研究生: |
金兌珍 Kim Tae Jin |
---|---|
論文名稱: |
韓童在台雙語學習師生互動情況【台北韓僑小學個案研究】 Korean Children in Taiwan: A Case study on Bilingual Teacher–Student Interactions |
指導教授: | 葉德明 |
學位類別: |
碩士 Master |
系所名稱: |
華語文教學系 Department of Chinese as a Second Language |
論文出版年: | 2004 |
畢業學年度: | 92 |
語文別: | 中文 |
論文頁數: | 245 |
中文關鍵詞: | 第二語言習得 、課堂師生互動 、雙語教學 、韓童教學 、教師語言 |
英文關鍵詞: | second language acquisition, classroom teacher stedent interactions, bilingual education, Korean children education, teacher talk |
論文種類: | 學術論文 |
相關次數: | 點閱:337 下載:178 |
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在21世紀,中文已經成為世界的重要語言之一。此時,在韓國學習中文的氣氛熱烈,造成許多韓國人到中國或台灣留學的風氣。在韓國有關中文的書籍很多,但是大部分的研究都侷限於文學、哲學等。以第二語言習得的觀點切入研究韓國學習者如何學習中文的書籍不多,針對韓國兒童的研究更微乎其微。因此,透過這篇論文,我們嘗試了解中文和韓文雙語教室裡面的互動內容,以供在韓國的中文老師和在台灣教韓國兒童的中文老師參考。
本論文以台北韓僑小學一年級中文課堂的教師與學生為個案研究的對象,蒐集了包括文件、深入訪談、錄音帶等資料,藉此分析了課堂互動模式與言談內容。本論文探討的方向如下:
第一,透過資料之分析,使用「IRF」(Initiate(起始)-Response(回應)-Feedback(回饋))模式,呈現出師生之互動模式以及其特徵。研究結果顯示以「IR」、「RF」與「IRF」為“有意義的互動”,其互動比率為75%。此外,最常產生的互動是「IR」模式,其結果顯示出這是一個「教師中心」(teacher centered)的課堂。
第二,本文將「教師語言(Teacher Talk)」的特徵分成如下三個方面來討論:「副語言特徵」(Paralinguistic Features)、「句法特徵」(Syntactic Features)和「言談特徵」 (Discourse Features)。「副語言特徵」包括教師的“語速”與“語調”。研究結果顯示課堂裡面,教師的語速為204.9字/分,教師平時的語速為271.2字/分。這結果顯示教師在課堂中故意放慢語速,但上課內容之外的教師話語的語速則與平常的速度一樣。這點值得我們討論在兒童語言教學中,如何控制副語言特徵。就“語調”而言,教師使用的節奏,呈現出誇張的語調。此外,我們還探討中韓文使用的比率;教師使用中韓文的比率為95%(中文)比5%(韓文)。
就「句法特徵」而言,我們使用「語句平均句長」(MLU)來呈現兒童語言發展的程度。結果顯示「I:R:F」的「語句平均句長」各為5.30、2.96和4.33。其結果顯示教師語言的長度會配合兒童語言長度作修正。從兒童語言發展的角度來看,韓僑小學一年級兒童的中文程度與台灣的一歲又九個(MLU=2.2)至十個月 (MLU=3.5)的兒童的語言程度相似。
就「言談特徵」而言,本論文將它分成兩個類別,即教師語言的「起始」(Initiate)與「回饋」(Feedback)。「起始」再分成五項內容,即:提供信息(Informative)、指示(Directive)、提供線索(clue)、反覆練習(drill)和提問(question)。就「提問」部分而言,將它再分成「確認」(check)、「展示性提問」(Display Question,DQ)與「知識性提問」(Referential Question,RQ)來深入探討。「確認」再分成「理解檢查」、「澄清」與「確認」, DQ再分成「事實性」、「理由性」、「解釋性」和「是非性」。
研究結果顯示,在起始中,教師最常用的功能為 「反覆練習」(31.3%)、「提問」 (26.5%)以及「指示」(23.3%)。就「提問」部分而言,教師最常用的提問是DQ(75.78%),其中比率最高的是「事實性提問」(55.28%)。
「回饋」的部分再分成四項內容,即:「接受」(accept)、「稱讚」(praise)、「修正」(correction)與「評語」(comment),呈現的比率為49%、13.9%、4.5%和32.7%。從中我們看出,教師給兒童的回饋多半是正面的。
第三,探討教師語言教學之特徵以及從「鷹架式(Scaffolding)」語言教學與「教學策略」的角度討論如何提供“可理解的輸入(Comprehensible input)”,以便幫助兒童學習中文。
In the 21st century, Chinese has become one of the most influential languages in the world. Today, learning Chinese has become a trend in Korea. A significant number of students have chosen to study Chinese abroad in China and Taiwan. There are many books on Chinese, but most of them are mainly in the area of Chinese literature or philosophy. There is very little research about learning Chinese as a foreign language, and almost none focusing on teaching Korean children Chinese. In this thesis, we will be analyzing and understanding the interactions within a Chinese-Korean bilingual classroom. I hope that this will provide helpful information for Chinese teachers in Korea and Korean teachers in Taiwan in their endeavors.
