本研究主要探討學習遷移的相關因素，具體研究目的為1.建構成人學習遷移知覺模式。2.驗證成人學習遷移知覺模式。3.探索訓練課程設計、學習者特性、工作環境與學習遷移的自我效能和學習遷移的後設認知之關係。和4.提出成人學習遷移知覺模式的應用。經本研究彙整學習遷移的相關文獻後，以訓練課程設計、學習者特性、工作環境、學習遷移的自我效能與學習遷移的後設認知為變數。除了採用文獻縱身研究法、專家諮詢與問卷調查法進行研究外，並對於變數進行因素分析與模型驗證。
具體研究結論為1. 成人學習遷移知覺模式是訓練課程設計、 學習者特性、工作環境、學習遷移的自我效能與學習遷移的後設認知等變數的相關性模式。2.成人學習遷移知覺模式驗證結果，顯示此模式具備良好的整體適配度與內在結構適配度。3.訓練課程設計、學習者特性、工作環境、學習遷移的自我效能與學習遷移的後設認知等變數之間，具備因果關係與顯著性相關。和4.根據研究結果，提出成人學習遷移知覺模式的建議。

This research investingates the relevant factors of transfer of learning. Thoses goals are 1. to construct the perceptional model of transfer of adult learning. 2. to verify the perceptional model of transfer of adult learning. 3.to indicate the relationship within the training design, learner’scharacteristic , working environment, self-efficacy of transfer of learning and metacognition of transfer of learning. And 4. to explaine the application of this model. To conclude the reference study, this research selects the training content design,learner’s characteristics,working environment, self-efficacy of transfer of learning and metacognition of transfer of learning as variables. This research uses reference study, expert consulting and questionnaires to study the sample. The exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis are used to verify the research model.

The significant results include: 1.the training content design, learner’s characteristic and working environment are influential factors. The self-efficacy of transfer of learning and metacogntion of transfer of learning are perceptional factors.2. This model is good to fit index. 3. The relationship within these five variables is both relevant and cause-effect.4. On the base of this study, we could explaine the application of this perceptional model of transfer of adult learning.

一、中文部分
中華民國成人教育學會（1995）。成人教育專業化。臺北市：正中書局。
中華民國工業安全衛生協會編印（2000）。勞工安全衛生法令。
方曉東（主編）（1994）。教育百科辭典。臺北市：五南書局。
行政院勞工委員會（2004）。國家人力資源發展方案。2005年5月19日，取自http://www.cla.gov.tw。
行政院經濟建設委員會（2002）。職業能力再提升方案－民國91年至93年。2005年5月19日，取自http://www.cepd.gov.tw。
行政院教育改革審議委員會（1997）。教育改革總諮議報告書。臺北市：作者。
行政院教育部（2005）。社會教育司業務介紹。2005年5月23日，取自http://www.edu.gov.tw。
行政院勞委會編印（2006）。勞工安全衛生教育訓練規則。
行政院勞委會勞工檢查處（2006）。九十五年勞動檢查。2007年1月25日，取自http://www.cla.gov.tw。
李嵩賢（2001）。人力資源的訓練與發展。台北市：商鼎書局。
邢治宇、蘇慧倚（2006）。由職災數字統計分析談工安問題。工業安全衛生月刊第207期，pp.7-15。
岳修平譯（1998）。教學心理學－學習的認知基礎。台北市：遠流書局。
林東清（2004）。知識管理。臺北市：智勝書局。
林清山譯（1995）。Richard E. Mayer著。教育心理學－認知取向。臺北市：遠流書局。
張春興、林清山（1995）。教育心理學。臺北市：東華書局。
林宜瑄譯（2003）。Ronald L. Jacobs著。結構化在職訓練。臺北市：中國生產力中心。
邱皓政（2006）。結構方程模式－LISREL的理論、技術與應用。台北市：雙葉書局。
教育部技術及職業教育司（2005）。技職簡訊第161期。
黃政傑（1998）。課程設計。臺北市：東華書局。
黃光雄、蔡清田（1999）。課程設計－理論與實際。台北市：五南書局。
黃富順（1989）。成人心理與學習。臺北市：師大書苑。
黃富順主編（2002）。成人學習。臺北市：五南出版社。
