航空公司廣泛將美學的概念運用於產業環節的策畫及推行，最終強調以傑出服務品質及美好形象來創造競爭優勢。領導一組能夠令旅客印象深刻、創造差異化且傳達公司特質的一線空服團隊，不僅要科學性的依靠組織規範及標準作業流程進行各項工作，更需有藝術性的涵養與美學實踐，以呼應產業對於美的強調及挹注。本研究旨在探討國內某航空公司事務長美學領導與組織文化、組織承諾的現況及相互影響關係。透過文獻探討與問卷調查的方式，收集並分析資料。所分析文獻包括國內外領導與組織文化、組織承諾的相關研究；問卷調查部分則以美學領導行為量表、組織文化量表、組織承諾量表編訂為「事務長美學領導行為與客艙組員組織文化、組織承諾問卷」，針對某國籍航空公司在職客艙組員為研究對象，以立意抽樣方式取得有效問卷475份。採SPSS23.0中文版電腦軟體以描述性統計、單因子變異數分析、皮爾森積差相關分析及一般多元迴歸分析等統計方法進行資料處理及分析。本研究主要結論如下: 一、客艙組員對於事務長之美學溝通(表達藝術)、美學支持(團隊氛圍)極為重視；對組織文化認知傾向於官僚型；組織承諾於情感承諾構面平均數較高。二、不同人口統計變項之客艙組員在認知事務長美學領導、組織文化及組織承諾具有顯著差異；三、事務長美學領導、客艙組員組織文化與組織承諾間呈顯著正相關。四、事務長美學領導、組織文化對組織承諾具有顯著正向預測力。「支持型文化」對「情感承諾」有顯著的預測力，「美學誠實」、組織文化對「持續承諾」有顯著的預測力，而「美學支持」、「創新型文化」、「支持型文化」對「規範承諾」有顯著的預測力。本研究依據研究結果提出分析及建議，提供旅運、觀光、服務相關產業於組織運作實務應用及經營管理策略參考，亦提供未來相關研究方向。

This study aimed to explore the relationships among chief purser’s aesthetic leadership, organizational culture and organizational commitment in a local major airline. The study was done with 475 valid questionnaires completed by Taiwanese female cabin crews of the case airline. Based on the descriptive statistical analysis, one-way ANOVA correlation analysis, and multiple linear regression analysis, the results were as follows: 1.The majority of cabin crews were age of 26-30, university-educated, work-seniority in between 1-6 years, rank as CA, and not married. 2. Cabin crews’ recognitions toward chief purser’s aesthetic leadership reflect highly appreciation in aesthetic communication and aesthetic support. As to organizational culture, bureaucratic culture was commonly recognized. And the means of affective commitment is the main dimension regarding to organizational commitment. 3. There were differences among cabin crews’ demographics on the chief purser’s aesthetic leadership, organizational culture and organizational commitment. 4. There were highly correlated relationship among chief purser’s aesthetic leadership, organizational culture and organizational commitment.5. Chief purser’s aesthetic leadership and organizational culture could effectively predict organizational commitment.The conclusions and recommendations of this study serve as a reference for the aviation and tourist industry and future research.