The teacher and students in the first year Chinese class at the Taipei Korean-Chinese Elementary School are the informants of this case study. This thesis includes, documents (e.g. class handouts, exam papers and quizzes), interviews, tapes and other materials used to analyze classroom interactions and discourse.
First, the Initiate Response Follow-Up (I.R.F.) model is used to present characteristics and interaction models between the teacher and the students. Findings show that by using I.R, R.F and I.R.F. as “meaningful interactions”, the interaction ratio will be 75% with I.R. as the most common interaction. This result indicates that this is a “teacher centered” classroom.
Secondly, “Teacher Talk” will be discussed from three perspectives, paralinguistic features, syntactic features, and discourse features. Paralinguistic features include the teacher’s speech speed and intonation. Results show that the teacher’s speech speed in class (204 words/min.) is slower than the speech speed outside of class (271.2 words/min.). This indicates that the teacher purposely slows down her speech speed when teaching material related to the class. In this thesis we will discuss the issue of how to control paralinguistics features, an interesting issue regarding children’s language education. We will also be discussing the Chinese-Korean ratio used in class (95% : 5%) and the affects of the intonation of the teacher on the students.
With regard to syntactic features, we use the Mean Length Utterance (MLU) to measure the child’s language ability. The results show that I:R:F’s average lengths of the sentences are 5.30, 2.96 and 4.33. These findings show that the teacher changes the length of her sentences in accordance to the child’s language ability. The language abilities of a student at Taipei Korean-Chinese elementary school (MLU=3.5) are similar to a Taiwanese one-year nine month old child (MLU=2.2).
In this thesis discourse features (speech characteristics) have been classified as either Initiation or Feedback. Initiation has been divided into five types, informative, directive, clue, drill or question. The questions have been classified as checks, display questions (D.Q.) or referential questions (R.Q.). Checks have been divided into comprehension checks, clarification requests or confirmation. D.Q. have been divided into factual, reasoning, explanation, or yes/no.
The research results show that the teacher most often uses drills (31.3%), questions (26.5%) and Directives (23.3%). For questions, the teacher most often uses D.Q. (75.78%), in which 55.28% are factual questions.
Feedback has been subdivided into four categories, acceptance (49%), praise (13.9%), correction (4.5%) and comments (32.7%). From this data, we can see that most of the teacher’s feedback is positive.
Thirdly, from the point of view of scaffolding language education and teaching strategies, we try to find out how to provide comprehensible input in order to help children learn Chinese.
Ⅰ、中文部分
A. 書
1. 蔡保田 等著. 1989.《教育研究法》.高雄: 復文圖書出版社.
2. 李英哲 著. 1990.《實用漢語參考語法》.北京: 北京語言學院出版社.
3. 吳明清. 1991.《教育研究-基本觀念與方法分析》.台北: 五南圖書出版公司.
4. 郭靜晃. 1992.(中譯本)《兒童遊戲》.J.E.JHONSON.J.F.CHRISTIE & T.D.YAWKEY. (原著) 《PLAY AND EARLY CHILDHOOD DEVE
LOPMENT》.台北: 揚智文化事業股份有限公司.
5. 靳洪剛. 1994.《語言發展心理學》.台北: 五南圖書出版公司.
6. 王文科 編譯. 1994.《質的教育研究法》.台北: 師大書苑發行.
7. 胡裕樹. 1995. 《現代漢語》.北京: 商務印書館.
