摘 要
本研究旨在探討完全中學學生運動行為改變階段的分佈及其相關因素，同時驗證運動自我效能、運動社會支持、運動自我調節、運動享樂感以及運動結果期待是否能區分於不同的運動階段。研究設計採自填式問卷，以台北市某完全中學學生為研究對象，使用分層集束抽樣法進行抽樣，最後取得有效樣本734人。資料以百分比、平均值、t考驗、卡方檢定、單因子變異數分析、薛費氏事後多重比較、單因子多變項分析及皮爾森積差相關等統計方法進行分析。重要結果歸納如下：
一、 研究對象運動行為改變階段之分佈為：無意圖期有8.7%、意圖期有16.2％、準備期有56.9％、行動期有4.0％、維持期有14.2％。
二、 歸屬不同運動階段的研究對象，會因性別、年級、運動社團參與的不同而有差異。
三、 歸屬於不同運動階段的研究對象，在運動自我效能上有顯著差異，即『維持期』>『行動期』>『準備期』>『意圖期』>『無意圖期』。運動自我效能與運動行為改變階段呈顯著正向關係。
四、 歸屬於不同運動階段的研究對象，在運動社會支持上除『行動期』與『準備期』以及『意圖期』與『無意圖期』之外，其餘配對均存有顯著差異。運動社會支持與運動行為改變階段呈顯著正向關係。
五、 歸屬於不同運動階段的研究對象，在運動自我調節上除『意圖期』與『無意圖期』之外，其餘配對均存有顯著差異。運動自我調節與運動行為改變階段呈顯著正向關係。
六、 歸屬於不同運動階段的研究對象，在運動享樂感上除『維持期』與『行動期』以及『行動期』與『準備期』之外，其餘配對均存有顯著差異。運動享樂感與運動行為改變階段呈顯著正向關係。
七、 歸屬於不同運動階段的研究對象，在運動結果期待上除『維持期』與『行動期』以及『行動期』與『準備期』之外，其餘配對均存有顯著差異。運動結果期待與運動行為改變階段呈顯著正向關係。
八、 整體而言，歸屬於不同運動階段的研究對象，在運動自我效能、運動社會支持、運動自我調節、運動享樂感、運動結果期待等變項上，有顯著差異。

最後分別對未來中學生運動行為改變階段之提昇及研究方向舉出若干建議。

關鍵字：完全中學學生、運動行為改變階段、運動自我調節

Stage of Exercise Behavior and its Influential Determinants of Students in a High School.

Abstract
The main purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between The stage of change for exercise and its influential determinants of high school students in Taipei City. This study also examined whether Self-efficacy for exercise, Social support for exercise, Self-regulation for exercise, Enjoyment for exercise, and Outcome expectation value for exercise can tell significant differences among five stages of exercise. The data were collected through self- administered questionnaires. The subjects of this survey were selected from students at a certain high school in Taipei. By using a stratified cluster sampling method, 734 of the valid samples chosen randomly were collected. Descriptive statistics, Chi-square test, t-test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson product-moment correlation, and one-way MANOVA were used to analyze the data. The results of this research were as follows:
1. In stages of exercise behavior change, 8.7% of the subjects were in Precontemplation, 16.2% in Contemplation, 56.9% in Preparation, 4.0% in Action, and 14.2% in Maintenance.
2. Gender, grade, and sport team participation were significantly related to The stage of change for exercise.
3. In Self-efficacy for exercise, there are significant differences among subjects of The stage of change for exercise, namely, Maintenance > Action > Preparation> Contemplation > Precontemplation.
4. In Social support for exercise, except the stages from Preparation to Action and the stages from Precontemplation to Contemplation, the other pairs have significant differences among subjects of The stage of change for exercise.
5. In Self-regulation for exercise, except the stages from Precontemplation to Contemplation, the other pairs show significant differences among subjects of The stage of change for exercise.
6. In Enjoyment for exercise, except the stages from Action to Maintenance and the stages from Preparation to Action, the other pairs show significant differences among subjects of The stage of change for exercise.
7. In Outcome expectation value for exercise, except the stages from Action to Maintenance and the stages from Preparation to Action, the other pairs have significant differences among subjects of The stage of change for exercise.
8. All in all, Self-efficacy for exercise, Social support for exercise, Self-regulation for exercise, Enjoyment for exercise, and Outcome expectation value for exercise made significant differences to distinguish stage from stage. There is a significantly positive relationship between the five important variants and The stage of change for exercise.
Suggestions of future researches and promotion of the stage of change for exercise in the high school are advocated at the end of this thesis.

Key words: high school student, the stage of change for exercise, Self-regulation for exercise

參考文獻

中文部分

人口與健康調查研究中心（2002）。民國九十一年國民健康促進知識、態度與行為調查之成果報告。

牛玉珍（1997）。教師規律運動行為影響因素之研究，以交通大學為例。未出版碩士論文，國立臺灣師範大學衛生教育學系，臺北市。

王淑芳（2000）。影響婦女孕期運動行為之相關研究。未出版碩士論文，國立臺灣師範大學衛生教育學系，臺北市。

王瑞霞（1994）。社區老年人健康體能活動參與及相關因素的探討。行政院衛生署八十三年度委託研究計畫。

行政院體育委員會(1999)。「提升學生體適能中程計畫」。行政院體育委員會公報。

行政院主計處(2000)。社會發展趨勢調查，休閒時間從事之活動概況。http://www129.tpg.gov.tw/mbas/social.htm

行政院綜計處（2002）。九十一年體育統計。臺北市：展售書局。

行政院體育委員會（2003）。運動人口倍增實施計畫。行政院體育委員會公報，14，1-9。

行政院衛生署(2003) 。中華民國九十一年臺灣地區主要死亡原因分析。http://www.doh.gov.tw/statistic/index.htm

李明憲(1998)。國小國中學生體能活動健康體能相關影響因素之調查研究-以花蓮縣宜昌國民小學花蓮縣、宜昌國民中學兩所學校為例。未出版博士論文，國立臺灣師範大學衛生教育學系，臺北市。

