本研究目的旨在運用設計思考探討銀行職場久坐問題，發展改善員工久坐介入措施，並進行成效評量。研究對象為某銀行員工，研究方法依據Stanford d.School所提出設計思考 (Design Thinking)五個步驟執行。在「同理」及「定義」階段，透過問卷調查50名員工，發現員工每個工作日坐著小時數平均為 7.56小時，肌肉骨骼痠痛調查以頸部、肩部、右手/右手腕部位不適較多，慢性病及下背痛/椎間盤突出病史與久坐呈顯著差異，另訪談10名員工，發現員工幾乎所有工作時間皆採坐姿，上下樓以搭乘電梯為主，加上公司規定因應防疫禁止走到其他樓層等，使得工作時更難有機會走動，較可以起來走動時刻為裝水、上廁所等。在「發想」階段，透過工作小組進行腦力激盪，發想及設計適合介入措施，如減少久坐行為提醒、衛生教育資訊及講座等。在「原型」階段，設計介入措施包(計時器、水杯、計步器及介入措施日誌)、建立LINE@群組發送提醒避免久坐訊息、規劃講座活動等策略。在「測試」階段，邀請10名員工，進行為期三週介入，並分析介入成效，結果發現員工工作日每日坐著小時數從介入前7.82小時減少到介入後的6.54小時，顯示介入措施可降低員工工作日坐著時數，介入措施也可降低員工頸部、肩部、右手手腕及臀部與大腿疼痛指數，另訪談發現介入措施可提升員工覺察久坐行為，進而採取行動。本研究顯示運用設計思考可改善員工久坐行為，建議相關職場可推廣此介入予更多員工，並進一步優化介入措施。

By applying design thinking, this study aims to explore the issue of sedentary behaviours in the workplace in the banking sector, develop interventions to improve this problem among employees, and evaluate their effectiveness. It drew on the five-step process of design thinking proposed by the Stanford d. School as the methodology, with bank employees as the research targets. In the ‘Empathise’ and ‘Define’ phases, a questionnaire survey was administered to 50 employees; the results showed that employees spent an average of 7.56 hours sitting per working day. A survey on musculoskeletal pain revealed that discomfort in the neck, shoulders, and right hand/wrist was most commonly reported among them, and that medical histories of chronic illnesses and lumbago/spinal disc herniation were positively correlated with excessive sitting. Interviews were also conducted with ten employees, while the results showed that they spent almost all of their working time in a sitting position and used elevators as the primary means to move between floors. Additionally, employees had fewer occasions to walk around because of factors such as company rules against travelling to other floors to curb the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic. The only opportunities for moving around were to fetch water and visit the restroom. During the ‘Ideate’ phase, a task force was set up to brainstorm, ideate, and design appropriate interventions such as reminders to reduce sedentary behaviours, health education-related information, and talks. The ‘Prototype’ phase involved strategies such as designing an intervention pack (containing a timer, drinking cup, step counter, and an intervention journal), setting up a group chat on the mobile application ‘LINE’ to send reminders to avoid excessive sitting and related messages, and planning talks and related events. During the ‘Test’ phase, ten employees were invited to undergo a three-week intervention programme, the effectiveness of which was then analysed. The results showed a reduction in the number of hours spent sitting per working day from 7.82 to 6.54 hours after the programme, thus indicating that the interventions were effective in reducing employees’ sitting time per working day. In terms of the pain index, the interventions also lowered the employees’ pain ratings for the neck, shoulder, right hand/wrist, and hip/thigh areas. Meanwhile, the interviews showed that they promoted employees’ awareness of sedentary behaviours, leading them to take actions accordingly. This study demonstrated that design thinking can be applied to improve sedentary behaviours among employees. Workplaces are recommended to further optimise and extend these interventions to more employees.