張春興（1995）。張氏心理學辭典。臺北市：東華書局。
張春興（1996）。教育心理學。臺北市：東華書局。
張景媛（1994）。國中生數學學習歷程統整模式的驗證與應用：學生建構數學概念的分析及數學文字題教學策略的研究。國立台灣師範大學教育心理與輔導研究所博士論文，未出版，台北市。
陳沁怡編著（2003）。訓練與發展。臺北市：雙葉書局。
陳李綢、郭妙雪（1998）。教育心理學。臺北市：五南書局。
陳品華（2000）。從學習遷移觀點演變談技職教學新趨勢。教育資料與研究，第三十六期，34-39。
陳正沛譯（2004）。Brain E. Becker, Mark A. Huselid, Dave Ulrich著。人力資源計分卡。臺北市：臉譜出版社。
莊世傑、楊仁壽、黃俊祥（2002）。受訓動機與訓練評量三個層次之關係研究。管理評論，21（2），pp.81-102
張新仁主編（2002）。學習與教學新趨勢。臺北：心理出版社。

二、英文部分
Adams D.（2001）. Learning from experience-making the most
of work-based learning. Journal of Geography in Higher Education,25（1）,pp.235-240
Al-Khayyat R. M., & Elgamal M. A.（1999）. A macro model of training and development: Validation. Journal of European Industrial Training,21（3）,pp.87-101
Alliger, G.M., & Janak, E.A.（1989）. Kirkpatrick’s levels of training criteria: thirty years later. Personnel Psychology,42（2）,pp.331-342
American Management Association（2002）. A Performance model that delivers. Human Resource Focus,79（2）,pp.3-4
Argyris, C.（1999） On organizational learning.（2nd ed.） Blackwell:Massachusetts.
Axtell C. M., Maitlis Sally ,& Shawn Y.（1997）. Predicting immediate and longer-term transfer of training. Personnel Review;26（3）.pp.201-213
Baker, L., & Brown, A.L.（1984）.Metacognitive skills in reading. In D. Pearson（Ed.）,Handbook of reading research. Newark, DE: international Reading Association.pp.353-394
Baldwin T. T.（1992）.Effects of alternative modeling strategies on outcomes of intersonal-skills training. Journal of Applied Psychology ,77（2）,pp.147-154
Baldwin, T.T., & Ford, J.K.（1988）.Transfer of training: A review and directions for future research. Personnel Psychology, 41,pp.63-105
Bandura, A.（1977）.Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review; 84,pp.191-215
Barnard Y. F., Veldhuis G. J.,& van Rooij J. C.G.M.（2001）.Evaluation in practice: identifying factors for improving transfer of training in technical domains. Studies in Educational Evaluation,27（3）,pp.269-290
Bassi, L. J.,& Cheney, S.（1997）. Benchmarking the best. Training & Development, November,pp.60-64
Bates, R.A., Holton, E.F.Ⅲ.,& Seyler, D.L.（1998）.Factors affecting transfer of training in an industrial setting. In The cutting edge in HRD-1977（pp.5-13）. Baton Rough, LA: International Society for Performance Improvement and the Academy of Human Resource Development.
Benson A. D., Bothra J. & Sharma P.（2004）. A performance support tool for Cisco training program managers. TechTrends,48（2）,pp.54-78
Berardinelli P. K., Burrow J. L. & Dillon J. L. S.（1995,Spring）. Management training: An impact theory. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 6（1）.pp.79-90
Bittel L.R（Eds.）,Training and Development handbook（pp.87-112）New York:McGraw-Hill.
