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研究生：	孫庭芳 Ting-fang Sun
論文名稱：	英文學術論文篇章寫作教學研究: 學生的認知及需求 An Intervention Study on the Rhetorical Structures of Research Papers: Students' Perceptions and Needs
指導教授：	馮和平 Feng, Ho-Ping
學位類別：	碩士 Master
系所名稱：	英語學系 Department of English
論文出版年：	2011
畢業學年度：	99
語文別：	英文
論文頁數：	125
中文關鍵詞：	學術論文寫作、篇章結構
英文關鍵詞：	academic writing, rhetorical structure
論文種類：	學術論文
相關次數：	點閱：404 下載：5
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本研究宗旨為測試英文學術寫作課程對於教論文寫作中的「前言」及「討論」這兩個部分的效用。受試者為二十二位研究生，他們來自北部一所大學生命科學研究所。此研究是採用前測及後測的準實驗模式。前測的分數來自於學生在課程開始時所交之文章的評量結果。在第一堂課時，受試者填寫一份背景問卷，這份問卷是針對受試者的過去寫作經驗做調查。在前測後，受試者參與學術文章中的「前言」及「討論」章節的教學。在前後八次，每次三小時的教學課程中，前五次是教授「前言」的寫作。而後三次的教學是教授「討論」的寫作。課程完成後進行後測。後測是要求根據課堂中所學到章法結構，將前測文章加以修改。此外，受試者在最後一堂課時，填寫一份評量問卷。這份問卷是針對受試者的過去寫作經驗及對此寫作工作坊的評價做調查。在課程結束後，研究者挑選六位學生進行個別訪談，目的在於更深入的了解學生的困難及需要，每次訪談時間為90分鐘。
在比較受試者「前言」及「討論」的前測及後測的分數後，發現受試者在「前言」的分數並無顯著的進步，但在「討論」的分數卻有顯著的進步。結果顯示，經過一個月的教學，學生在「前言」這部分的表現並未達到統計上顯著的結果。而「討論」部分則有顯著的進步。這樣的差別也許是源自於有改寫「討論」部分的學生，大部分為博士生。他們相較於碩士生而言，有較多的學術寫作經驗。
在對問卷及訪談的資料作分析後，發現受試者一般寫作(general writing)最主要的問題是字彙及文法的不足。而在學術寫作方面，則是沒有章法的技巧及文章結構方面的知識。受試者也反應他們需要多一些實際分析他們領域學術文章章法結構的練習。對於學術寫作老師的背景，受試者期望最好能夠是教專業領域的老師與教英文寫作的老師能夠一起協同教學。受試者也表達了他們迫切地需要一個寫作中心來提供文章編修的服務及安排各種寫作的課程。受試者心目中最理想的編修者是他們領域的英文母語人士。此外，學生似乎在他們基礎的英文能力上，需要一些幫助。研究者建議在學術寫作的課程之外，學生也非常需要關於英文基本寫作方面的課程來提升他們基本的英文能力。如果學生有足夠的基本英文寫作能力，將有助於學生提升他們的學術寫作的能力。

The purpose of the study is to examine the effectiveness of an EAP writing workshop that focused on the teaching of introduction and discussion sections in research papers. The participants included 22 graduate students from the Life Science department in a university in northern Taiwan. This study employed a one group quasi-experimental pre-test and post-test design. In the first class, participants submitted a paper they wrote before, from which the pre-test score was obtained.
Participants also filled in a background questionnaire, which surveyed students’ experiences in learning writing in English. After that, students received instructions in the writing of research article introduction and discussion sections. For the introduction section, students received about fifteen hours of instruction; for the discussion section, students received about nine hours of instruction. For the post-test, participants revised their pre-test writing samples based on what they learned in the class. At the last meeting, the participants were asked to fill in an evaluative questionnaire, eliciting their opinions on the workshop. At the end of the workshop, six participants were selected to participate in individual interview, with each interview lasting 90 minutes.
The comparison of the pretest and post-test scores on the rhetorical structure of the introduction and discussion sections showed that the participants did not improve significantly in the introduction section, but they did in the discussion section. The results indicated this one-month EAP writing workshop did not have statistically significant results on the introduction section. The discussion section was statistically significant, which may be related to the higher percentage of doctoral students handed in their discussion sections.
The analysis of the questionnaire and interview data revealed that the participants’major problems for general writing lied in incompetence in vocabulary and grammar. The major challenge they had for academic writing was their lack of rhetorical skills and knowledge for organization. The participants wanted to have more hands-on analyses of the papers taken from their fields by themselves during the class. As with the EAP writing instructor, the participants wanted to have both the content area teacher and the language teacher to instruct the class together. The participants also expressed their urgent need for a writing center that can offer editorial services and courses. The ideal editor would be a native speaker from their field. The participants seem to be weak at their fundamental English ability. It is suggested that more general writing courses can be offered to the students to raise their basic competence in English. Students will be more competent to learn to write EAP writing when they are equipped with the general writing ability.

