研究生: |
許慶堂 |
---|---|
論文名稱: |
科學課文中零代詞對學生閱讀理解的影響 The effect of zero pronouns in text books on students’ reading comprehension |
指導教授: | 楊文金 |
學位類別: |
碩士 Master |
系所名稱: |
科學教育研究所 Graduate Institute of Science Education |
論文出版年: | 2007 |
畢業學年度: | 95 |
語文別: | 中文 |
論文頁數: | 135 |
中文關鍵詞: | 零代詞 、閱讀理解 、科學課文 |
英文關鍵詞: | zero pronoun, reading comprehension, science textbook |
論文種類: | 學術論文 |
相關次數: | 點閱:225 下載:42 |
分享至: |
查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報 |
本研究的主要目的是探討現行七年級「自然與生活科技教科書中含有零代詞(zero pronoun)對於學生閱讀理解的影響,並找出學生閱讀含零代詞課文時,影響學生判斷或尋找零代詞所指為何的因素。研究對象為臺北市某國民小學六年級的學生共69位,並於實驗的過程中,將受測學生分別依其「閱讀理解能力」、「先備知識」、與「日常零代詞用語閱讀理解能力」的高低不同而分組,並進行研究者從教科書中擷取出來的「科學課文中的零代詞測驗」。
研究有下列幾點的發現:
1.當學生在閱讀課文中含有零代詞的課文時,即使文章的內容完全相同,可是學生尋找到的零代詞所指對象卻多半並不相同,因此會讓學生衍生出許多不相同的解釋,並對課文內容產生不同的理解;
2.學生不同的「能力」高低也確實會影響學生對「科學課文中的零代詞閱讀理解」,也就是說高能力的學生在閱讀含有零代詞的科學課文時,其理解能力會比低能力的學生好;
3影響學生閱讀含零代詞的科學課文的學生能力依次為「日常零代詞用語閱讀能力」影響最大,其次為「閱讀能力高低」,再其次為「先備知識高低」;
4.而學生閱讀含零代詞課文時,影響判斷零代詞所指對象的因素,可分為四類:
(1)距離(Distance) :零代詞與其所指的對象在課文中提到的先後間隔距離;(2)競爭度(Competition):零代詞前後可競爭作為其所指對象的詞語數量;(3)顯著性 (Saliency) :指該段落中的競爭詞語若與該段落的話題越相符,則顯著性越高,作為零代詞的所指對象的可能性也越大;(4)一致性(Unity):即零代詞與其所指對象是否屬於同一心理框架、觀點、部分或段落。這四個成分可以說幾乎是不論於口語中使用零代詞或閱讀零代詞文本時所共通的影響因素。
5.學生為了順利解答於課文中所看到的零代詞會運用下列四種策略:
(1)先備知識:即利用搜尋記憶中對句子或語彙熟悉的部分,來彌補零代詞訊息產生的缺漏;(2)顯著性:多數的學生會判斷那些詞彙與當前的話題最為相符,亦即為顯著性越高;(3)詞彙或句子的線索:利用動詞、形容形、副詞等詞語的線索,或對照前後句子的語意,將使找出被零代詞的所指對象更為容易;(4)標點符號:利用標點符號的特性來將段落的句子作分隔,找出合適的語意。學生能使用這四種策略,有效幫助從科學課文中順利地尋回零代詞的所指對象,幫助學生理解課文內容。
The main purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of zero pronouns on seventh graders’ reading comprehension in natural science and living technology text books. It also tried to find out the factors that influence students’ decision on choosing or looking back referents in texts with zero pronouns. The study subjects were 69 sixth graders in an elementary school in Taipei. In the experiment, they were divided into groups based on their levels of “reading comprehension”, “prior knowledge”, “daily zero pronoun reading comprehension” and were tested “the zero pronoun in science texts exam” chosen from text books by the researcher.
Major findings were as follows:
1. Even if the contents were identical, students picked different referents when reading the texts with zero pronouns. It made students have diverse explanations and understanding to the texts.
2. The difference between students’ ability influenced their reading comprehension to zero pronouns in science text books. More capable students had better understanding to the science text books than that of less capable students.