Black W. C.（2001）. Invited reaction: The influence of individual characteristics and the work environment on varying levels of training outcomes. Human Resource Development Quartely,12（1）,pp.25-31
Blalock, H.（1979）. Dilemmas and strategies of theory construction. In Contemporary issues in theory and research: A metasociological perspective（pp.119-135.）Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
Bramley, P.（1996）.Evaluating training effectiveness （2nd edition）, London:Mcgraw-Hill
Brinkerhoff R. O.（1988）. An integrated evaluation model for HRD. Training and Development,42（2）,pp.66-68
Broad, M.L., & Newstrom, J.W.（1992）.Transfer of training: Action-packed storagies to ensure high payoff from training investment. Reading, MA:Addison-Wesley.
Brown T. and Morrissey L.（2004）.The effectiveness of verbal self-guidance as a transfer of training intervention: Its impact on presentation performance, self-efficacy and anxiety. Innovations in Education and Teaching International,41（3）,pp.255-270
Bruce T. J., Tannenbaum S. I.,& Kavanagh M. J.（1995）. Applying trained skills on the job: The importance of the work environment. Journal of Applied Psychology,80（2）,pp.239-252
Bruce T. J., Tomothy S. I.,Hinkin R., Tannenbaum S. & Mathieu J. E.（2001）.The influence of individual characteristics and the work environment on varying levels of training outcomes. Human Resource Development Quarterly,12（1）,pp5-23
Burke M. J., Sarpy S. A. et al.（2006）. Relative effectiveness of worker safety and health training methods. American Journal of Public Health,96（2）,pp.315-324
Burrow J & Berardinelli P.（2003）. Systematic performance improvement- refining the space between learning and results. Journal of Workplace Learning, 15（1）,pp.6-13
Carnevale, A. P.,&Schulz, E. R.（1990）.Evaluation framework, design, and reports. Training and Development Journal; 44（7）
Cattel,R.B.（1963）.Theory of fluid and crystallized intelligence: A critical experiment. Journal of educational Psychology,54,pp.1-22
Chen,G.,Gully, S.M.,& Eden, D.（2001）. Validation of a new general self-efficacy scale. Organizational Research Methods,4,pp.62-83
Chen G. , Thomas B. & Wallace J.C.（2005）. A multilevel examination of the relationships among training outcomes, mediating regulatory processes, and adaptive performance. Journal of Applied Psychology,90（5）,pp.827-841
Chen Hsin-Chin（2003）. Cross-cultural construct validation of the learning transfer system inventory in Taiwan. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Louisiana State University, Louisiana.
Cheng E. W.L., & Ho D. C.K.（1999）. A review of transfer of training studies in the past decade. Personnel Review,30（1）,pp.102-118
Chiaburu D. S.,& Tekleab A. G.（2005）. Individual and contextual influences on multiple dimensions of training effectiveness. Journal of European Industrial Training,29（8）,pp.604-626
Colquit J. A., LePine J. A., & Noe R. A.（2000）. Toward an integrative theory of training motivation: A meta-analytic path analysis of 20 years of research. Journal of Applied Psychology,85（5）,pp.678-707
Daniels S.（2003）. Employee training: A strategic approach to better return on investment. Journal of business Strategy,24（5）,pp.39-42
Davidson J.E. and Sternberg R.J.（1998）.Smart problem-solving: How metacognition helps, in Metacognition in Educational Theory and Practice （pp.47-68）. Lawrence Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ,
Donovan P., Hannigan K.., & Crowe D.（2001）. The Learning transfer system approach to estimating the benefits of training: Empirical evidence. Journal of European Industrial Training, 25, pp.221-228
Dubin, R.（1978）.Theory building（rev.ed）.New York: Mcgraw-Hill
Dweck,C.S.（1986）.Motivational processes affecting learning. American Psychologist,41,pp.1040-1048
Easterby-Smith, M.（1986）.Evaluation of management education, Training and Development, Aldershot: Gower.
Eddy E. R., Tannenbaum S.Ⅰ.（2003）.Transfer in an e-learning context. In Improving learning transfer in organization（pp.161-194）. San Francisco, CA:Jossey-Bass.