中文部分
衛生福利部國民健康署(2018)。全民身體活動指引。台北市：衛生福利部國民健康署。取自https://www.hpa.gov.tw/File/Attach/8170/File_7719.pdf
勞動部勞工保險局(2021)。職業災害統計資料，「勞工保險職業病傷病給付人次-按職業病成因、性別及行業別分」。台北市：勞動部勞工保險局。取自file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/02%E7%94%B3%E8%AB%8B%E5%8B%9E%E5%B7%A5%E4%BF%9D%E9%9A%AA%E8%81%B7%E6%A5%AD%E7%97%85%E7%B5%A6%E4%BB%98%E6%A0%B8%E5%AE%9A%E7%8E%87-%E6%8C%89%E7%B5%A6%E4%BB%98%E7%A8%AE%E9%A1%9E%E3%80%81%E8%81%B7%E6%A5%AD%E7%97%85%E6%88%90%E5%9B%A0%E5%8F%8A%E6%80%A7%E5%88%A5%E5%88%86.pdf
勞動部職業安全衛生署(2014)。人因性危害預防計畫指引(初版)。台北市：勞動部職業安全衛生署。取自https://www.osha.gov.tw/media/7186523/%e4%ba%ba%e5%9b%a0%e6%80%a7%e5%8d%b1%e5%ae%b3%e9%a0%90%e9%98%b2%e8%a8%88%e7%95%ab%e6%8c%87%e5%bc%95.pdf
古博文、孫文榮、陳俐蓉 (2016)。老年人靜態行為問卷之發展。大專體育學刊，18(1)，41-55。
李慧貞 (2016)。金融從業人員肌肉骨骼不適症狀之研究(未出版之碩士論文)。國防大學，桃園市。
巫宜芸、曾唯琳、楊朝明、梁又文。 (2020)。具健身與運動習慣者之使用者體驗研究。工業設計，142，64-68。
吳莉君譯(2010)。設計思考改造世界。臺北市：聯經文化。
林孟勳 (2016)。應用QC Story手法分析探討塑膠產品表面問題及設計改善(未出版之碩士論文)。國立高雄應用科技大學，高雄市。
林偉文 (2011)。創意教學與創造力的培育-以「設計思考」為例。教育資料與研究雙月刊，100，53-74。
俞靜庭 (2020)。以服務設計思維建立標準化人員服務SOP ：以臺灣長照巴士司機為例(未出版之碩士論文)。國立臺灣科技大學，台北市。
財團法人國家衛生研究院 (2017)。2017「國民健康訪問調查」結果報告。苗栗縣：財團法人國家衛生研究院。取自file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/2017%E5%B9%B4%E5%9C%8B%E6%B0%91%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7%E8%A8%AA%E5%95%8F%E8%AA%BF%E6%9F%A5.pdf
郭生玉(1983)。心理與教育研究法。台北：精華出版社。
陳上迪、陳俐蓉、王宗進、古博文 (2020)。青少年每日靜態行為的時間分布, 測量與類型: 範域文獻回顧。台灣公共衛生雜誌，39(5)，478-492。
陳佳昕 (2020)。辦公室人員久坐之生理負荷與人因介入探討(未出版之碩士論文)。中山醫學大學，台中市。
陳嘉偉、方進隆 (2011)。加速規在身體活動及能量消耗之應用及其信效度之探討。交大體育學刊，1，101-111。
許芮榕 (2021)。辦公室人員久坐人因問題與伸展運動介入探討(未出版之碩士論文)。中山醫學大學，台中市。
張家慧 (2020)。高科技公司員工職業久坐行為舆心血管疾病及其危險因子之關聯性研究(未出版之碩士論文)。國立臺灣師範大學，台北市。
張靜雲 (2013)。雲端職場壓力管理創新服務模式之研究(未出版之碩士論文)。元培醫事科技大學，新竹市。
黃頂翔、楊忠祥 (2007)。加速規在身體活動量的應用。國北教大體育，2，152-159。
彭筱雯 (2016)。從設計思考探討減重的服務設計(未出版之碩士論文)。國立成功大學，臺南市。
楊文軒 (2018)。成年人靜態行為問卷發展之研究(未出版之碩士論文)。國立彰化師範大學，彰化市。
鄭聖儒、薛名淳、黃品瑄、廖邕 (2016)。久坐行為概念之演變與發展。休閒與社會研究，14，29-40。
劉世南(2021)。設計思考課程教材。衛生福利部國民健康署。取自https://health99.hpa.gov.tw/storage/pdf/materials/22189.pdf
蔡雙伃 (2013)。以使用者經驗為基礎之設計與研究-糖尿病飲食紀錄日誌APP為例(未出版之碩士論文)。國立臺灣科技大學，台北市。
蔣姍芳 (2020)。大學生靜態行為與全人健康的關聯性：以南部某國立大學為例(未出版之碩士論文)。國立高雄大學，高雄市。
薛名淳、黃品瑄、廖邕 (2017)。久坐行為流行病學之研究架構。大專體育，142，65-74。
鄧至開 (2021)。關懷服務設計的研究與應用—以高齡送餐服務為例(未出版之碩士論文)。南臺科技大學，台南市。
Lewrick, M., Link, P., & Leifer, L.. (2021)。設計思考工具箱(朱崇旻譯)。台北：日月文化。(原著出於2020)。
TAKAHASHI, T. B., & Ayu, S. A. T. O。問題解決手法を取り入れたアンガーマネジメントの提案―共感マップを利用して―。

英文部分
Atkin, A. J., Gorely, T., Clemes, S. A., Yates, T., Edwardson, C., Brage, S., ... & Biddle, S. J. (2012). Methods of measurement in epidemiology: sedentary behaviour. International journal of epidemiology, 41(5), 1460-1471.