3. The most influential element that affected students’ reading comprehension to zero pronouns in science text books was “daily reading comprehension to zero pronouns”. The second one was “reading comprehension”, and the third one was “prior knowledge”.
4. The factors that influenced students’ choice of referents in a text with zero pronouns could be divided into four categories: (1) Distance: the distance between a zero pronoun and its referent in a text. (2) Competition: number of competitors between a zero pronoun and its referent. (3) Saliency: the more coherent between competitors and the topic of the paragraphs is, the more salient the zero pronouns and its referent is. (4) Unity: whether a zero pronouns and its referent belongs to a same frame, a viewpoint or a paragraph. The four elements are the common impact factors that influence students’ verbal usage of zero pronouns or reading with zero pronouns in text books.
5. Students applied the following four strategies in order to solve the problems of reading with zero pronouns in a text book. (1) Prior knowledge: students searched the familiar parts of the sentences or lexicons in their memories to fill the blank that zero pronouns made. (2) Saliency: Most students could recognize which lexicons fit the topic best. The more coherent between the zero pronoun and the topic was, the more salient the referent was. (3) The clues in lexicons and sentences: When students used clues brought by verbs, adjectives and verbs, or compared pre- and post- sentences, it would be easier to find out the referent to its zero pronoun. (4) Punctuation: Use the characteristics of the punctuation to separate the sentences in a paragraph to find out the proper semantics. The four strategies were effective in helping students to look back for referents to their zero pronouns, and helped students to understand the text better.
[參考文獻]
中文部分:
王彩芬(2004):我國小學「自然與生活科技」教科書之內容分析。臺北市立師範學院科學教育所碩士論文,未出版。
王梅軒(2003):國小課程本位閱讀測量之信度與效度研究。臺北市立師範學院身心障礙教育研究所碩士論文,未出版。
王德亮(2004):漢語零形回指解析---基於向心理導向的研究。現代外語,27(4),350-359。
林英琪(2004):有關水循環的課文對國小六年級學生閱讀理解之影響。臺北市立師範學院/科學教育研究所碩士論文,未出版。
林建平(1994):整合學習策略與動機的訓練方案對國小閱讀理解困難兒童的輔導效果。台灣師範大學教育心理與輔導研究所博士論文,未出版。
林素雯(2003):指導讀寫策略以提升學生科學寫作能力之行動研究。國立台北師範學院數理教育研究所碩士論文,未出版。
汪榮才(1999):國民小學自然科後設認知閱讀策略教學成效之研究。國民教育研究集刊,5,1-64。
徐烈炯(1994):與空語類有關的一些漢語語法現象。中國語文,總第242期,321-329。
朱勘宇(2002):漢語零形回指的句法驅動力。漢語學習,2002(4),73-80。
朱迎春、陶岳煉(2004):漢英零形回指探析。台州學院學報,26(1),51-54。
呂叔湘(1986):漢語句法的靈活性。中國語文,總第194期,1-9.