Emerson B.（2002）. Training for performance measurement success. Government Finance Review,18（2）,pp.22-25
Enos M. D. & Kehrhahn M.（2002, March）.Transfer of learning: How managers develop proficiency. Paper presented at the 2002 AHRD Conference, Honolulu, Hawaii.
Facteau, J.D., Dobbins, G.H., Russell,J.E.A., Ladd,R.T.,& Kudisch, J.D.（1995）. The influence of general perceptions of the training environment on pretraining motivation and perceived training transfer. Journal of Management,21,pp.1-25
Flavell, J.H.（1979）. Metacognition and cognitive monitoring: a new area of cognitive-developmental inquiry. American Psychologist, 34, pp.906-917
Ford, J. K., Smith, E. M. Weissbein, D. A., Gully, S. M. & Salas, E.（1998）.Relationships of goal orientation, metacognitive activity, and practice strategies with learning outcomes and transfer, Journal of Applied Psychology,83（2）,pp.218-233
Geertshuis S, Holmes M. et al.（2002）. Evaluation of workplace learning. Journal of Workplace Learning,14
Gielen, E. W. M. （1995）. Transfer of training in a corporate setting. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands.
Goldstein, I.L., & Musicante, G.R.（1986）.The applicability of a training transfer model to issues concerning rater training. In Generalizing from laboratory to field settings（pp.83-98）.San Francisco: New Lexington Press.
Gordon S., E.（1993）. We do; we learn. Training & Development,47（10）pp.47-53
Gorsuch,R.L.（1983）.Factor Analysis.Hillsdale,NJ:Lawrence Erlbaum.
Hager P.（2004）.Front-loading, Workplace learning and skill development. Educational Philosophy and Theory,36（5）,pp.523-534
Hair, J.E. & Rolph, E.A.,（1998）Multivariate Data Analysis, New Jersey:Prentice-Hall.
Hamilton R. J.（2004）.Material appropriate processing and elaboration: The impact of balanced and complementary types of processing on learning concepts from text. British Journal of Educational Psychology.74,pp.221-238
Hatano, G. & Inagaki, K.（1992）.Destuation cogntion through the construction of conceptuall knowledge, in : P.Light & G. Butterworth（Eds）. Context and Cogntion, Hemel Hempstead: Harvester Wheatsheaf
Hatcher,L.,（1994） A step-by-step Approach to Using the SAS System for Factor Analysis and Structural Equation Modeling,NC:SAS Institute.
HR Focus（2002）.A Performance model that delivers.79（9）.pp.3-4.
Hatton A.（2003）. Adding heart to your evaluation. A presentation given for the CIPD at HRD Week.pp.210-216
Holladay C. L.,& Quinones M. A.（2003）.Practice variability and transfer of training: The role of self-efficacy generality. Journal of Applied Psychology,88（6）.pp.1094-1103
Holton ⅢF., Bates R., Seyler D.L., & Carvalho M.B.（1997）. Toward construct validation of a transfer climate instrument. Human Resource Development Quarterly,8（2）,pp.95-113
Holton Ⅲ.F（2005）.The Learning Transfer System Inventory. Retrieved Aug.2, 2005.from http://edholton.com/_private/New%20EdHolton/LTSI.htm
HoltonⅢ E. F., Bates R. A., Ruona W. E. A.（2000）. Development of a generalized learning transfer system inventory. Human Resource Development Quartely,11（4）,pp.333-360
Huang Tung-Chun（2001）.The relation of training practices and organizational performance in small and medium size enterprises. Education+Training, 43（8/9）,pp.437-444
Illustrated Oxford Dictionary（1998）.Oxford University Press.Britain
Inagaki,K. & Hatano,G.（1987）.Young children’s spontaneous personification as analogy. Child Development,58,pp.1013-1020
James,L.R., James, L.A., & Ashe,D.K.（1990）.The meaning of organization: The role of cognition and values. In Organization Climate and Culture（pp.40-84）.San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Kaiser,H.F.（1974）,An Index of Factorial Simplicity. Psycholmetrika, 39,pp.31-36
Kim D. H.（1993）. The Link between individual and organizational learning. Sloan Management Review,35（1）pp.37-50
Kirkpatrick,D.L.（1967）.Evaluation of training. In R.L. Craig &
Kirkpatrick Jim（2005）.Transferring learning to behavior. Paper presented at the ASTD.