李彩華(1998)。臺北市國中學生身體活動量及其影響因素研究。未出版碩士論文，國立臺灣師範大學體育學系，臺北市。

李彩華、方進隆(1999)。國中學生身體活動量與體適能相關因素研究。體育學報，25，139-148。

李思招(2000)。護理學生規律運動行為相關研究一以臺北護理學院學生為例。未出版碩士論文，國立臺灣師範大學衛生教育學系，臺北市。

李碧霞(2001)。中年人運動階段、身體活動及其影響因素之研究一以臺北市中山區居民為例。未出版博士論文，國立臺灣師範大學衛生教育學系，臺北市。

呂昌明、卓俊辰、黃松元、吳姿瑩(2002)。應用跨理論模式促進青少年身體活動之研究。行政院國家科學委員會專題研究計畫成果報告(計畫編號：NSC90-2413-H-003-057)。

呂昌明、林旭龍(2001) 。應用跨理論模式於工作場所員工運動行為之研究。行政院國家科學委員會補助專題研究計畫成果報告(計畫編號: NSC89-2413-H-003-093-)。

呂昌明、李明憲、楊殷賢 (1997) 。都市學童規律運動行為及其影響因素之研究。街生教育論文集刊，10，53-66。

呂昌明、林旭龍、黃奕清、李明憲(1999) 。體能活動自我報告量表之效度及信度的研究。行政院國科會專題研究計畫成果報告(NSC88-2413-H-003-040)。

呂昌明、李明憲和陳錫琦(2000) 。都市國小學童身體活動及其影響因素之研究。衛生教育學報，14，95-110。

呂昌明、林旭龍、黃奕清、李明憲。王淑芳(2000) 。身體活動自我報告量表之效度及信度的研究一以Polar Vantage NV心搏率監測器為效標。衛生教育學報，14，33-48。

呂昌明、郭曉文、王淑芳、林旭龍、李碧霞。 (2003) 。應用跨理論模式於學童母親運動行為之研究。衛生教育學報，19，57-70。

卓玉蓮(2001) 。應用跨理論模式促進國中學生身體活動:認知一行為教育介入。未出版碩士論文，國立臺灣師範大學體育學系，臺北市。

季瑋珠、符春美(1992) 。社區民眾從事運動之研究。中華衛誌，11(4)，328-339

吳宜寧(1996)。青少年的日常生活壓力、社會支持與因應策略之探討---以高中職學生為例。未出版碩士論文，私立東吳大學社會工作研究所，臺北市。

吳蕙米(2000) 。不同強度有氧運動與熱量攝取控制對身體組成及生理相關因素影響之研究。大專體育，51期，46-53頁。

林旭龍(2000) 。應用跨理論模式於大學女生身體活動之主客觀評價的研究。未出版博士論文，國立臺灣師範大學衛生教育學系，臺北市。

林麗鳳（2004）。大學生運動行為改變之研究：跨理論模式之追蹤應用。未出版博士論文，國立臺灣師範大學衛生教育學系，臺北市。

林寶珍(2001)。國中生災後壓力、人格特質、社會支持、因應策略與心理健康之研究---以南投災區國中生為例。未出版碩士論文，靜宜大學青少年兒童福利研究所，臺中市。

林靖斌（2001）。國中學生規律運動及其影響因素之研究-以宜蘭縣文化國中為例。未出版碩士論文，國立臺灣師範大學體育學系，臺北市。

祝年豐(2001) 。華人心血管病及腦中風預防研討會。臺北。民90年6月3日，取自: http://www.wedar.com/library4/et/et010604b.htm

高毓秀(2002)。職場員工運動行為改變計畫之實驗研究---跨理論模式。未出版博士論文，國立臺灣師範大學衛生教育學系，臺北市。

高毓秀、黃奕清(2000)。成年人運動行為影響因素之徑路分析。護理研究， 8(4) 435-445。

郭曉文(2000) 。學童母親規律運動行為之相關因素探討。未出版碩士論文，國立臺灣師範大學衛生教育學系，臺北市。

陳芮淇（2001）。新竹市某高職學生運動行為及其影響因素之研究。未出版碩士論文，國立臺灣師範大學體育學系，臺北市。

陳秀珠(1999) 。老人運動行為及其相關因素之研究---以臺北市基督長老教會松年大學五十五歲以上學員為例。未出版碩士論文，國立臺灣師範大學衛生教育學系，臺北市。

陳曼玲(2003) 。27%大專學生完全不運動。中央日報3月14日。民92年3月14日，取自: http://tw.news.yahoo.com/2003 /03/14 /leisure /cdn/ 3866437 .html

陳鴻雁（2000）。臺灣地區青少年參與休閒運動現況之研究。大專體育。48期，75-81頁。

教育部體育司(2002)。提昇學生體適能中程計畫-333計晝。民91年7月7日。取自:http://www.2.edu.tw/physical/sport/333plan/333plarl.htm