丁虹 (1987)。企業文化與組織承諾之關係研究 (未出版博士論文)。國立政治大學，臺北市。
丁虹、司徒達賢、吳靜吉 (1988)。企業文化與組織承諾之關係研究。管理評論，7，173-198。
任維廉、許雅欣、徐士弘 (2004)。應用內容分析法分析航空公司之組織文化。民航季刊，6 (2)，1-24。
朱志榮 (2011)。康德美學思想研究 (六版)。臺北市：秀威。
朴英培、黃俊英、郭崑謨 (1990)。工作價值觀、領導型態、工作滿足與組織承諾關係之研究-以韓國電子業為例。管理評論，9，53-87。
邱皓政 (2010)。量化硏究與統計分析: SPSS (PASW) 資料分析範例。臺北市：五南
吳明清 (2009)。教育政策規劃的力與美-一個分析與實踐的概念架構。發表於黃乃熒 (主持)，教育行政的力與美。國立臺灣師範大學主辦之「教育行政的力與美」國際研討會，臺北市，臺灣。
吳明隆、涂金堂 (2014)。SPSS與統計應用分析。臺北市：五南。
吳知賢 (1994)。組織文化剖析。研考雙月刊，18 (2)，45-60。
吳信宏 (2005)。組織文化的重要。品質月刊，41 (4)，65-57。
吳翰中、吳琍璇 (2010)。美學 CEO: 用設計思考，用美學管理。臺北市：繆思。
宋秋儀 (2006)。組織領導學。臺北市：華泰。
李元墩、林育理 (2000)。台灣企業員工組織承諾衡量模式建構之研究。國立成功大學學報，2000(35)，133-157。
李青芬、李雅婷、趙慕芬 (譯) (1994)。組織行為學。臺北市：華泰。(Stephen P. Robbins,　1994)
沈成宏 (2005)。關於領導藝術的美學探討，學海，2005(6)，169-173。
林惠玲、陳正倉 (2009)。統計學：方法與應用 (四版)。臺北市：雙葉書廊。
林龍和 (2005)。高雄市國民小學校長家長式領導與教師服務士氣關係之研究 (未出版碩士論文)。國立高雄師範大學，高雄市。
河野豐弘 (1992)。改造企業文化。臺北市：遠流出版社。
長榮航空空服訓練課 (2012)。客艙組員服勤作業文件。長榮航空內部文件。
施振榮 (1996)。再造宏碁。臺北市：天下文化出版社。
柯際雲 (1995)。企業員工個人特性、及其知覺之工作特性與領導型態對組織承諾之影響(未出版碩士論文)。國立中興大學，臺中市。
洪良志、馮莉雅 (2006)。影響餐旅類科學生校外實習因素之研究-以國立高雄餐旅學院為例 (未出版碩士論文)。國立高雄餐旅學院，高雄市。
洪春吉 (1997)。資訊業、鋼鐵業、紡織業之領導型態與企業文化之比較。管理學報，14(3)， 331-358。
徐文星 (2007)。臺北市高級中學田徑運動教練領導行為與訓練績效之研究 (未出版碩士 論文)。銘傳大學，臺北市。
徐永昌 (2000)。企業願景、企業文化、員工生涯發展與組織承諾之關係研究---以臺灣製造業為例 (未出版碩士論文)。國立成功大學，臺南市。
張峻源 (2001)。組織文化、組織承諾與組織變革態度之研究—以中央信託局為例 (未出版碩士論文)。國立成功大學，臺南市。
張榮發 (2014)。本心。臺北市：遠見天下文化出版社。
許士軍 (1993)。管理學。臺北市：東華書局。
許志強 (1990)。企業文化對組織承諾之影響研究 (未出版碩士論文)。淡江大學，新北市。
許朝欽 (2000)。組織文化、領導行為與員工工作態度間關係之實證研究-臺灣某一商業銀行之個案研究 (未出版碩士論文)。私立朝陽科技大學，臺中市。
陳勁甫、鍾武侖 (2007)。工作滿足、組織承諾、工作尋找與離職傾向關係之研究－以某國際航空公司客艙組員為例。運輸學刊，19 (2)，191-213。
陳衍宏 (2012)。組織變革中的領導力: 當代力學與美學觀點初探。玄奘管理學報，8(2), 55-74。
陳思雯 (2013) 。從美力到獲利—美學對航空公司經營績效之研究 (未出版碩士論文)。國立高臺灣師範大學，台北市。
陳瓊花 (1997)。藝術概論。臺北：三民書局。
彭鳳明 (1996)。企業文化訓練對企業文化與組織承諾之影響 (未出版碩士論文)。靜宜大學，臺中市。
彭德中 (譯) (1992)。改造企業文化。臺北市：遠流出版社。(河野豐弘，1992)
曾妤如 (2016)。領導型態與組織承諾關係之研究。全球管理與經濟 ，12(2)，94 -111。
馮綉雯 (2010)。國民小學教師教學信念與教學效能之研究 (未出版博士論文)。國立屏東大學，屏東市。
黃宗顯 (2010)。學校領導研究的新視域：領導的美學實踐。教育研究集刊，56 (3)，1-28。
黃宗顯 (2012)。美的定義、功能及其在學校領導的應用。教育行政研究，2 (1)，137-159。
黃昆輝 (1988)。教育行政與教育問題。臺北市：五南。
黃德祥 (2014)。美學領導的內涵與應用。教育研究月刊，237，31-41。
黃馨慧、劉宛真、徐湘苓 (2010)。主管領導風格、組織承諾與組織績效之關係：中高齡員工認知 (未出版碩士論文)。元智大學，桃園市.