Chinese Abstract    i
English Abstract    iii
Acknowledgements    v
Table of Contents    vii

Chapter One  Introduction    1
Background and Motivation    1
Purpose of the Study and Research Questions    4
Significance of the Study    5
Definition of Terms    6

Chapter Two  Literature Review    8
EAP Writing Difficulties for NNS Student Writers in Taiwan    8
Genre Analysis     9
      Micro-level Linguistic Analysis    10
Macro-level Linguistic Analysis    13
          The Introduction Section    13
          The Discussion Section    16
Academic Writing Instruction    19
The Disciplinary Knowledge of the Instructors    19
Approaches in EAP Writing Instruction    22
Intervention Studies    24
Summary    31

Chapter Three   Method    33
Research Design    33
      Participants    33
      Research Site     35
The Workshop and the Materials    35
      The Workshop    35
      Materials…………………………………………………………………… 38
Data Collection Procedures    39
      Background Questionnaire    39
      Pre-test and Post-test    40
The Evaluative Questionnaire    41
      Interviews    41
   Instruments    42
Data Sources and Data Analysis Procedures    44

Chapter Four   Results and Discussion    48
   Analysis of the Introduction Section    48
Analysis of the Discussion Section    50
   Analysis of Participants’ Responses to the Background Questionnaire    54
      Self-evaluation of English Ability    54
      Difficulties in Writing    55
      Coping Strategies    56
   Analysis of Participants’ Responses to the Evaluative Questionnaire    57
   Analysis of the Interview Data    67
      Students’ Difficulties in Academic Writing in English    67
      Students’ Strategies to Cope with Their Problems    69
      Effects of the Workshop    71
      Students’ Problems in the Revision Process    72
      Students’ Needs in the Future    74

Chapter Five    Conclusion    78
Summary of Major Findings    78
   Effects of a Short-term EAP Writing Workshop Instruction    78
   Students’ Difficulties in Writing    78
   Students’ Opinions on Organizing Academic Workshops    79
Pedagogical Implications    80
Limitations of the Study    81
Suggestions for Future Research    82

References      84


Appendixes     99
Appendix  A  Background Questionnaire (Chinese Version)    99
Appendix  A  Background Questionnaire (English Version)    104
Appendix  B  The Evaluative Questionnaire (Chinese Version)    109
Appendix  B  The Evaluative Questionnaire (English Version)    112
Appendix  C  Interview Questions (Chinese Version)    115
Appendix  C  Interview Questions (English Version)    116
Appendix  D  Analytic Rubric for the Writing of the Introduction    117
Appendix  E  Analytic Rubric for the Writing of the Discussion    119
Appendix  F  A Student’s Sample of the Pre-test on the Introduction Section    121
Appendix  G  A Student’s Sample of the Post-test on the Introduction Section    122
Appendix  H  A Student’s Sample of the Pre-test on the Introduction Section    124
Appendix  I  A Student’s Sample of the Post-test on the Introduction Section    125


List of Tables
Table 1. Composition of the Participants    34
Table 2. Comparison of Scores on Rhetorical Convention in the Introduction Section    49
Table 3. Comparison of Scores on Rhetorical Convention in the Discussion Section
    51
Table 4. Self-evaluation of General English Ability    54
Table 5. Self-evaluation of Ability in Reading and Writing for Academic Purposes    55
Table 6. Students’ Difficulties in Writing General English    56
Table 7. Strategies in Coping with Writing Problems    57
Table 8. Analysis of Responses to Class Time    58
Table 9. Analysis of Responses to Class Size and Student Population    59
Table 10. Analysis of Responses to Selection of Content and Materials    60
Table 11. Analysis of Responses to Instruction and Class Activities    62
Table 12. Analysis of Responses to Future Needs    64


List of Figures
Figure 1.   The Schedule and the Content    36


List of Diagrams
Diagram 1.   CARS Model of Moves in Research Paper Introductions    43
                                

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