張正發（2000）。臺北縣新莊市國小學生家長運動參與行為及其影響因素之研究。未出版碩士論文，。國立體育學院體育研究所，臺北縣。

張碧芳（2004）。應用跨理論模式於大專女生運動行為之研究-以臺北縣某技術學院女學生為例。未出版碩士論文，國立臺灣師範大學衛生教育學系，臺北市。

張郁芬(2001) 。國小教師工作壓力、社會支持與身心健康之研究。未出版碩士論文，。國立嘉義大學國民教育研究所，嘉義市。

馮木蘭(2002)：女性青少年身體活動狀況及其影響因素之探討一應用健康促進模式。未出版碩士論文，國立臺灣師範大學體育學系，臺北市。

黃毓華(1995) 。大學生健康促進生活型態及其預測因子。未出版碩士論文，。私立高雄醫學院護理研究所，高雄市。

黃婉茹（2003）。應用跨理論模式於職場女性運動行為之研究。未出版碩士論文，國立臺灣師範大學衛生教育學系，臺北市。

黃任要（2003）。苗栗市高中學生課後運動行為及其影響因素調查研究。未出版碩士論文，國立臺灣師範大學體育研究所，臺北市。

黃奕清、林宗智、高毓秀（2000）。國小學童目標取向雨中重度體能活動關係---性別、年級及種族之差異探討。體育學報，29，71-80。

黃耀宗、季立康（2003）。從行為改變的階段探討對運動促進策略-跨理論模式的運用。國民體育季刊，32（2），7-12。

曾佳珍(1999) 。以理性行動理論與自我效能探討某大學學生從事規律運動之意圖。國立臺灣大學護理學研究所碩士論文。

葉琇珠(2000) 。大學生健康概念與健康促進生活型態之探討。未出版碩士論文，。國立陽明大學社區護理研究所，臺北市。

蔡淑菁(1996) 。臺北市國小學童體能活動及其影響因素之研究。未出版碩士論文，國立臺灣師範大學衛生教育學系，臺北市。

蔡佳宏(2002)。應用跨理論模式於老人運動行為之研究--以臺北市中山區長青學苑學員為例。未出版碩士論文，國立臺灣師範大學衛生教育學系，臺北市。

楊宜川（1995）社區民眾從事體能活動的情形及其認知之研究。行政院衛生署八十四年度委託研究計畫。

劉翠薇（1995）。北縣某商專學生運動行為及其影響因素之研究。未出版碩士論文，國立臺灣師範大學衛生教育學系，臺北市。

劉俐蓉（2003）。臺北市立士林國中學生中重度身體活動量、運動階段及其相關因素之研究。未出版碩士論文，國立臺灣師範大學衛生教育學系，臺北市。

劉坤宏（2003）。彰化縣國中生運動行為及其影響因素之研究。。未出版碩士論文，國立臺灣師範大學體育學系，臺北市。

劉翠薇、黃淑貞(1999)。臺北縣某商專學生運動行為及其影響因素之研究。學校衛生，34，1-32。

龍炳峰(2000)。國民小學學童規律運動行為及其相關因素之研究。體育學報，29，81-91。

鍾東蓉(2000)。臺北市立高中導師運動行為及其影響因素調查研究。未出版碩士論文，國立臺灣師範大學衛生教育學系，臺北市。

簡曜輝、季力康、卓俊伶、宏聰敏、黃英哲、黃崇儒、廖主民、盧俊宏（2002）。競技與健身運動心理學。臺灣運動心理學會。臺北。

羅沁芳（2003）。臺北市某國中學生同儕支持與健康促進生活形態之相關研究。未出版碩士論文，國立臺灣師範大學衛生教育學系，臺北市。

藍辰聿(1998)。臺北市某國小學童中重度體能活動及其影響因素之研究。未出版碩士論文，國立臺灣師範大學衛生教育學系，臺北市。

蘇振鑫（1999）。運動健康信念與四棟行為之關係研究---以運動健康信念模式探討中老年人的運動行為。未出版碩士論文，。國立體育學院體育研究所，臺北縣。
西文部分

Allison, K. R., Dwyer, J. M., & Makin, S. (1999). Perceived barriers to physical among high school students. Preventive Medicine, 28, 608-615.

American College of Sports Medicine. (1990). The recommended quantity and quality of exercise for developing and maintaining cardiorespiratory and muscular fitness in healthy adults. Medical and Science in Sports and Exercise, 22, 265-274.

American College of Sports Medicine.(1978). Position stand on the recommended quantity and quality of exercise for developing and maintaining fitness in healthy adults. Medicine and Science in Sports, 10,7-10.

American College of Sports Medicine. (1985). Guidelines for graded exercise testing and exercise prescription (3th ed.) Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger.

American Heart Association.(1995). Strategic plan for promoting physical activity. Dallas, TX: American Heart Association.

Bandura, A. (1996). Self-efficacy in changing societies. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavior change. Psychological Reviews, 84, 191-215.

Bandura, A. (1986). Social Foundations of Thougfit and Action. : A Social Cognitive Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall.

Bandura, A. (1997). Self-Efficacy: The exercise of Control. New York; Freeman.

Bartholomew, J.B., & Under, D.E. (1998). State anxiety following resistance exercise:The role of gender and exercise intensity. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 21, 205-219.

Becker, M.H., & Maiman, L.A. (1975). Sociobehavioral determinants of compliance with health care and medical care recommendations. Medical Care, 13, 10-24.

Berger, B.C., & McInman. (1993). Exercise and the quality of life. In Singer, R.N., Murpuh, M., & Tennant, L.K. (Eds.), Handbook of research on sport psychology (pp. 729-760). New York: Macmillan Publishing.

Biddle, S. (1993). Children, exercise, and mental health. Int. Journal Sport Psychology , 24, 200-216.

Blair, S.N., Kohl, H.W., Gordon, N.F., & Paffenbarger, R.S. (1992). How much physical activity is good for health ? Annual Review of Public Health, 13, 99-26.