Knowles,M.S.（1984）.The Adult learner:A neglected species. Houston:Gulf Publishing Company.
Kolb D.A.（1984）.Experiential learning: Experience as the source of learning and development. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey:Prentice-Hall.
Kontoghiorghes,C.（2002）.Predicting motivation to learn and motivation to transfer learning back to the job in a service organization: A new system model for training effectiveness. Performance Improvement Quartely,15（3）.pp.114-129
Latham G. P.（2001）. The reciprocal transfer of learning from journals to practice. Applied Psychology: An International Review,50（2）,pp.201-251
Lee C., Hyuk K. J. &.Jacobs R. L.（2002, March）.Expanding the transfer of training domain of structured on-the-job training. Paper presented at the 2002 AHRD Conference, Honolulu, Hawaii.
Leat D. & Lin M.（2003）.Dveloping a pedagogy of metacogntion and transfer : some signposts for the generation and use of knowledge and the creation of research partnerships.British Educational Research Journal,29（3）,pp.383-415
Lim,D.H.（2000）.Training design factors influencing transfer of training to the workplace within an international context. Journal of Vocational Education and Training,52（2）, pp.243-257
Lim D. H. & Morries L. M.（2006）.Influence of trainee characteristics, instructional satisfaction, and organizational climate on perceived learning and learning transfer. Human Resource Development Quartely,vol.17（1）2006 Spring.pp.85-115
Luo, Xueming（2003）. Antecedents of salesperson effectiveness and efficiency performance: A data envelopment analysis, Unpublished doctoral dissertation , Louisiana Tech University, Louisiana.
Machin M. A., &Fogarty G. J.（2003）.Perceptions of training-related factors and personal variables as predictors of transfer implementation intentions. Journal of Business and Psychology,18（1）,pp.51-75
Mann S. & Roberston I. T.（1996）. What should training evaluation evaluate? Journal of European Industrial Training,20（9）,pp.14-20
Marshall,J.C. & Morton, J.（1978）.On the mechanics of EMMA. In A.Sinclair,R.J. Jarvella & W.J.M.Levelt（Eds.）,The child’s conception of language. Berlin:Springer.
Maughan, Mike, Thornhill et al.（1996）. Using the red-blue exercise to facilitate learning transfer : Theory and practice. Journal of European Industrial Training, 20,pp.18-24
Mayer , R. & Wittrock, M.（1996）Problem-solving transferr, in D.Berliner & R. Calfee（Eds.）,Handbook of Educational Psychology.New York:Simon & Schuster Macmillan
McCombs, B.L.（1989）.Self-regulated learning and academic achievement: A phenomenological view. In B.J. Zimmermam & D.H. Schunk（Eds.）, Self-regulated learning and academic achievement: Theory, research and practice. New York, NY:Springer-Verlag,pg.51-82
McMullan Ed, Chrisman J. J. & Vesper K.（2001）. Some problems in using subjective measures of effectiveness to evaluate entrepreneurial assistance programs（2001）. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,26（1）,pp.37-54
Middlebrook J. F.（1996）.How to manage individual performance. Training & Development,50（9）,pp.45-48
Minbaeva, D. B.（2005）HRM practices and MNC knowledge transfer, Personnel Review, 34（1）pp.125-144
Morin L.& Latham G. P.（2000）. The effect of mental practice and goal setting as a transfer intervention on supervisors’self-efficacy and communication skills: an exploratory study. Applied Psychology: An International Review ,49（3）,pp.566-578
Mowday, R. T., Porter, L.W., & Steers, R. M.（1982）. Employee-organization linkage: The psychology of commitment, absenteeism, and turnover. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
Munby H., Versnel J. et al.（2003）. Workplace learning and the metacognitive functions of routines. Journal of Workplace Learning,15（3）,pp.94-104