Bagwell, M. T., & Fiedler, B. A. (2020). Don’t sit this one out: Moderating the negative health impact of sedentary behavior at work. In Three Facets of Public Health and Paths to Improvements (pp. 31-60). Academic Press.
Barwais, F. A., Cuddihy, T. F., & Tomson, L. M. (2013). Physical activity, sedentary behavior and total wellness changes among sedentary adults: a 4-week randomized controlled trial. Health and quality of life outcomes, 11(1), 1-8.
Bankoski, A., Harris, T. B., McClain, J. J., Brychta, R. J., Caserotti, P., Chen, K. Y., ... & Koster, A. (2011). Sedentary activity associated with metabolic syndrome independent of physical activity. Diabetes care, 34(2), 497-503.
Bauman, A., Ainsworth, B. E., Sallis, J. F., Hagströmer, M., Craig, C. L., Bull, F. C., ... & IPS Group. (2011). The descriptive epidemiology of sitting: a 20-country comparison using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). American journal of preventive medicine, 41(2), 228-235.
Bontrup, C., Taylor, W. R., Fliesser, M., Visscher, R., Green, T., Wippert, P. M., & Zemp, R. (2019). Low back pain and its relationship with sitting behaviour among sedentary office workers. Applied ergonomics, 81, 1-8.
Brown, T. (2008). Design thinking. Harvard business review, 86(6), 84.
Brown, T., & Wyatt, J. (2010). Design thinking for social innovation. Development Outreach, 12(1), 29-43.
Bull, F. C., Al-Ansari, S. S., Biddle, S., Borodulin, K., Buman, M. P., Cardon, G., ... & Willumsen, J. F. (2020). World Health Organization 2020 guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour. British journal of sports medicine, 54(24), 1451-1462.
Chau, J. Y., Van Der Ploeg, H. P., Dunn, S., Kurko, J., & Bauman, A. E. (2012). Validity of the occupational sitting and physical activity questionnaire. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 44(1), 118-125.
Carnethon, M., Whitsel, L. P., Franklin, B. A., Kris-Etherton, P., Milani, R., Pratt, C. A., & Wagner, G. R. (2009). Worksite wellness programs for cardiovascular disease prevention: a policy statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation, 120(17), 1725-1741.
Coenen, P., Gilson, N., Healy, G. N., Dunstan, D. W., & Straker, L. M. (2017). A qualitative review of existing national and international occupational safety and health policies relating to occupational sedentary behaviour. Applied ergonomics, 60, 320-333.
Dempsey, P. C., Owen, N., Biddle, S. J., & Dunstan, D. W. (2014). Managing sedentary behavior to reduce the risk of diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Current diabetes reports, 14(9), 522.
Denning, P. J. (2013). Design thinking. Communications of the ACM, 56(12), 29-31.
Design Council. (2007).Eleven lessons: Managing design in eleven global brands—A study of the designprocess. Retrieved June 28, 2018, from https://www.designcouncil.org.uk/resources/report/11-lessons-managing-design-global-brands
Dillon, K., Hiemstra, M., Mitchell, M., Bartmann, N., Rollo, S., Gardiner, P. A., & Prapavessis, H. (2021). Validity of the occupational sitting and physical activity questionnaire (OSPAQ) for home-based office workers during the COVID-19 global pandemic: A secondary analysis. Applied ergonomics, 97, 103551.
Gennuso, K. P., Gangnon, R. E., Matthews, C. E., Thraen-Borowski, K. M., & Colbert, L. H. (2013). Sedentary behavior, physical activity, and markers of health in older adults. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 45(8), 1493.