沈陽(1994):現代漢語空語類的研究。山東教育出版社。
李慧慧(2005):國小閱讀理解困難學生先備知識、詞彙量、工作記憶、推論能力與閱讀理解之關係。國立臺南大學特殊教育學系碩士論文。未出版。
柯華葳(1991):台灣地區閱讀研究文獻回顧。曾志朗主編,中國語文心理學研究第一年度結案報告,31-76。
柯華葳(1999):閱讀理解困難篩選測驗。中國測驗學會測驗年刊,46(2),1-11。
胡壯麟(1994):語篇的銜接與連貫。上海:上海外語教育出版社。
洪蘭(1999):科學資優生語文能力研究的規劃與推動。科學發展月刊,27卷9期, 1066-1073。
高明樂、郭獻庭(2003):從空語類看英語和漢語的不容語法特點[J]。外語研究,2003(3),28-32。
徐烈炯(1988):生成語法理論。上海:外語教育出版社。
徐烈炯(1998):話題的結構與功能。上海:教育出版社。
陳平(1987):漢語零形回指的話語分析。中國語文,總第200期,363-378。
陳平(1991):現代語言學理論。重慶:重慶出版社。
陳世文、楊文金(2006):以系統功能語言學探討學生對不同科學文本的閱讀理解。師大學報,51(1,2),107-124。
許良榮(1997):科學課文結構對於科學學習的影響。國立臺灣師範大學科學教育研究所博士論文,未出版。
張黛琪(2004):零代詞的診斷式測驗與評量。國立臺灣師範大學華語文教學研究所碩士論文。未出版。
趙元任(1968):漢語口語語法。呂叔湘譯,1979。北京:商務印書館。
廖秋忠(1984):現代漢語中動詞的支配成分的省略。中國語文(4):241-247。
廖秋忠(1992):廖秋忠文集。北京:北京語言學院出版社。
候敏、孫建軍(2005):漢語中的零形回指及其在漢英機器翻譯中的處理對策。中文信息學報,2005(1),14-20。
羅素貞(1991):寫作之觀念產出歷程研究。國立政治大學教育研究所碩士論文,未出版。
連啟舜(2002):國內閱讀理解教學研究成效之統合分析研究。國立臺灣師範大學教育心理與輔導研究所碩士論文,未出版。
藍慧君(1991):學習障礙兒童與普通兒童閱讀不同結構文章之閱讀理解與理解策略之比較。國立臺灣師範大學特殊教育研究所碩士論文,未出版。
外文部分:
Ariel, M. (1990). Accessing Noun - phrase Antecedents [M] . London :Routledge .
Ariel, M. (1994). Interpreting Anaphoric Expressions: A Cognitive versus a Pragmatic Approach [J].In Journal of Linguistics,30,3-42.
Chomsky, Noam. (1982). Some Concepts and Consequences of the Theory of Government and Binding. Cambridge: MIT press.
Chomsky, Noam. (1988). Language and Problems of Knowledge. Cambridge: MIT press.
Kintsch, W.(1986). Learning from text. Cognition and Instruction, 3(2), 87-108.
Gersten, Russell; Fuchs, Lynn S.; Williams, Joanna P.; Baker, Scott(2001). Teaching Reading Comprehension Strategies to Students with Learning Disabilities: A Review of Research. Review of Educational Research , 71(2) , p279-320.
Hatim , Basil , Ian Mason. (1997). The t ranslator as Communicator. London and New York : Toutlege.
Huang , C. T. J . (1982). Logical Relations in Chinese and the Theory of Grammar. Ph. D. dissertation. MIT.
Huang , C. T. J . (1984). On the distribution and reference of empty pronouns. Linguistic Inquiry 15 :531 - 574.
Huang, C.-T. James. (1987). Remarks on empty categories in Chinese. Linguistic Inquiry 18:321-337
Le, Cher-leng. (2002). Zero anaphora in Chinese. Taipei : Crane Pub. Co.
Lerner. J. W. (2000).Learning disabilities: Theories, diagnosis, and teaching strategies(8th ed.).Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Co.
Marr, M. B. & Gorley, K. (1982).Children′s recall of familiar and unfamiliar text. Reading Research Quarterly, 18, 89-104.
Mercer, C.D. & Mercer, A.R. (2001). Teaching students with learning problems (6th ed.). N.J : Merrill Prentice Hall.
Pearson, P. D. & Johnson, D. D. (1978). Teaching reading comprehension. New York:Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Rumelhart, D, E(1977).Toward an interactive model of reading. In S. Dornic(Ed.), Attention and performance: VI. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Rumelhart, D, E(1975). Pattern of problem –solving. Englewood Cliffs, NJ:Prentice-Hall.
Tsao, Feng-fu. (1979). A Functional Study of Topic in Chinese: the First Step towards Discourse Analysis. Taipei: Student Book Co.
Radford, A. (1997). Syntactic Theory and The Structure of English —A Minimalist Approach [M] . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
Radford , A. (2000) Syntax : A Minimalist Introduction [M] , Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
Thordyke, P. W.(1977). Cognitive structure in comprehension and memory of narrative discourse. Cognitive Psychology, 9, 77-110.
Xu, Liejiong. (1986). Free Empty Category. Linguistic Inquiry 17. 75-93.
Xu, Liejiong and Langendeen. (1985). Topic Structures in Chinese. Language 61. 1-27.