19(1) : 67-78.
Wade, J., & Dixon, J. (2006). Making a home, finding a job : Investigating early housing and employment outcomes for young people leaving care. Child & Family Social Work, 11(3) : 199-208.
Wade, J., & Munro, E. R. (2008). Leaving care in the UK. In M. Stein, & E. R. Munro (Eds), Young people's transitions from care to adulthood : International research and practice (pp.209-224). London : Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
Ward, A. (2004). Towards a theory of the everyday : The ordinary and the special in daily living in residential care. Child & Youth Care Forum, 33(3) : 209-225.
Wheal, A.（2005）. The leaving care handbook : Helping and supporting care leavers. Lyme Regis : Russell House.
Zielinski, D. S., & Bradshaw, C. P. (2006). Ecological influences on the sequelae of child maltreatment : A review of the literature. Child Maltreatment, 11(1) : 49-62.