楊建昌、林月雲、楊紅玉、廖又生 (2014)。醫院組織文化與員工工作態度相關性之實證研究。醫院雙月刊，47(2)，30-45。
趙明玲、邢鴻君、陳靜香、張淑敏 (2010)。領導型態、工作滿意度、組織承諾與離職意願之相關性研究，醫務管理期刊，11(4)，297-310。
劉元安、許軒、汪德範 (2009)。觀光餐旅企業領導人價值領導之研究。觀光休閒學報，15(2)，89-111。
蔡育揚 (2010)。國小棒球教練帶隊動機、領導行為與工作滿意度之研究 (未出版碩士論文)。國立臺灣體育運動大學，臺中市。
蔡坤宏 (2000)。組織承諾、工作滿意與離職意圖的關係：Meta分析。中華管理評論，3 (4)，33-49。
蔡俊良 (1994)。組織文化、員工生涯定位與其生涯發展需求、工作滿意度之相關研究 (未出版碩士論文)。國立彰化師範大學，彰化市。
蔡俊賢 (2012)。體育課實施同儕協助學習(PAL)之理論與教學策略。高師大體育，10，91-106。
鄭伯壎 (1990)。組織文化價值觀的數量衡鑑。中華心理學報，32，31-49。
謝至愷 ( 2013)。航空知識精讀。香港 : 香港共和媒體。
蕭文瑞 (2005)。組織文化與工作特性對組織公民行為之影響：臺灣航空業員工為例 (未出版碩士論文)。國立中山大學，高雄市。
羅喬文 (2010)。航空公司組織文化與組織承諾之研究。航空、太空及民航學刊，42 (2)，73-82。
羅虞村 (1995)。領導理論研究。臺北市：文景出版社。
鐘志明 (2000)。企業文化、員工工作價值觀及組織承諾之關聯性研究－以臺灣地區主要企業集團為例 (未出版碩士論文)。長榮大學，臺南市。

Ansoff, H. I. (1979). Strategic management. London: Macmillan.
Bass, B. M. (1997). From transactional to transformational leadership:Learning to share the vision. Leadership：Understanding the dynamics of power and influence in organizations, 1, 318-333.
Bennis, W. G., & O’Toole, J. (2005). How business schools lost their way. Harvard business review, 83(5), 96-104.
Biehl-Missal, B. & Saren, M., (2012). Atmospheres od Seduction: A Critique of Aesthetic Marketing Practices. Journal of Macromarketing, 32(2),168-180.
Black, M. M., & Holden, E. W. (1998). The Impact of Gender on Productivity and Satisfaction Among Medical School Psychologists. Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings, 117-131.
Bryman, A. (1992). Charisma and leadership in organizations. London: Sage.
Buchanan, B. (1974). Building organizational commitment : The socialization of managers in work organizations. Administrative Science Quarterly, 19(4), 533-546.
Burns, J. M. (1999). Leadership. New York: Harper & Row.
Cameron, K. S. (1985). Culture congruence strength and type: Relationship toeffective. Robert E. Quinn. Beyond Rational Management.
Chapman, L. H. (1992). A World of Images. Massachusetts: Davis Publ.
Chen, Z. X., & Francesco, A. M. (2000). Employee Demography, Organizational Commitment and Turnover Intentions in China: Do Cultural Differences Matter?. Human Relations, 53, 869-887.
Cheng, X. (2008). Urban image and urban aesthetics: Urban aesthetics in cross-cultural perspective. Hacettepe University J. Faculty Lit, 25(2), 59-71.