8. 李宇明. 1995. 《兒童語言發展》. 武昌: 華中師範大學出版社.
9. 黃政傑 等著. 1996.《質的教育研究-方法與實例》.台北: 漢文書店 印 行.
10. 劉月華 著. 1996.《實用現代漢語語法》.台北: 師大書苑發行.
11. 李 丹 主編. 1998.《兒童發展》.台北: 五南出版有限公司.
12. 谷瑞勉. 1999.(中譯本)《鷹架兒童的學習;維高斯基的幼兒教育》.L.E.Berk.& A.Winsler. 1996.(原著) 《Scaffolding Children’s Learning:Vygotsky and Early Childhood Education》.台北: 心理出版社.
13. 詹卓穎. 張介宗. 傅濟功合著. 2000.《韓國的教育與社會研究》.台北: 商鼎文化.
14. 李郁芬. 2001.(中譯本)《從遊戲中學習》.Penny Warner. (原著) 《Preschooler Play & Learn》.台北: 新苗文化事業股份有限公司.
15. 黃光雄 主譯. Robert C. Bogdan. 2001. 《質性教育研究》. 嘉義: 濤石文化.
16. 葉德明. 2002.《雙語教學之理論與實踐》.台北: 師大書苑.
17. 陳 瑤 著. 2002.《課堂觀察指導》.北京: 教育科學出版社.
B. 論文
1. 林美秀.1993.「學前兒童語言發展能力及其相關因素之研究」.碩士論文. 台北:台灣師範大學特殊教育研究所.
2. 曹純瓊. 2000. 「鷹架式語言教學對國小高功能自閉症兒童口語表達能力學習效果研究」.博士論文. 台北: 台灣師範大學特殊教育學系研究所.
3. 許淑良. 2001. 「在華語與非華語環境下華語教與學現象之探討-以美國與台灣兩所大學之華語文課程為例」.碩士論文. 台北: 台灣師範大學華語文教學研究所.
4. 曹春喬. 2002. 「台北美國學校高中部華語文教學之個案研究:互動語言教學觀詮釋」. 碩士論文. 台北: 台灣師範大學華語文教學研究所.
5. 吳美玲. 2002. 「兒歌在幼兒音樂課中的觀察與分析研究」.碩士論文. 台北: 台灣師範大學音樂學系教學研究所.
6. 蕭素秋. 2002. 「對韓國兒童漢語教學的研究」.博士論文. 漢城:韓國外國語大學校 大學院.
7.林淑慧. 2003. 「現代漢語口語交際語法之初探」.碩士論文. 台北: 台灣師範大學華語文教學研究所.
Ⅱ、英文部分
A. 書
1. Ann Malamah-Thomas. 1987. Classroom Interaction. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2. Bellack, A., Kliebard, M., Hyman, R. T. & Smith, Jr. 1966. The Language of the Classroom. NewYork : Teachers College Press.
3. Brown, H. Douglas. 2001. Principles of Language Learning and Teaching. Sanfrancisco: Longman Press.
4. Clark, Herbert H., and Eve V. Clark. 1977. Psychology and Language: an Introduction to Psycholinguistics. New York:Harcourt Brace Jovanovich Inc.
5. Padilla, Amando M. Halford H. Fairchild and Concepcion M. Valadez. 1990. Bilingual Education. California: CORWIN PRESS, INC
6. Ellis, Rod. 1994. The Study of Second Language Acquistion. Oxford University Press.
7. Foster-Cohen, Susan H.. 1999. An Introduction to Child Language Development. London: Longman Press.
8. Janice Yalden.1983.The Communicative Syllabus:Evolution, Design and Implementation. Cambridge: The Cambridge University Press.
9. Kenneth Hyltenstam, Loraine K. Obler. 1989. Bilingualism Across The Lifespan: Aspects of acquisition, maturity, and loss. Cambridge: The Cambridge University Press.
10. Krashen, Stephen D., Scarcella, Robin C.& Long, Michael H. 1982. Issues In Second Language Research. USA: Newbury house publishers, Inc.
11. Krashen, Stephen D. 1982. Principles and Practice in Second Language Acquisition. New York: Pergamon Press.
12. Lier, Leo van. 1988. The Classroom And The Language Learner-Ethn
-ography and second-language classroom research. London and Newyork: Longman.
