台北縣國民小學校長教學領導策略之研究
摘 要

本研究旨在探討台北縣國民小學校長教學領導之現況、策略及困難。首先探討校長教學領導的內涵及相關理論，其次瞭解台北縣國民小學校長教學領導的現況、策略及困難。接著
分析台北縣國民小學教育人員對校長教學領導策略知覺之差異情形。
本研究除透過文獻分析，分析校長教學領導之理論與相關研究外，並兼採問卷調查法、訪談法，以台北縣國民小學校長及教師為研究對象。問卷調查法使用工具為自編之「校長教學領導調查問卷」，計取樣80所學校，共1,255人，實際有效樣本為70位校長、94位主任、154位組長、429位級任導師及70位科任教師，合計817人。根據受試者的填答結果，再分別以平均數、標準差、t考驗、單因子變異數分析等統計方法，進行資料處理分析；訪談法則針對3位校長，以自編之半結構訪談大綱進行訪談。
本研究所獲致之結論如下:
一、台北縣的國小校長與教師對「校長教學領導」的認知與實踐情形普遍良好。
二、台北縣國小校長對「校長教學領導現況」的知覺程度顯著高於教師。
三、不同性別、年齡、年資、學歷、學校規模以及學校所在地區的台北縣國民小學校長所知覺之校長教學領導現況並無顯著差異。
四、台北縣國民小學校長實施教學領導的困難是學校人員編制不足，工作負擔太大、教學設備經費不足，無法充分支援教學及教學領導政策配套措施不足。
五、台北縣的國小校長與教師對「校長教學領導策略」的認知普遍良好，惟部份層面的表現仍可再加強。
六、台北縣國小校長對「校長教學領導策略」的知覺程度顯著高於教師。
七、不同學歷的台北縣國民小學校長，實施教學領導策略的情形有顯著差異；而不同性別、年齡、校長年資、學校規模以及學校所在地區的台北縣國民小學校長其教學領導策略並無顯著差異。
八、不同職務、學校所在地之國民小學教育人員對「校長教學領導策略」的知覺情形有顯著差異；而不同學校規模之國民小學教育人員對「校長教學領導策略」的知覺情形並無顯著差異。
九、訪談結果發現校長們認為校長教學領導的理念應該受到重視與推展。
依據研究結果，本研究提出以下建議：
一、對國民小學校長的建議
（一）以更積極的態度落實校長教學領導的理念與角色任務。
（二）主動積極進修，充實教學領導專業知能。
（三）建立職務輪調制度，鼓勵教師參與學校行政工作。
（四）激發資深優良教師的服務熱忱，組織教學領導團隊，共同提昇教學績效。
（五）建立完善教學評鑑制度與觀念，落實學校內部評鑑，確保教學品質。
二、對教育行政機關的建議
（一）提高國民小學人員編制，增加教學設備經費，以提昇教學領導效果。
（二）改進教師考核制度，建立教學評鑑制度，催生教師分級制，以激勵教師專業發展。
（三）妥善規劃校長儲訓課程，培育校長成為優秀的教學領導者。
（四）改進校長考核與校務評鑑制度，重視校長教學領導績效。
（五）成立校長教學領導諮詢小組，建構教學領導的支持與輔導系統。
三、進一步研究的建議
（一）在研究主題與研究架構方面：可將校長教學領導與學校效能、學校氣氛、學校文化、組織學習、學生學習成就、教師專業發展、教師教學領導團隊、教師教學效能等變項相結合。亦可朝建構校長教學領導之具體行為指標、成立學校教學領導團隊等為研究方向。
（二）在研究對象方面：可擴增研究對象，如教育行政人員、代課教師、實習教師、學生家長等；或可擴充研究範圍，如國民中學、私立學校、其他縣市等。
（三）在研究工具方面：能在策略概念之下，建構更具體而完整的行為指標，以增加問卷的明確性。
（四）在研究方法方面：可針對特定學校進行參與觀察、深入訪談、個案研究等方法，以更深入了解校長教學領導的真實情況、困難原因以及有效解決策略。

關鍵詞：校長教學領導、教學領導策略

A Study of Elementary School Principals’ Instructional Leadership Strategy in Taipei County
Abstract

The main purpose of this study was to （1）explore the meaning of principals’ instructional leadership and the related theories （2）understand the current situation, strategy, and difficulties of elementary school principals’ instructional leadership（3）analyze the differences of elementary school teachers’ perceptions toward principals’ instructional leadership strategy.
In addition to the reviews of related literatures on principals’ instructional leadership, the questionnaire and the interview were the main instruments for data collection. The samples included 70 principals, 94 school administrators, 154 chief teachers, 429 homeroom teachers and 70 subject teachers, this is to say, there are 817 persons in total from elementary schools of Taipei County. The returned data were analyzed statistically through mean, standard deviation, t-test, one-way ANOVA, and product-moment correlation analysis. There were 3 principals being involved by semi-construction interview in outline.