Conger, J. A. & Kanungo, R. N. (1998). Charismatic leadership in organizations. Oaks:Sage Publications.
Cordery, J., Sevastos, P., Mueller, W., & Parker, S. (1993). Correlates of employee attitudes toward functional flexibility. Human relations, 46(6), 705-723.
Cummings, T. G., & Worley, C. G. (2014). Organization development and change. Stanford:Cengage.
Daft, R. L. (1999). Leadership-Theory and Practice. The Dryden Press Harcourt Brace College Publishers.
Deal, T. E. & Kennedy, A. A. (1982). Corporate Cultures: The Rites and Rituals of Corporate Life. MA: Addison-Wesley.
Denison, D. R. (1984). Bringing corporate culture to the bottom line. Organizational dynamics, 13(2), 5-22.
Dobson, J. (1999). The art of management and the aesthetic manager: The coming way of business. Connecticut: Greenwood.
Dubin, R., Champoux, J. E., & Porter, L. W. (1975). Central life interests and organizational commitment of blue-collar and clerical workers. Administrative Science Quarterly, 411-421.
Edmondson, A. (1999). Psychology safety and leaning behavior in work teams. Administrative Science Quarterly, 44(2), 350-383.
Edmondson, A. C., Roberto, M. A., & Watkins, M. D. (2003). A dynamic model of top management team effectiveness: Managing unstructured task streams. The Leadership Quarterly, 14(3), 297-325.
Fiedler, F. E (1967). A Theory of Leadership Effectiveness. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Fronzel, I. (2002). Today Disciplines Philosophy and Aesthetics (trans. Dogan Ozlem). Istanbul: Ara Publishing.
Graham, A. H. (2012, May 4). Amazing first-class air cabins. CNN Travel. Retrieved from http://www. cnn.com/2012/05/04/travel/first-class-air-cabins/
Haise, C. L., & Rucker, M. (2003). The flight attendant uniform: Effects of selected variables on flight attendant image, uniform preference and employee satisfaction. Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal, 31(6), 565-575.
Hansen, H., Ropo, A. & Sauer, E. (2007). Aesthetic Leadership. The Leadership Quarterly, 18, 544-560.
Hartnell, C. A., Kinicki, A. J., Lambert, L. S., Fugate, M., & Doyle Corner, P. (2016). Do similarities or differences between CEO leadership and organizational culture have a more positive effect on firm performance? A test of competing predictions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 101(6), 846.
Hausknecht, J. P., Hiller, N. J., & Vance, R. J. (2008). Work-unit absenteeism: Effects of satisfaction, commitment, labor market conditions, and time. Academy of management journal, 51, 1223-1245.
Hemphill, J. K., & Coons, A. E. (1957). Development of the leader behavior description questionnaire. Leader behavior: Its description and measurement, 6, 38.
Hersey & K. Blanchard (1974). So you want to know your leadership style?. Training and Development Journal, 6.
Hill, C. W., Jones, G. R., & Schilling, M. A. (2014). Strategic management theory: an integrated approach. Stanford:Cengage.
Hill, C. W., Jones, G. R., & Schilling, M. A. (2016). Strategic management theory: An integrated approach. Stanford:Cengage.
House, R. J., & Mitchell, T. R. (1974). Path-goal theory ofleadership. Journal of Contemporary Business, 3(4), 81.
Katz-Buonincontro, J. (2011). How might aesthetic knowing relate to leadership, International Journal of Education &; the Arts, 12, 1-18.
Katz-Buonincontro, J. (2011). Aesthetic” pedagogy in the context of leadership development: How does it work?[Special edition on the arts]. Policy Futures in Education, 9(6).
Katz-Buonincontro, J. (2011). How might aesthetic knowing relate to leadership? A review of the literature. International Journal of Education & the Arts, 12, 1-18.
Kim, S., Kim, I., & Hyun, S. S. (2016). First-Class in-Flight Services and Advertising Effectiveness: Antecedents of Customer-Centric Innovativeness and Brand Loyalty in the United States (US) Airline Industry. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 33(1), 118-140.