Blair, S.N., & Connelly, J.C. (1996). How much physcial activity shoild we do? The cade for moderate amounts and intensities of physical activity. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport , 67, 193-205.

Bloomfield, S.A. (1997). Changes in musculoskeletal structure and function with prolonged bed rest. Medicine Science Sports exercise, 29(2), 197-206.

Booth, M.L., Owen, N., Bauman, A., Clavisi, O., & Leslie, E. (2000). Social-cognitive and perceived environment influences associated with physical activity in older Australians. Preventive Medicine, 31(1), 15-22.

Brehm, T.A., Jannotta, J.G. (1998). Women and physical activity: Active lifestyles enhance health and well-being. Journal of Health Education, 29, 89-92.

Brownell, K.D, Kaye, F.S. (1982). A school-based behavior modification, nutrition education, and physical activity program for obese children. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition , 35, 277-83.

Calfas, K.J., Sallis, J.F., & Nichols, J.F., et al. (2000). Project GRAD: two-year outcomes of a randomized controlled physical activity intervention among young adults. American Journal Prevention Medicine, 18, 28-37.

Callaghan, P., Eves, F., Norman, P., Chang, A. M., & Chenug, Y. L. (2002). Applying the Transtheoretical Model of Change to exercise in young Chinese people.British.Journal of Health Psycjology, 7, 267-282.

Cardinal, B.J. (1997). Construct validity of stages of change for exercise behavior. American Journal of Health Promotion, 22(1), 68-74.

Caspersen, C.J., Powell, K E., & Christenson, G.M. (1985) . Physical activity, exercise, and physical fitness: definitions and distinctions for health-related research. Public Health Reports, 100, 126-131.

Castro, C.M., Sallis, J.F., Hickman, S.A., Lee, R E., & Chen, A H. (1999). A prospective study of psychosocial correlates of physical activity for ethnic minority women. Health Psychology, 14, 277-293.

Clark, D. O. （1997）. Physical activity efficacy and effectiveness among older adults and minorities. Diabetes Care, 20(7), 1176-1182

Clark, D. O., Patrick, D. L., Grembowski, D., & Duram, M. L. (1995). Socioeconomic status and exercise self-efficacy in late life. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 18(4), 355-376.

Crocker, P.R.E., Bouffard, M., Gessaroli, M.E. (1995). Measuring Enjoyment in Youth Sport Settings: A Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 17, 200-205.

Corti, B., & Donovan, R.J. (2002). The relative influence of individual- l,social and physical environment determinants of physical activity. Social Science & Medicine, 54, 1793-1812.

Deflandre, A., Lorant, J., Gavarry, 0., & Falgairette, G. ( 2001). Determinants of physical activity and Physical and sports activities in French school children. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 92, 399-414.

Desharnais, R., Bouillon, J., & Godin, G. (1986), Self-efficacy and Outcome Expectations as Determinants of Exercise Adherence. Psychological Reports, 59, 1155-1159.

Dilorenzo, T.M., Stucky-Ropp, R.C., Wal, J.V., & Gotham, H.J. (1998). Determinants of exercise among children.II.a longitudinal analysis. Preventive Medicine, 27, 470-477.

Dishman, R.K., Sallis, J.E., & Orenstein, D.R. (1985). The determinants of physical activity and exercise. Public Heath Reports, 100(2), 158-171.

Dubber, P.（1992）. Exercise in behavior medicine. Journal of Consulting Clinical and Psychology, 60, 613-618.

Dunn, A.L., Marcus, B.H., & Kampert, J.B., et al（1999）. Comparison of lifestyle and structured interventions to increase physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness: A randomized trial. JAMA, 281, 327-34.

Dwyer, J.J.M., Allison, K.R. & Makin, S. (1998). Internal structure of a measure of self-efficacy in physical activity among high school students. Social Science Medicine, 46(9), 1175-1182.

Dzewaltowski, D.A. (1989). Toward a model of exercise motivation. Journal of Sport and Exercise psychology, 11, 251-269
Dzewaltowski, D.A., Noble, J.M., & Shaw, J.M. (1990). Physical Activity Participation. SCT VS the TRA and PB, 12, 388-405

Epstein, L.H., Valoski, A.M. & Wing, R.R. (1994）. Ten-year outcomes of behavioral family-based treatment for childhood obesity. Health Psychology, 13, 373-383.

Epstein, L.H., Valoski, A.M., Vara, L.S., et al.（1995）. Effects of decreasing sedentary behavior and increasing activity on weight change in obese children. Health Psychology, 14, 109-15.

Fallon, E.A., & Hausenblas, H.A. (2001). Transtheoretrical model of behavior change:Does the termination stage exist for exercise ? Journal of Human Movement Studies,40(6), 465-479.

Fillingim, R.B., & Blumenthal, J.A. (1993). Psychological effects of exercise among the early. In Seraganian, P., (Ed.), Exercise psychology: The influence of physical exercise on psychological process (pp. 237-253). New York: John Wiley & Sons.

Fisher, M., Juszczak, L., & Friedman, S.B. （1996）. Sports participation in an urban high school: academic and psychological correlates. Journal Adolesc Health, 18, 329-34.

Fitzgerald, S.J., Kriska, A.M., Pereira, M.A., & Courten, M.P. (1997). Associations among physical activity,television watching,and obesity in adult Pima Indians. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 29(7), 910-915.
Garcia, A.W., Pender, N.J., Antonakos, C.L., Ronis, D.L. （1998）. Changes in physical activity beliefs and behaviors of boys and girls across the transition to junior high school. Journal of Adolescent Health, 22, 394-402.