Gilson, N. D., Suppini, A., Ryde, G. C., Brown, H. E., & Brown, W. J. (2012). Does the use of standing ‘hot’desks change sedentary work time in an open plan office?. Preventive medicine, 54(1), 65-67.
Gómez-Cabello, A., Pedrero-Chamizo, R., Olivares, P. R., Hernández-Perera, R., Rodríguez-Marroyo, J. A., Mata, E., ... & EXERNET Study Group. (2012). Sitting time increases the overweight and obesity risk independently of walking time in elderly people from Spain. Maturitas, 73(4), 337-343.
Hamilton, M. T., Healy, G. N., Dunstan, D. W., Zderic, T. W., & Owen,N. (2008). Too Little Exercise and Too Much Sitting: Inactivity Physiology and the Need for New Recommendations on Sedentary Behavior. Current Cardiovascular Risk Reports, 2(4), 292-298.
Healy, G. N., Dunstan, D. W., Salmon, J. O., Shaw, J. E., Zimmet, P. Z., & Owen, N. (2008). Television time and continuous metabolic risk in physically active adults. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 40(4), 639-645.
Henriksen, D., Richardson, C., & Mehta, R. (2017). Design thinking: a creative approach to educational problems of practice. Thinking Skills Creativity, 26, 140–153.
IDEO.org. 2013. How Might We. https://www.designkit.org/. Accessed May. 13, 2020.
Jalayondeja, C., Jalayondeja, W., Mekhora, K., Bhuanantanondh, P., Dusadi-Isariyavong, A., & Upiriyasakul, R. (2017). Break in sedentary behavior reduces the risk of noncommunicable diseases and cardiometabolic risk factors among workers in a petroleum company. International journal of environMehtal research and public health, 14(5), 501.
Jancey, J., Tye, M., McGann, S., Blackford, K., & Lee, A. H. (2014). Application of the Occupational Sitting and Physical Activity Questionnaire (OSPAQ) to office based workers. BMC public health, 14(1), 1-6.
Jetté, M., Sidney, K., & Blümchen, G. (1990). Metabolic equivalents (METS) in exercise testing, exercise prescription, and evaluation of functional capacity. Clinical cardiology, 13(8), 555-565.
Kang, M., & Rowe, D. A. (2015). Issues and challenges in sedentary behavior measurement. Measurement in physical education and exercise science, 19(3), 105-115.
Katzmarzyk, P. T. (2010). Physical activity, sedentary behavior, and health: paradigm paralysis or paradigm shift?. Diabetes, 59(11), 2717-2725.
King, A. C., Hekler, E. B., Grieco, L. A., Winter, S. J., Sheats, J. L., Buman, M. P., ... & Cirimele, J. (2013). Harnessing different motivational frames via mobile phones to promote daily physical activity and reduce sedentary behavior in aging adults. PloS one, 8(4), e62613.
Lakerveld, J., Loyen, A., Schotman, N., Peeters, C. F., Cardon, G., van der Ploeg, H. P., ... & Brug, J. (2017). Sitting too much: a hierarchy of socio-demographic correlates. Preventive medicine, 101, 77-83.
Levine, J. A. (2014). The chairman's curse: lethal sitting. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 89(8), 1030.
Liedtka, J. (2015). Perspective: Linking design thinking with innovation outcomes through cognitive bias reduction. Journal of product innovation management, 32(6), 925-938.
Löffler, D., Wallmann-Sperlich, B., Wan, J., Knött, J., Vogel, A., & Hurtienne, J. (2015). Office ergonomics driven by contextual design. ergonomics in design, 23(3), 31-35.
Manini, T. M., Carr, L. J., King, A. C., Marshall, S., Robinson, T. N., & Rejeski, W. J. (2015). Interventions to reduce sedentary behavior. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 47(6), 1306.
Matthews, C. E., Chen, K. Y., Freedson, P. S., Buchowski, M. S., Beech, B. M., Pate, R. R., & Troiano, R. P. (2008). Amount of time spent in sedentary behaviors in the United States, 2003–2004. American journal of epidemiology, 167(7), 875-881.
Martin, R. L. (2009). The design of business: Why design thinking is the next competitive advantage. Boston: Harvard Busniess Press.
Mehta, R. K., Shortz, A. E., & Benden, M. E. (2016). Standing up for learning: A pilot investigation on the neurocognitive benefits of stand-biased school desks. International journal of environmental research and public health, 13(1), 59.