Naquin S. S., Holton ⅢE. F.（2002）. The effects of personality, affectivity, and work commitment on motivation to improve work through learning. Human Resource Development Quartely,13（4）,pp.357-376
Noe R. A.（2000）.Invited reaction: Development of a generalized learning transfer system inventory. Human Resource Development Quartely,11（4）,pp.361-365
Noe R. A.& Schmitt Neal（1986）. The influence of trainee attitudes on training effectiveness: Test of a model. Personnel Psychology,39（4）,pp.497-523
OECD（2005）,Government should do more to help adult retains, develop skills, says OECD. Retrieved May 23,2005 from http://www.oecd.org/document
Packer M.（2001）.The problem of transfer, and the sociocultural critique of schooling. The Journal of the Learning Sciences,10（4）, pp.493-514
Pam S.（2002）.Emerging challenges for community colleges. The Catalyst 31（3）.pp.22-24
Phillips P. P.and Phillips Jack（2004）. ROI the public sector: Myths and Realities. Public Personnel Management,33（2）.pp,139-149
Patton D., Marlow S. and Hannon P.（2000）.The relationship between training and small firm performance; Research frameworks and lost quests. International Small Business Journal,19.pp.11-27
Piaget,J.（1976）.The grasp of consciousnesss：Action and concept in the young child. Cambridge:Havard University Press.
Pulakos,E.D.,Arad,S.,Donovan,M.A., & Plamondon,K.E.（2000）.Adaptability in the workplace:Development of a taxonomy of adaptive performance. Journal of Applied Psychology,85,pp.612-614
Quionones, M.A.（1995）.Pretraining context effects:Training assignements as feedback. Journal of Applied Psychology, 80, pp.226-238
Redding J.C.（1996）.Assessing organization, team, and individual learning: The Strategic Learning Assessment Process. Paper presented at the 1996 Academy of Human Resource Development 1996 Conference, Minneapolis, MN.
Redding, J., & Catalanello, R.（1994）. Strategic reading: The making of learning organization. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Reid, M.A., & Barrington, H.（1997）.Training Interventions: Managing employee development（fifth edition）,London: Institute of Personnel and Development（IPD）.
Robotham D.（2003）. Learning and training: developing the competent learner. Journal of European Industrial Training.27（9）,pp.473-480
Rotter,J.B.（1966）.Generalized expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcement. Psychological Monographs,80（1,whole No.609）
Rouiller, J. Z.,& Goldstein, I. L.（1993）.The relationship between organizational transfer climate and positive transfer of training. Human Resource Development Quartely,4（4）,pp.377-390
Salas E. & Connon-Bowers J. A.（2001）.The science of training: decade of progress. Annual Review of Psychology,52,pp.471-499
Santos A. & Stuart M.（2003）.Employee perceptions and their influence on training effectiveness. Human Resource Management Journal,13（1）,pp.27-45
Scholz,U., Dona, B.G., Sud, S., & Schwarzer R.（2002）.Is general self-efficacy a universal construct? Psychometric finding from 25 countries. European Journal of Psychology Assessment,18,pp.242-251
Schuetze H. G.（2001, October）Managing university / industry relationship: the role of knowledge management. Paper presented at the meeting Gakujutsu-Sougou Centre,Tokyo.
Schonewille M.（2001）.Does training generally work？ Explaining labour productivity effects from schooling and training. International Journal of Manpower, 22,pp.158
Scott S. & Baker R. G.（2003）. Determining the effectiveness of a teacher preparation course by exploring the transfer of complex teaching models by graduates. Asia-Pacific journal of teacher education,31（1）,pp.67-85
Senge P. et al.（1994）.The fifth discipline（pp.233-294）.London: Nicholas Brealey Publishing.