Gill, D.L., Gross, J.B., & Huddleston, S. （1983）. Participation motivation in youth sports. Internation Journal Sport Psychology, 14, 1-14.

Gould D, Feltz, D., & Weiss, M.R. （1985）. Motives for participating in competitive swimming. Internation Journal Sport Psychology, 6, 126-40.

Gutin, B., Owens, S., & Slavens, G., et al.（1997）. Effect of physical training on heart periodvariability in obese children. Journal Pediatr, 130, 938-943.

Gries, J.H., Klein, M.H., Eischens, R.R., & Faris, J.T. (1978). Running out of depression. The Physician and Sportsmedicine, 6, 49-56.

Haapanen, N., Miilunpalo, S., & Pasanen, M., et al. （1997）. Association between leisure time physical activity and 10-year body mass change among working-aged men and women. Internation Journal Obese Relation Metab Disord, 21, 288-96.

Haskell, W.L. (1994). Dose-response issues from a biological perspective. In Bouchard, C., Shephard, R.J., & Stephens, T., (Eds.), Physical, activity, fitness, and health (pp.1030-1039 ) . Champaign. IL: Human Kinetics.

Hsieh, S.D., Yoshinaga, H., & Muto, T. el al.（1998）. Regular physical activity and coronary risk factors in Japanese men. Circulation, 97(7), 661-665.

Jakicic, J.M., Wing, R.R., Butler, B.A., & Jeffery, R.W. (1997). The Relationship Between Presence of Exercise Equipment In the Home and Physical Activity Level. The Science of Health Education. 11 (5), 363-365.

Jaffee, L., Lutter, J.M., Rex, J., Hawkes, C., & Bucaccio, P. (1999). Incentives and Barriers to Physical Activity for Working Women.American. Journal of Health Promotion, 13(4), 215-218.

Jette, A.M., Harris, B.A., & Sleeper, L., et al.（1996）. A home-based exercise program for non-disabled older adults. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 44, 644-649.

John, M., Jacker, Rena, R., Wing, A., & Robert. W. (1997). The relationship between presence of exercise equipment in the home amd physical activity level. The Science of Health Promotion, 11(5), 363-365.

Kahn , E.B., Ramsey, L.T., & Brownson, R.C., et al. (2002). The Effectiveness of Interventions to Increase Physical Activity. American Journal Prevention Medical, 22, 73-92.

Kearney, J.M., Graaf, C., Damkjaer, S., & Engstrom, L.M. (1999). Stages of change towards physical activity in a nationally representative sample in the European Union. Public Health Nutrition, 2, 115-124.

Kelley, B. C. (1994). A model of stress and burnout in collegiate coaches:Effects of gender and time of season. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 65, 48-58.

Kendzierski, D., & DeCarlo, K.J. (1991). Physical activity enjoyment scale: Tow validation studies. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 13, 50 - 64.

Killen, J.D., Robinson, T.N., & Telch, M.J. (1989). The Stanford adolescent heart health program. Health Education Quarterly, 16, 263-83.

King, A.C., Taylor, C.B., & Haskell, W.L.（1993）. Effects of differing intensities and formats of l2 months of exercise training on psychological outcomes in older adults. Health Psychology, 12(4), 292-300.

Kohl, H.W., & Hobbs, K.E. (1998). Development of physical activity behaviors among children and adolescents. American Academy of Pediatrics , 101 (3), 549-554.

Krejcie, R.V., ＆ Morgan, D.W. (1970). Determining sample size for research activities. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 30, 607-610.

LaCroix, A.Z., Leveille, S.G., & Hecht, J.A., et al.（1996）. Does walking decrease the risk of cardiovascular disease hospitalizations and death in older adults? Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 44(2), 113-20.

Laforge, R.G., Velicer, W.F., Richmond, R.L. & Owen, N. (1999). Stage distributions for five health behaviors in the United States and Australia. Preventive Medicine, 28, 61-74.

Lan,C., Lai, J.S., & Wong, M.K., et al.（1996）. Cardiorespiratory function, flexibility, and body composition among geriatric Tai Chi Chuan practitioners. Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, 77(6), 612-616.

Laitakari J. & Miilunpalo S . (1998). How can physical activity be changed - Basic concepts and general principles in the promotion of health - related physical activity . Patient education and counseling , 33, 47-59.

Laporte, R.E., Montoye, H.J., & Caspersen, C.J. (1985). Assessment of physical activity in epidemiologic research : problems and prospects. Public Health Reports, 100(2), 131-146.

Lee, I.M., Hsieh, C.C., & Paffenbarger, R.S.（1995）. Exercise intensity and longevity in men: The Harvard Alumni Health Study. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 273(15), 1179-1184.

Lee, R.E., Nigg, C.R., Diclemente, C.C., & Courneya, K.S. (2001). Validating motivational readiness for exercise behavior with adolescents.Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 72(4), 401-410.
Leenders, J.M., Silver, L.W., White, S.L., Buckworth, J., Sherman, W.M. (2002). Assessment of physical activity,exercise self-efficacy,and Stages of Change in college student esing a Street-Based Survey Method. American Journal of Health Education, 33(4), 199-205.

Leitzmann, M.F., Giovannucci, E.L., & Rimm, E.B., et al.（1998）. The relation of physical activity to risk for symptomatic gallstone disease in men. Annals of Internal Medicine, 128(6), 417-25.

Leslie, E., Johnson-Kozlow, M, Sallis, J. F., Owen, N., Bauman, A. （2003）. Reliability of moderate-intensity and vigorous physical activity stage of change measures for young adults. Preventive Medicine, 37, 177-181.