Kozak, M. A. & Uca, S. A. (2008). Effective factors in the constitution of leadership styles: a study of Turkish hotel managers. Anatolia, 19(1), 117-134.
Kristof-Brown, A. L., & Guay, R. P. (2011). Person-environment fit. In S. Zedeck (Ed.), APA handbook of industrial and organizational psychology. Washington: American Psychological Association.
Ladkin, D. (2008). Leading beautifully: How mastery, congruence and purpose create the aesthetic of embodied leadership practice. The Leadership Quarterly, 19(1), 31-41.
Lash, S. (1994). Expert systems or situated interpretation? Culture and institutions in disorganized capitalism. Reflexive modernization: Politics, tradition and aesthetics in the modern social order, 198-215.
Linderman, M. G. (1997). Art In The Elementary School. U.S.A: McGraw Hill Pres.
Lings, I. N. (2004). Internal market orientation: Construct and consequences. Journal of Business Research, 57(4), 405-413.
Lok, P., & Crawford, J. (2004). The effect of organizational culture and leadership style on job satisfaction and organizational commitment: A cross-national comparison. Journal of management development, 23 (4), 321-338.
Mathieu, J. E., & Zajac, D. M. (1990). A Review and Meta-analysis of the Antecedents, Correlates, and Consequences of Organizational Commitment. Psychological Bulletin, 108, 171-194.
Mannix, J., Wilkes, L., & Daly, J. (2015). Aesthetic leadership: its place in the clinical nursing world. Mental Health Nursing, 36(5), 357-361.
McMurry, R. N. (1958). The case for benevolent autocracy. Harvard Business Review, 36(1), 82-90.
Meyer, J. P. & Allen, N. J. (1991). A Three-component conceptualization of organizational commitment. Human Resource Management Review, 1(1), 61-89.
Meyer, J. P., & Allen, N. J. (1997). Commitment in the workplace: Theory, research, and application. Oaks, CA: Sage.
Michaels, A. (2013, November 25). Top trends in airline food: Get the dish on delectable mile-high cuisine. U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved from http://travel.usnews.com/features/Top-Trends-in- Airline-Food/
Miroshnik, V. (2002). Culture and International Management: A Review. Journal of Management Development, 21(7), 521-544.
Mitchell, M. A., & Yate, D. (2002). How to Use Your Organizational Culture as a Competitive Tool. Nonprofit World Madison, 20 (2), 33-34.
Morris, J. H., & Sherman, J. D. (1981). Generalizability of an organizational commitment model. Academy of management Journal, 24 (3), 512-526.
Morrison, E. W. (1994). Role definitions and organizational citizenship behavior: The importance of the employee’s perspective. Academy of Management Journal, 37(6): 1543-1567.
Mowday, R. T., Steers, R. M., & Porter, L. M. (1979). The measurement of organization commitment. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 14(2), 224-247.
Mowday, R. T., Steers, R. M., & Porter, L. M. (1982). Employee-organization linkage: The psychology of commitment, absenteeism, and turnover. New York: Academic Press.
Nemanich, L. A., & Keller, R. T. (2007). Transformational leadership in an acquisition: A field study of employees. The Leadership Quarterly, 18, 49-68.
Newstrom, J. W., & Davis, K. (1986). Human behavior at work. New York: McGraw-Hill.
O'Reilly III, C. & Pfeffer, J. (2000). Hidden value: How Great Companies Achieve Extraordinary Results With Ordinary People. Boston: MA.
O'Reilly, C. A., Chatman, J., & Caldwell, D. F. (1991). People and organizational culture: A profile comparison approach to assessing person-organization fit. Academy of management journal, 34(3), 487-516.
Patnaik, D. (2009). Wired to care: How companies prosper when they create widespread empathy. Australia: Ft Press.
Patzer, G. L. (2006). The power and paradox of physical attractiveness. New York: Pearson Education.
Perry, M. L., Pearce, C. L., & Sims Jr, H. P. (1999). Empowered selling teams: How shared leadership can contribute to selling team outcomes. Journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management, 19(3), 35-51.
Pettigrew, A. M. (1979). On studying organizational cultures. Administrative Science Quarterly, 24, 570-581.
