摩利斯‧拉威爾(Maurice Ravel, 1875-1937)為法國印象樂派的代表作曲家之一，他身處於兩世紀之交的動盪時代，受法國學院式的厚實訓練和文學、繪畫等藝術之薰陶，在延續法國音樂傳統的同時，融合其他各類型的音樂語彙建立個人獨特的音樂風格。

　　鋼琴家柯爾特(Alfred Cortot, 1877-1962)曾讚嘆鋼琴作品《加斯巴之夜》：「作曲家創作了最驚人之器樂作品，豐富了我們這個時代」。拉威爾受到十九世紀前期法國詩人阿洛伊休斯‧貝特朗(Aloysius Bertrand, 1807-1841)的詩集《加斯巴之夜：林布蘭特及卡洛特式的幻想集》(Gaspard de la Nuit: fantaisies à la manière Rembrandt et de Callot, 1836)所啟發，將詩篇中充滿浪漫與幻想的文字化為極具炫技性的三首樂曲，分別為〈水妖〉(Ondine)、〈絞刑台〉(Le Gibet)、〈史卡波〉(Scarbo)。整首作品彷如工藝品一般細緻、華麗，又因其繁複困難的表現技巧，不僅為法國鋼琴作品立下里程碑，亦被後世公認極具挑戰性，成為比賽角逐首獎的常見曲目。

　　為了深入了解此作品與拉威爾，筆者先探討十九世紀法國音樂、文學與繪畫對拉威爾的影響，以及拉威爾的生平、音樂風格等，之後探究鋼琴作品《加斯巴之夜》其創作背景，並就旋律素材、和聲變化、結構與曲式等作樂曲解析。以上述的研究做為演奏詮釋的參考，並融合筆者個人練習方法、課堂心得、臨場演奏經驗與錄音資料，陳述筆者對此作品的理解與詮釋。

Towards the end of 19th century, Maurice Ravel (1875-1937) was one of the most important composers in Impressionist movement. His music derives from his deep understanding of literature, acknowledgement of painting, and other form of arts. His unique style and musical vocabulary emerges from both the French tradition and his own developments.

Pianist Alfred Cortot commented upon the work Gaspard de la nuit “(these works)…enrich the repertory of our time by one of the most astonishing examples of instrumental ingenuity ever contrived by the industry of composers.” Ravel was inspired by the collection of poems Gaspard de la Nuit: Fantasies à la maniére de Callot et de Rembrandtearly that was written by early 19th century French poet Aloysius Bertrand. Ravel converted the romantic and fantasy filled verses into three virtuoso pieces, including “Ondine”, “Le Gibet”, and “Scarbo”. The piece became a milestone and set a standard for a new generation of pianistic works. Its elegant, brilliance and the required technique of the piece made its way to the final stages of many international piano competitions.

In order to understand the composer and the piece, I made an inquiry into 19th century French music, literature, and painting. And then I conducted a research on how these influence Ravel's compositional life and musical style. Further, I analyze Gaspard de la nuit its melodies, varied harmonies and the structures aspects. In addition to the above analysis as a point of reference, I include my personal experiences, recordings, and classroom reaction to convey my interpretation of this work.

一、中文書籍

大衛‧伯內特‧詹姆斯。楊敦惠譯。《偉大作曲家群像：拉威爾》。台北：智庫
出版，1995。

艾嘉蕙。《鋼琴水曲之研究─美學觀念與創作技巧之探討》。台北：捷太出版
社，1993。

何欣。《西洋文學史（下）》。台北：五南，1998。

林淑真。《德布西二十四首鋼琴前奏曲研究》。高雄：頌音，1997。

高階秀爾。潘幡譯。《法國繪畫史》。台北：藝術家，1998。

張心龍。《西洋美術史之旅》。台北：雄獅，1999。

陳郁秀。《拉威爾鋼琴作品之研究》。台北：全音出版社，1982。

陳振堯。《法國文學史》。台北：天肯文化出版，1995。

陳漢金。《您說是印象派音樂─德布西的室內樂與管弦樂》。台北：中正文化
中心，2008。

蕭慶瑜。《法國近代鋼琴音樂─從德布西到杜悌尤》。台北：國立編譯館，2009。

二、論文

林昱瑩。淺談拉威爾《加斯巴之夜》〈水妖〉一曲中詩與音樂的結合手法。
國立臺南藝術大學碩士論文。2007。

賴欣如。拉威爾《加斯巴之夜》音樂詮釋與探討。國立臺北藝術大學碩士論文。
2001。

鄭于君。拉威爾：加斯巴之夜，貝多芬：鋼琴奏鳴曲作品五十三《華德斯坦》，
普羅高菲夫：A大調第六號鋼琴奏鳴曲，作品八十二。東海大學碩士論文。2006。

三、西文書籍

Antokoletz, Elliott. Twentieth-century Music. New Jersey:
Prentice Hall, 1992.

Burge, David. Twentieth-Century Piano Music. New York:
Scarecrow Press, 2004.

Burkholder, J. Peter, Donald J. Grout, Claude V. Palisca.
A History of Western Music. New York: Norton & Co., 2006.

Cooper, Martin. ed. The New Oxford History of Music: The
modern age 1890-1960. London:　Oxford University, 1974.

Demuth, Norman. Ravel. London: J. M. Dent & sons Ltd., 1947.

Gordon, Stewart. A History of Keyboard Literature: Music
for the Paino and Its Forerunners. New York: Schirmer Books,
1996.

Gillespie, John. Five Centuries of Keyboard Music. New York:
Dover Publications, 1972.

Myers, Rollo H., Ravel: Life & Works. New York: Greenwood
Press, 1976.

Nichols, Roger. Ravel Remembered. New York: W. W. Norton &
Company, Inc., 1988.

Orenstein, Arbie. Ravel: Man and Musician. New York: Dover
Publications, Inc., 1991.

Perlemuter, Vlado. Hélène Jourdan-Morhange. Ravel according
to Ravel. London: Kahn & Averill, 2005.

Roland-Manuel, Maurice Ravel. London: Dennis Dobson Limited,
1947.

Salzman, Eric. Twentieth-century Music : An Introduction,
3rd. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1988.

四、錄音資料

Gieseking, Walter. Piano. Ravel, M.: Piano Music (Complete).
EMI Classics 0724357479356. 2002. CD.

Michelangeli, Arturo Benedetti. Piano. Piano Recital:
Michelangeli, Arturo Benedetti 1995 Memoria 999105.
1987.CD.

Perl, Alfredi. Piano. Ravel, M.: Piano Music (Complete).
Celestial Harmonies 14306-2. 2011. CD.

Kempff, Freddy. Piano. MUSSORGSKY, M.P.: Pictures at an
Exhibition; RAVEL, M.: Gaspard de la nuit; BALAKIREV, M.A.:
Islamey. BISBIS-SACD-1580. 2008. CD.

五、樂譜

Ravel, Maurice. Gaspard de la nuit for solo piano. London:
Edition Perers. 1991.

Ravel, Maurice. Gaspard de la nuit for solo piano.