Levitt, M.J. (1995).Stressful life event, social support, and achievement: A study of three grade level in a multicultural environment.

Long, B.C. & Haney, C.J. (1988). Long-term following-up of stressed working women: A comparison of aerobic exercise and progressive relaxation. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 10, 461-470.

Maddux, J.E. (1995). Looking for common ground: a comment on Kirsch and Bandura. In: Maddux., J.E. (Ed ), Self-Efficacy. Adaptation and Adjustments. Theory, Research, and Application, pp. 377-385. Plenum, New York.

Malina, R.M.（1996）. Tracking of physical activity and physical fitness across the lifespan. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 67, 48-57.

Marcus, B.H., & Forsyth, L.H. (2003). Motivating people to be physically active. USA: Human Kinetics Publishers Inc.

Marcus, B.H., & Owen, N. (1992). Motivational readiness, self-efficacy and decision-making for exercise. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 22, 3-16.

Marcus, B.H., Pinto, B.M., Simkin, L.R., Audrain, J.E., & Taylor, E.R. (1994). Application of theoretical models to exercise behavior among employed women. Journal of Health Promotion, 9(1), 49-55.

Marttila, J., Laitakari, J., Nupponen, R., Miilunpalo, S. & Paronen, O. (1998). The versatile nature of physical activity - on the psychological behaveioral a contextual characteristics of health related physica1activity. Patient education and counseling , 33, 29-38 .

Masse, L.C., Dassa, C., Gauvin L, Giles-Corti, B., Motl, R. （2002）. Emerging measurement and statistical methods in physical activity research. American Journal Prevention Medicine, 23(2), 44-54.

Mayer-Davis, E.J., D'Agostino , R., & Karter, A.J., et al.（1998）. Intensity and amount of physical activity in relation to insulin sensitivity: the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 279(9), 669-674.
McAuley, E., & Duncan, T.E. (1993). Long-tern maintenance of exercise, self-efficacy, and physiological change in older adults. Journal of Gerontology, 48(4), 218-224.

Miller, Y.D., Trost, S.G., ＆ Brown, W.J. （2002）. Mediators of physical behavior change among women with young children. American Journal Prevention Medicine, 23(2), 8-103.

Morgan, W.P. (1987). eduction of state anxiety following acute physical activity. In Morgan, W.P., & Goldston, S.E. (Eds.), Exercise and mental health (pp.105- 109). Washington, DC: Hemisphere.

Nichols, J.F., Wellman, E., Caparosa, S., Sallis, J.F., Calfas, K.J., & Rowe, R.（2000）. Impact of a worksite behavioral skills intervention. American Journal Health Promot, 14, 218- 221.

Motl, R.W., Dishman, R.K., Saunders, R., Dowda, M. Felton, G & Pate, R.R. (2001). Measuring Enjoyment of Physical Activity in Adolescent Girls. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 21(2), 110-117.

Morrison, G.M., Laughlin, J., Miguel, S.S., Smith, D.C., & Widaman, K. (1997). Sources of support for school-related issues:Choices of Hispanic adolescents varying in migrant status. Jpurnal of Youth and Adolescence, 26(2), 233-253

O’Hea, E.L., Wood, M.A., & Brantley, P.J. (2003). The Transtheoretrical Model:Gender Difference Across 3 Health Behavior. American Journal Health Behavior, 27(6), 45-665.

Owens, S., Gutin, B., & Allison, J. et al.（1999）. Effect of physical training on total and visceral fat in obese children. Medicine Science Sports Exercise, 31, 143-148.

Pate, R.R., Trost, S.G., Felton, G.M., Ward, D.S., Dowda, M., & Saunders, R.（1997）. Correlates of physical activity behavior in rural youth. Research Quartely Exercise Sport, 68(3), 241-248.

Parcel, G., Simons-Morton, B.,O’’’’’’Hara, N. M., Baranowski, T., & Wislon, B. (1989).School promotion of healthful dielt and physical activity:impact on learning outcomes and self-reported behavior. Health Education, 16(2), 181-199.

Petosa, R.L., & Suminski, R. (2003). Predicting vigorous physical activity using social cognitive theory. American Journal Health Behavior, 27(4), 301-310.

Perry, C.L., Stone, E.J., Parcel, G.S., Ellison, R.C., Nader, P.R., Webber, L.S., et al.（1990）. School-based cardiovascular health promotion: The child and adolescent trial for cardiovascular health (CATCH). Journal of School Health, 60, 406-413.

Petosa, P.S. （1993）. Use of Social Cognitive Theory to Explain Exercise. Behavior Among Adults. Columbus, OH: Ohio State University.

Plotnikoff, R.C., Hotz, S.B., Birkett, N.J., & Courneya, K.S. (2001). Exercise and the Transtheoretrical Model: A Longitudinal Test of population Sample. Preventive Medicine , 33, 441-452.
Powell, K.E., Kearney, L.M. & Chowdhury, P.P. (2003). Place to walk: Convenience and Regular Physical Activity. American Journal of Public Health , 193 (9) , 1519-1521.

Prochaska, J.O., Redding, C.A. & Evers, K. (1997). The transtheoretical model and stages of change. In Glanz, K., Lewis, F.M., & Rimer, B.K. Health Behavior and Health Education (pp60-84). CA: Jossey-bass Publishers.

Purdie, N., McCrindle, A. （2002）. Self-regulation, self-efficacy and health behavior change in older adults. Eductional Geronotology, 28, 379-400.

Ransdell, L.B., & WelIs, C. ( 1998). Physical activity in urban white, African-American, and Mexican-American women. Medicine & Science in Sport & Exercise, 30, 1608-1615.