Van Uffelen, J. G., Wong, J., Chau, J. Y., Van Der Ploeg, H. P., Riphagen, I., Gilson, N. D., ... & Brown, W. J. (2010). Occupational sitting and health risks: a systematic review. American journal of preventive medicine, 39(4), 379-388.
World Health Organization. (2020). WHO guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour: web annex: evidence profiles.
Osborne, A. F. (1953). Applied imagination: principles and procedures of creative problem solving. Charles Scribener’s Sons, New York .
Owen, N., Healy, G. N., Matthews, C. E., & Dunstan, D. W. (2010). Too much sitting: the population-health science of sedentary behavior. Exercise and sport sciences reviews, 38(3), 105.
Owen, N., Sugiyama, T., Eakin, E. E., Gardiner, P. A., Tremblay, M. S., & Sallis, J. F. (2011). Adults' sedentary behavior: determinants and interventions. American journal of preventive medicine, 41(2), 189-196.
Parrish, A. M., Trost, S. G., Howard, S. J., Batterham, M., Cliff, D., Salmon, J., & Okely, A. D. (2018). Evaluation of an intervention to reduce adolescent sitting time during the school day: The ‘Stand Up for Health’randomised controlled trial. Journal of science and medicine in sport, 21(12), 1244-1249.
Rauth, I., Köppen, E., Jobst, B., & Meinel, C. (2010). Design thinking: An educational model towards creative confidence. In DS 66-2: Proceedings of the 1st international conference on design creativity (ICDC 2010).
Sallis, J., Bauman, A., & Pratt, M. (1998). EnvironMehtal and policy interventions to promote physical activity. American journal of preventive medicine, 15(4), 379-397.
Sallis, J. F., Cervero, R. B., Ascher, W., Henderson, K. A., Kraft, M. K., & Kerr, J. (2006). An ecological approach to creating active living communities. Public Health, 27, 297-322.
Saunders, D. H., Mead, G. E., Fitzsimons, C., Kelly, P., van Wijck, F., Verschuren, O., & English, C. (2018). Interventions for reducing sedentary behaviour in people with stroke. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 6, 1-16.
SBRN. (2021). Retrieved from https://www.sedentarybehaviour.org/sedentary-behaviour-questionnaires/
Shrestha, N., Kukkonen‐Harjula, K. T., Verbeek, J. H., Ijaz, S., Hermans, V., & Pedisic, Z. (2018). Workplace interventions for reducing sitting at work. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (6).
Stephens, B. R., Granados, K., Zderic, T. W., Hamilton, M. T., & Braun, B. (2011). Effects of 1 day of inactivity on insulin action in healthy men and women: interaction with energy intake. Metabolism, 60(7), 941-949.
Thoring, K., & Müller, R. M. (2011). Understanding the creative mechanisms of design thinking: an evolutionary approach. In Procedings of the Second Conference on Creativity and Innovation in Design (pp. 137-147).
Tornqvist, E. W., Hagberg, M., Hagman, M., Risberg, E. H., & Toomingas, A. (2009). The influence of working conditions and individual factors on the incidence of neck and upper limb symptoms among professional computer users. International archives of occupational and environMehtal health, 82(6), 689-702.
Triglav, J., Howe, E., Cheema, J., Dube, B., Fenske, M. J., Strzalkowski, N., & Bent, L. (2019). Physiological and cognitive measures during prolonged sitting: Comparisons between a standard and multi-axial office chair. Applied ergonomics, 78, 176-183.
Tully, M. A., Cupples, M. E., Chan, W. S., McGlade, K., & Young, I. S. (2005). Brisk walking, fitness, and cardiovascular risk: a randomized controlled trial in primary care. Preventive medicine, 41(2), 622-628.
Winkel, J., & Jorgensen, K. (1986). Evaluation of foot swelling and lower-limb temperatures in relation to leg activity during long-term seated office work. Ergonomics, 29(2), 313-328.
Winkel, J. (1981). Swelling of the lower leg in sedentary work-a pilot study. Journal of Human Ergology, 10(2), 139-149.
World Health Organization. (2021).musculoskeletal conditions.
https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/musculoskeletal-conditions
Yang, Y., Shin, J. C., Li, D., & An, R. (2017). Sedentary behavior and sleep problems: a systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 24(4), 481-492.