Senge P.（1995）.Learning infrastructures. Executive Excellence.12（2）,pp.7
Serim & Ferdi（2003）.Planning for growth: Identifying needs and focusing resources for professional development. Multimedia schools. 10（2）.pp.6-8
Simpson M. L.,& Rush L.（2003）.College students’beliefs, strategy employment, transfer, and academic performance: An examination across three academic disciplines, J Coll Read Learn, 33（2）,pp.146-156
Smith-Jentsch K. A., Salas E.（2001）. To transfer or not to transfer？ Investigation the combined effects of trainee characteristics, team leader support, and team climate, Journal of Applied Psychology, 86（2）,pp.279-292
Smith S. A., Kass S. J., Rotunda R. J. & Schneider S. K.（2006）. If at first you don’t succeed: Effects of failure on general and task-specific self-efficacy and performance. North American Journal of Psychology,8（1）,pp.171-182
Soden R.,& Halliday H.（2000）.Rethinking vocational education：a case study in care. International journey of lifelong education, 19（2）,pp.172-182
Spicer D. P.（1998）. Linking mental models and cognitive maps as an aid to organizational learning. Career Development International, 3, pp.125-144
Sternberg,R.J.（1977）.Intelligence, information processing, and analogicall reasoning: The componential analysis of human abilityies. Hillsdale,NJ:Erlbaum.
Stone B.（2002）.Transfer of learning: Implications for professional development. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Northern Colorado, Colorado.
Sutton B.（2005）.Demonstrating the value of learning initiatives. Human Resource.pp.44-47.
Swanson R. A.（1996）. PLS evaluation system: Sales communication case study. Paper presented at the 1996 Academy of Human Resource Development 1996 Conference, Minneapolis, MN.
Tai Wei-Tao（2006）. Effects of training framing, general self-efficacy and training motivation on trainee’training effectiveness. Personnel Review,35（1）,pp.51-65
Takala J.,（2000）ILO Asia-Pacific Newletter. Occup. Health and safety,7,pp.4-8
Tannenbaum S. I.,& Mathieu J. E.（1991）.Meeting trainees’ expectations: The influence of training fulfillment on the development of commitment, self-efficacy, and motivation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 76（2）,pp.759-769
Taylor, M. C.（2000）. Transfer of learning in workplace literacy programs. Adult Basic Education,10,pp.3-21
Tate William（2004）. Applying learning in practice. Industrial and Commercial Training,36,pp.57-60
Teece, D., Pisano, G., and Shuen, A.（1997）Dynamic capability and strategic management, Strategic Management Journal, 18（7）
Thompson D. E., Brook K. & Lizarraga E. S.（2003）.Perceived transfer of learning: from the distance education classroom to the workplace. Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education,28（5）.
Torres R. T., Preskill H. & Piontek M. E.（1996）. Realities of communicating & reporting practices and outcomes. Paper presented at the 1996 Academy of Human Resource Development 1996 Conference, Minneapolis, MN.
Tracey,J.B., Tannenbaum. S.I.,& Kavanagh, M.J.（1995）.Applying trained skills on the job:The importantce of the work environment. Journal of Applied psychology,80,pp.239-252
Tyler K.（2002）.Evaluating evaluations. HR Magazine,47（6）,pp.85-93
Vosburg W. J.（2000）. Factors affecting transfer of training from the classroom to the worksite. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Vanderbilt University.
Vygotsky,L.S.（1978）.Mind in society :The development of higher psychological processes.Cambridge:Havard University Press.
Warr,P., Bird,M.& Rackham, N.（1976）. Evaluation of management training, London: Gower Press.
Wexley,K.R.,& Latham,G.P.（1991）.Developing and training human resources in organizations. New York:Harper Collins.
Wexley , K. N. & Nemeroff , W.（1975）.Effectiveness of positive reinforcement and goal setting as methods of management development. Journal of Applied Psychology, 64, pp.239-246
Winfred A. Jr., Winston B. Jr. et al.（2003）. Effectiveness of training in organization: a meta-analysis of design and evaluation features. Journal of Applied Psychology,88（2）,pp.234-245
Yamnill S. & McLean G. N.（2001）.Theory supporting transfer of training. Human Resource Development Quartely,12（2）,pp.195-208