Raudsepp, L., & Viira, R. （2000）. Sociocultural correlates of physical activity in adolescents. Pediatric Exercise Science, 12, 51-60.

Resnicow, K., Cohn L, & Reinhardt, J., et al (1992). A three-year evaluation of the know your body program in inner-city schoolchildren. Health Education, 19, 463-480.

Reynolds, K.D., Killen, J.D., Bryson, S.W., Maron, D.J., Taylor, C.B, Maccoby, N., et al. (1990). Psychosocial predictors of physical activity in adolescents. Prevention. Medicine, 19, 541-551.

Rosenfeld, L.B., & Richman, J.M. (1997). Developing effective social support: Team Building and the social support process. The Sport Psychologist, 9, 133-153.

Rovniak, L.S., Anderson, E.S. & Winett, R.A. (2002). Social cognitive determinants of physical activity in young adults: A prospective structural equation analysis. The Society of Behavioral Medicine, 24(2), 149-156.

Rissanen, A.M., Heliovaara, M., & Knekt, P., et al.（1991）. Determinants of weight gain and overweight in adult Finns. European Journal Clinical Nutrition, 45, 419-430.

Rodgers, W.M., Brawley, L.R. （1996）. The influence of outcome expectancy and self-efficacy on the behavioral intentions of novice exercisers. Journal of Applied Psychology, 26(7), 618-634.

Rodgers, W.M., Coumeya, K.S. & Bayduza, A.L. (2001). Examination of the transtheoretical model and exercise in 3 populations. American Journal of Health Behavior, 25(1), 33-41.

Ryan, G.J., & Dzewaltowski, D.A. （2002）. Comparing the relationships between different types of self-efficacy and physical activity in youth. Health Education and Behavior, 29(4), 491-504.

Sallis, J.F., Hovell, M.F., Hofstetter, C.R., Barrington, E. （1992）. Explanation of vigorous physical activity during two years using social learning variables. Social Science and Medicine, 34(1), 25-32.
Sallis, J.F., Hovell, M.F., & Hofstetter, C.R., et al.（1990）. Distance between homes and exercise facilities related to the frequency of exercise among San Diego residents. Public Health Rep, 105, 179-185.

Sallis, J.F., MCKenZie, T.L., & AlCaraz, J.E. et al.（l997）. The effects of a 2-year physical education program (SPARK) on physical activity and fitness in elementary school students. Sports, Play and Active Recreation for Kids. American Journal of Public Health, 87(8), 1328-1334.

Sallis, J.F., McKenzie, T.L., Conway, T.L., Elder, J.P,, Prochaska, J.J., & Brown, M. et al（2003）. Environmental interventions for eating and physical activity: Arandomized controlled trial in middle schools. American Journal Prevention Medicine, 24(3), 209-217.

Sallis, J.F., Nadar, P.R., Broyles, C.C., Berry, J.P., Elder, J.P., & McKenzie, T.L. (1993). Correlates of physical activity at home in Mexican-American and Anglo-American preschool children. Health Psychology, 12, 390-398.

Sallis, J.E., Pmsiki, R.B., Grossman, R.M., Patterson, T.L., & Nader, P.R. (1988). The development of self-efficacy scales for health-related diet and exercise behaviors. Health Education and Research, 3, 283-292

Sallis, J.F., Prochaska, J.J., & Taylor, W.C. （2000）. A review of correlates of physical activity of children and adolescents. Medicine Science Sports Exercise, 32, 963-975.

Sallis, J.F., Prochaska, J.J., Taylor, W.C., Hill, J.O., Geraci, J.C. （1999）. Correlates of physical activity in a national sample of girls and boys in grades 4 through 12, Health Psychol, 18, 410-415.

Sallis, J.F., Zakarian, J.M., Hovell, M.F. & Hofstetter, C.R. (1996). Ethnic, socioeconomic , and sex differences in physicalactivity among adolescent. Journal of Clinical Epidemiol, 49(2), 125-134.

Scanlan, T.K., Carpenter, P.J., Lobel, M., & Simons, J.P. (1993). Sources of enjoyment for youth sport athletes. Pediatric Exercise Science, 5, 275-285.

Schunk, D.H. (1990). Goal setting and self-efficacy during self-regulated learning.Educational Psychologist, 25, 71-86.

Simons-Morton, B.G., McKenzie, T.J., Stone, E., et al.（1997）. Physical activity in a multiethnic population of third graders in four states. American Journal of Public Health, 87(1), 45-50.

Sothern, M.S., Loftin, M., Suskind, R.M., Udall, J.N., & Blecker, U. (1999). The health benefits of physical activity in children and adolescents:implications for chronic disease prevention. European Journal of Pediatrics, 158, 271-274.

Strecher, V.J., DeVellis, B.M., Becker, M.S., & Rosentock, I.M. (1986) The role of self-efficacy in achieving health behavior change. Health Education Quarterly, 13, 73-91.

Stefanick, M. L., Mackey, S., Sheehan, M., et al.（1998）. Effects of diet and exercise in men and postmenopausal women with low levels of HDL cholesterol and high levels of LDL cholesterol. New England Journal of Medicine 339, 12-20.

Stephens, T., Jacob, D.R., & White, C.C. (1985). A descriptive epidemiology of leisure-time physical activity. Public Health Reports, 100(2), 147-158.

Steptoe, A., Rink, E., & Kerry, S. (2000). Psychosocial predictors of changes in physical activity in overweight sedentary adults following counseling in primary care. Preventive Medicine, 31 (2 Pt 1), 183-194.