Phillips, P. A. (2004). Customer-oriented hotel aesthetics: A shareholder value perspective. Journal of Retail & Leisure Property, 3(4), 365-373.
Polat, S., & Öztoprak-Kavak, Z. (2011). Aesthetic leadership (AL): Development and implementation of aesthetic leadership scale (ALS) of the school directors. Educational Research and Reviews, 6(1), 50.
Porter, L. W., & Lawler, E. E. (1968). What job attitudes tell about motivation? Harvard business review, 46(1), 118-126.
Porter, L. W., Steers, R. M., Mowday, R. T., & Boulian, P. V. (1974). Organizational commitment, job satisfaction and turnover among psychiatric technicians. Journal of Applied Psychology, 59(5), 603-609.
Porter, M. E. (1981). The contributions of industrial organization to strategic management. Academy of management review, 6(4), 609-620.
Postrel, V. (2003). The substance of style: How the rise of aesthetic value is remaking　commerce, culture and consciousness. New York: Harper-Collins Publishers.
Rafferty, A. E., & Griffin, M. A. (2004). Dimensions of transformational leadership: Conceptual and empirical extensions. The Leadership Quarterly, 15, 329-354.
Robbins, S. P. (2001). Organizational behavior. NJ: Prentice Hall.
Sathe, V., (1983). Some Action Implications of Corporate Culture: Manager’s Guide to Action. Organizational Dynamics, 4-23.
Schein, E. H. (1985). Organizational culture and leadership. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Schein, E. H. (1992). Organizational culture and leadership. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Schein, E. H. (2010). Organizational culture and leadership (4th ed.). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Schirrmacher, R. (1988). Art And Creative Development for Young Children. New York: Delmar Publisher.
Schroeder, J. E. & Fillis, I. (2010). Aesthetic Leadership. In: Couto RA (ed.). Political and Civic Leadership: A Reference Handbook (Volume 2), First ed. London: Sage Publications.
Smith, P. (1996). Executing executions: Aesthetics, identity, and the problematic narratives of capital punishment ritual. Theory and Society, 25(2), 235-261.
Solinger, O. N., Van Olffen, W., & Roe, R. A. (2008). Beyond the three-component model of organizational commitment. Journal of applied psychology, 93, 70-83.
Sonnenfeld, J. A. (1989). Managing Career Systems Channeling the Flow of executive Careers. Homewood: Lrwin.
Staw, B. M. (1977, Augest). Two sides of commitment. Paper presented at Annual Meeting of Academy of Management, Orlando, Florida, U.S.A.
Steers, R. M. & Porter, L. W. (1991). Motivation and Work Behavior (5th ed). Singapore： McGraw-Hill.
Steers, R. M. (1977). Antecedents and outcomes of organizational commitment. Administrative science quarterly, 46-56.
Stogdill, R. M., & Coons, A. E. (1957). Leader behavior: Its description and measurement., Columbus: Ohio State University, Bureau of Business Research.
Strati, A. (1992). Aesthetic understanding of organizational life. Academy Management Revivew, 17(3), 568-581.
Taylor, S. & Hansen, H. (2005). Looking at the field of organizational aesthetics. J. Management Status, 42(6), 1211-1231.
Trice, H. M. & Beyer, J. M. (1993). The Culture of Work Organizations.New York: Prentice Hall.
Tunali (1996). Aesthetics. Istanbul: Remzi bookstore.
Wallach, E.J. (1983). Individuals and Organizations: The Culture Match. Training and Development Journal, 14(2), 29-36.
Wang, X. H. (2007). Learning, job satisfaction and commitment: an empirical study of organizations in China. Chinese Management Studies, 1(3), 167-179.
Weaver, A. (2009). Tourism and aesthetic design: Enchantment, style, and commerce. Journal of Tourism & Cultural Change, 7(3), 179-189.
Williams, L. J. & J. T. Hazer (1986). Antecedents and Consequences of Satisfaction and Commitment in Turnover Models: A Reanalysis Using Latent Variable Structural Equation Methods. Journal of Applied Psychology, 71, 219-231.