13. Lynch, Brian K.1996. Language Program Evaluation-Theory and practice. Cambridge: The Cambridge University Press.
14. Long, M. H. and Sato C. J. 1983. Classroom foreigner talk discourse: form and functions of teacher’s questions. In H. Selinger and M. H. Long, eds. Classroom Oriented Research in Second Language Acquisition. Rowley, Mass: Newvury House.
15. Long, Michael H. and Diane Larsen-Freeman. 2000. An Introduction to Second Language Acquisition Research. Longman Group UK.
16. Nunan, David. 1999. Second Language Teaching & Learning. Boston: Newbury House Teacher Development.
17. McCallum, G.P. 1980. 101 Word Games. London: Oxford University Press.
18. Richards, Jack C. and Theodore S. Rogers. 1998 . Approaches and Methods in Language Teaching. Cambridge: The Cambridge University Press.
19. Sinclair, J. MuH. and Coulthard, R. M.. 1975. Towards an Analysis of Discourse-The English used by teachers and pupils. Oxford University Press.
20. Susan, M. Gass. and Carolyn Madden. 1985. Input In Second Language Acquisition. USA: Newbury house publishers, Inc.
21. Susan, M.Gass. 1997. Input, Interaction, and the Second Language Leaner. New Jersey: Lawrence erlbaum associaties, publishers.
22. Ur, P. 1984, 1986. Teaching Listening Comprehension. London:
Cambridge Univ Press.
23. Underwood, M. 1989. Teaching Listening. London and NewYork: Longman.
B. 論文
1. 李貞靜. 1991. 「A Study of Maternal Speech to Children During Language Acquisition and its Correlation with Children’s Speech in Mandarin Chinese (中文裡母親對語言學習中兒童使用的語言及其與兒童語言的關連)」.碩士論文. 台北: 台灣師範大學英語研究所.
2. 張秀琴. 1991. 「A Case Study of Classroom Interaction in Teaching English to Elementary School Children. (兒童英語教學教室內師生互動的個案研究)」.碩士論文. 台北: 國立政治大學西洋語文研究所.
3. 韓美貞. 1996. 「A Study of the Improvement of Oral Competence Through Games. 」.碩士論文. 漢城: 西江大學校英語教育研究所.
4. 黃準英. 1998. 「An Analysis of The Functions of Teacher Talk Based on EFL Classroom Interaction in Junior High School. (從英語教室互動分析教師言談之功能)」.碩士論文. 高雄: 國立高雄師範大英語系研究所.
5. 陳秋梅. 2000. 「A Study on Taiwanese Sentence-Final Particles (台語句尾助詞)」.碩士論文. 台北: 台灣師範大學英語研究所.
6. 張碧玲. 2000. 「A Study of Junior high school English Teacher’s Beliefs Towards the Communicative Approach. (國民中學英語教師對溝通式教學觀之信念研究)」.碩士論文. 台北: 台灣師範大學英語研究所.
7. 王瑋鍾. 2001. 「An Analysis of Teacher Talk in Child EFL Classroom. (兒童英語教室教師語言之分析)」.碩士論文. 台北: 國立政治大學語言研究所.
C. 單篇文章於期刊 Paper
1. 張正東. 2000. 語法教學的再確認. :在英語四位一體復習教學方法再實驗結題研討會上的發言. 西南師範大學.
2. Cross, Toni G. 1977. Mothers’ Speech Adjustments: the Contribution of Selected Child Listener Variables. In Catherine E. Snow and Charles A. Ferguson. ed. Talking to Children. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
3. Cross, Toni G. 1978. Mothers’ Speech and Its Association with Rate of Linguistic Development in Young Children. In Natalie Waterson and Catherine E. Snow ed. The Development of Communication. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
4. Drach, K. 1969. The Language of the Parent: a Pilot study. Working Paper 14, Language-Behavior Research Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley.
5. Fillmore, Lily Wong. 1985. When Does Teacher Talk Work As Input? .:
in Susan M. Gass and Carolyn Madden. 1985. Input In Second Language Acquisition. USA: Newbury house publishers, Inc.
6. Garnica, Olga K. 1977. Some Prosodic and Paralinguistic Features of
Speech to Young Children. :in Catherine E. Snow and Charles A. Ferguson. ed. Talking to Children. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
7. Gleitman, Lila R., Elissa L. Newport, and Henry Gleitman. 1984. The Current Status of the Motherese Hypothesis. :in Journal of Children Language 11:43-80.