Sternfeld, B., Ainsworth, B.E., & Quesenberry, C.P. (1999). Physical activity patterns in a diverse population of women. Preventive Medicine, 28, 313-323.

Stucky-Ropp, R.C. & Dilorenzo, T.M. (1993). Determinants of exercise in children. Preventive Medicine, 22, 880-889.

Taylor, C.B., Sallis, J.K., & Neele, R. (1985). The relationship between physical activity and exercise and mental health. Public Health Report, 100: 195-202.

Thirlaway, K.J., & Benton, D.（1993）. Physical activity in primary and secondary-school children in West Germany. Health Education Journal, 52, 37-41.

Tolsdorf, C.C. (1976). Social networks, support, and coping: An exploratory study. Family Process, 15(4), 407-417.

Thomas, L.S., Bruce, W.T., & Kevin, C. (1992). An investigation of the patterns of self-efficacy, outcime expectation, outcome value, and performance across trials. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 16(3),329-348.

Thomas, M.D., Stucky-Ropp, R.C., Jillon, S., Vander, W., & Gotham, H.J. (1998). Determinamts of exercise among children: A longitudinal analysis. Preventive Medicine, 27, 470-477.

Thune, I., Brenn, T., & Lund, E., et al.（l997）. Physical activity and the risk of breast cancer. New England Journal of Medicine, 336(18), 9269-9275.

Tracy, B.H. (1990). Sex role and social support as moderators of life stress adjustment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52(3), 576-585.

Trost, S.G., Pate, R.R., Dowda, M., Saunders, R., Ward, D.S., & Felton, G. （1996）. Gender differences in physical activity and determinants of physical activity in rural fifth grade children. Journal School Health, 66(4), 145-150.

Trost, S.G., Pate, R.R., Saunders, R., Ward, D.S., Dowda, M., & Felton, G. （1997）. A prospective study of the determinants of physical activity in rural fifth-grade children. Preventive Medicine, 26, 257-63.

Trost, S.G., Pate, R.R., Ward, D.S., Saunders, R., & Riner, W. (1999). Correlates of objectively measured physical activity in preadolescent youth. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 17(2), 120-126.

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (1996). Physical activity and health: A report of the surgeon general. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, International Medical Publishing.

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2002). Healthy People 2010. Retrieved July 30, 2002, from http://www.healthypeople.gov./search/stat-107obj.htm

Van Mechelen, W., Twisk, J.W., Post, G.B., et al. (2000) . Physical activity of young people: the Amsterdam Longitudinal Growth and Health Study. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 32(9), 1610-1616.

Vilhjalmsson, R., & Thorlindsson, T. (1998). Factors realated to physical activity: A study of adolescents. Social Science Medicine, 47(5), 665-675.

Walton, J.A., Hoerr, S.M., & Heine, L. （1999）. Physical activity and stages of change in fifth and sixth graders. The Journal of School Health, 69(7), 285-289.

Wankel, L.M.（1993）. The importance of enjoyment to adherence and psychological benefits from physical activity. Int. Journal Sport Psychology, 24, 151-69.

Washington, R.L., Chairperson, R.L., Bernhardt, D.T., Gomez, J., Johnson, M.D., Miriam, T.J., et al. (2001). Organized sports for children and preadolescents. Pediatrics, 107(6), 1459-1462.

Weinberg, R.S. （1996）. Goal-setting in sport and exercise: Research to practice. In Van Raalte, J.L., & Brewer, B.W., (Eds). Exploring Sport and Exercise Psychology. Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association, 3-24.
Weinberg, R.S., & Gould, D. (1999). Foundations of sport and exercise psychology. Human Kinetics: Champaign, llinois.

Weiss, M.R., & Chaumeton, N. (1992). Motivational orientations in sport. In Horn, T.S., (Ed.) Advances in sport psychology (pp.61-99). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics Publishers Inc.
Willis, J.D., & Campbell, L.F. (1992). Exercise Psychology. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics Publishers Inc.

Williams, P.T.（1997）. Relationship of distance run per week to coronary heart disease risk factors in 8283 male runners. The National Runners' Health Study. Archives of Internal Medicine, 157(2), 191-198.

Winters, E.R.（2001）. Test of a Social Cognitive Theory-based Educational Treatment to Increase the Frequency of Voluntary Moderate and Vigorous Physical Exercise Among Adolescents School Students. Columbus, OH: Ohio State University.

Winters, E.R., Petosa, R.L., & Charlton, T.E.（2003）. Using social cognitive theory to explain discretionary,“Leisure-time”physical exercise among high school students. Journal of Adolescent Health, 32, 436-442.

Whitelaw, S., Baldwin, S., Bunion, R. & Flynn, D. (2000). The status of evidence and outcomes in stages of change research. Health Education Research ,15(6),707 -718.

Wood, P.D., Stefanick, M.L., Williams, P.T., et al.（1991）. The effects on plasma lipoproteins of prudent weight-reducing diet, with or without exercise, in overweight men and women. New England Journal of Medicine, 325, 461-466.

Wu, T.Y., & Pender, N.（2002）. Determinants of physical activity among Taiwanese adolescents: An application of the Health Promotion Model. Research Nursing Health, 25, 25-36.

Wu, T.Y., Pender, N., & Noureddine, S.（2003）. Gender differences in the psychosocial and cognitive correlates of physical activity among Taiwanese adolescents: A structural equation modeling approach. Int. Journal Behavior Medicine, 10, 93-105.

Zakarian, J.M., Hoveil, M.F., Hofstetter, C.R., Sallis, J.F., & Kcating, K.J.（1994）: Correlates of vigorous exercise in a predominately low SES and minority high school population. Preventive Medicine, 23, 314-321.