8. Lord, Catherine. 1975. Is Talking to Baby More than Baby Talk: a Longitudinal Study of the Modification of Linguistic Input to Children :Paper presented at the biannual meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development in Denver.
9. Mervis, C.B. 1981.Tigers and Leopards Are Kitty-cats: Mother-child Interaction and Children’s Early Categories.:: Presented at the Interdisciplinary Conference. Park University, Utan.
10. Nelson, K.E., G. Carskaddonm and J.D. Bonvillian. 1973. Syntax Acquisition: Impact of Environmental Assistance in Adult Verbal Interaction with the Child.: Child Development 44:497-504.
11. Phillips, J. 1973. Syntax and Vocabulary of Mothers’ Speech To Young
Children:Age and Sex Comparison.: Child Development 44:180-85.
12. Remick, Helen. 1973. Maternal Speech to Children During Language Acquisition. A paper based on a doctoral dissertation submitted to the Univ. of California, Davis, California.
13. Snow, Catherine E. 1972. Mothers’ Speech to Children Learning
Language: Child Development 43:549-65.
14. Snow, Catherine E. 1977. Mothers’ Speech Research: From Input to Interaction. In Catherine E. Snow and Charles A. Ferguson ed. Talking to Children. Cambridge: Cambrdge University Press.
15. Susan, M. Gass and Evangeline Marlos Varonis. Task Variation and Nonnative/Native Negotiation of Meaning.: in Susan M. Gass and Carolyn Madden. 1985. Input In Second Language Acquisition. USA: Newbury house publishers, Inc.
16. Scarcella, R. and C. Higa. Input and age differences in second language qcquisition.: in Stephen D. Krashen, Robin C. Scarcella & Michael H. Long. 1982. Issues In Second Language Research. USA: Newbury house publishers, Inc.
17. Tsui, Amy Bik-May. 1985. Analyzing input and interaction in second
language classrooms.:RELC Journal 16:8-32.
---1987. An analysis of different types of interaction in ESL classroom discourse. International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching 25:(4), 336-353.
Ⅲ、韓文部分
1. Sook-kyoung, Kim. 1995. 「한국 교실 수업에서 나타나는 교사의 질문 (Teacher’s Questions in Korean EFL Classroom Discourse)」.碩士論文. 漢城:漢城大學校.
2. I-do, Park. 1996. 「세계화 시대의 모국어습득과 외국어학습
(母語習得和外文學習)」. 漢城:韓國文化社.
3. 蕭素秋. 1997. 「한국어린이를 위한 중국어교육방안 연구 (對韓國兒童漢語教學方案-以初級班為中心)」.碩士論文.漢城:韓國檀國大學校.
4. Yun-joo Nam. 1997. 「유치원에서의 영어 지도에 관한 연구 (A study on the English Education in the Kindergarten)」.碩士論文. 漢城:韓國外國語大學校 大學院.
5. 崔東華. 2000. 「초등영어 수업에서의 효과적인 언어 입력 방안 연구 (A Study on the Effective Methods of Providing Input in the Elementary School English Classes)」.碩士論文. 清州:清州教育大學校 大學院.
6. 李東綸. 2001. 「중국어 조기 교육방안 연구(中國語早期
教育方案研究)」.碩士論文. 慶南:嶺南大學校 大學院.
7. Hyun-soo Jin. 2001. 「유치원 학부모의 영어교육에 대한 인식 및 실태 조사 (A survey research on the Recognition of Parents of Kindergarten and Actual Practice on English Education for Young Children)」.碩士論文. 漢城:暻園大學校 大學院.
8. Ji-eun Cha. 2001. 「이중 언어로서의 영어 습득과 교육
(English Acquistion and English as Bilingualism)」.碩士論文. 浦山:慶南大學校 大學院.
9. Eun-Shil, Park. 2002. 「교사의 교실영어 사용빈도에 따른 초등영어 수업의 효과연구 (Effect Study on the Elementary English Teaching Through the Frequency of Classroom English Use)」.碩士論文. 仁川:仁川教育大學校 大學院.
Ⅳ.工具書
1.《朗文語言教學及應用語言學辭典》(Longman Dictionary of Language Teaching Applied Linguistcs). 1998. 香港: 朗文出版社中國有限公司.