The major results were summarized as following:
1.The overall situation about the perceptions and implementations of elementary school teachers of Taipei County toward principals’ instructional leadership behaviors is good.
2.There were no significant differences on the perceptions toward the current situation of principals’ instructional leadership among elementary school teachers of Taipei County with different variables, such as gender, age, years of service, educational background, the size and the location the school.
3.There were slight differences, but generally similarities, on the perceptions of elementary school principals and teachers of Taipei County toward “ the probable difficulties of principals’ instructional leadership implementation.”
4.The overall situation about the perceptions of elementary school teachers of Taipei County toward principals’ instructional leadership strategy is good. However, the performance of some parts of principals’ leadership still needs improvement.
5.Significant differences on the situation of instructional leadership implementations were found on elementary school principals of Taipei County with different educational background; nonetheless, there was no significant difference while the variables of gender, age, years of service, the size and location of the school were taken into consideration.
6.Significant differences were found on the perceptions of elementary school teachers of Taipei County toward “principals’ instructional leadership strategy”; nonetheless, there was no significant difference while the variable of the size of the school was taken into consideration.
7.Results through interviews were found that the concepts of principals’ instructional leadership should be paid more attention and promoted.

Based on research results, this study proposes the following suggestions:
1.Elementary school principals should
（1）Make sure the concepts and role models of principals’ instructional leadership with more ambitious manners.
（2）Engage in advanced studies initiatively to enrich the professional knowledge of principals’ instructional leadership.
（3）Encourage teachers’ in service training on campus in order to meet teachers’ needs.
（4）Motivate senior teachers’ enthusiasms and organize instructional leadership teams to improve teaching effectiveness.
（5）Establish the systems and concepts of complete teaching estimate, making sure school internal estimates to ensure teaching quality.

2.Educational authorities should
（1）Increase elementary school staff and teaching equipment expenditure to improve instructional leadership effectiveness.
（2）Make teachers’ evaluating systems better, establishing teaching estimate systems, and urging teachers’ classification to motivate teachers’ professional development.
（3）Plan properly principal training courses to cultivate principals to be excellent instructional leaders.
（4）Improve principals’ evaluation and school administration estimate systems, and pay more attention on effects of principals’ instructional leadership.
（5）Set up consulting teams for principals’ instructional leadership, and construct supporting and consulting systems of instructional leadership.

Key Words：Principals’ instructional leadership
Instructional leadership strategy

參考文獻

一、中文部份

王文科(民79)。教育研究法。台北:五南。
王如哲(民87)。教育行政學。台北:五南。
李安明(民86)。我國國小校長教學領導之研究。行政院國科會專題研究報告。
李安明(民87)。我國國小校長教學領導之研究與省思。教育研究資訊6, 121-146。
李安明(民88)。「為教學而行政」的校長教學領導：理論與實務。教育政策論壇，2(2)，158-203。
李 珀(民85)。教學視導(中譯本)。美國佛羅里達國際大學博士論文，未出版。
李玉林(民90)。桃園縣國小校長教學領導角色知覺與實踐之研究。國立台北師範學院國民教育研究所碩士論文，未出版。
李新寶(民90)。國民小學校長教學領導與教師教學效能之研究。國立新竹師範學院學校行政碩士班碩士論文，未出版。
李雲漳(民91)。國民小學校長教學領導與教師效能之研究。國立屏東師範學院國民教育研究所碩士論文，未出版。
李清華(民91)。國民小學教師之校長教學領導知覺、教師效能感與統整課程實施態度之關係研究。國立彰化師範大學教育研究所碩士論文，未出版。
邱錦昌(民77)。臺灣地區國民中學教學視導工作之研究。國立政治大學教育研究所博士論文，未出版。
邱惜玄(民92)。一所國民小學校長「協同教學」領導之研究。國立台北師範學院課程與教學研究所碩士論文，未出版。
林天祐(無日期)。校務發展策略與SWOT分析。民91年8月1日，取自：http：//www.tmtc.edu.tw/~primary
林明地(民88)。校長教學領導實際:一所國小的參與觀察。發表於台北市立師範學院國民教育研究所主辦之教育行政論壇第五次研討會，88年10月30日。
吳金香(民80)。國小教務行政。台北:五南。
吳清山(民84)。學校效能研究。台北:五南。
吳明清(民82)。教育研究-基本觀念與方法之分析。台北: 五南。
吳明清(民87)。教育研究。台北:五南。
吳清基(民78)。教師與進修。台北:師大書苑。
吳清基(民90)。學校行政新論。台北:師大書苑。
秦夢群(民89a)。教育行政-理論部分。台北:五南。
秦夢群(民89b)。教育行政-實務部分。台北:五南。
陳金進(民66)。國中校長的教學視導任務。台灣師範大學教育研究所集刊，20，521~551。
陳美言(民86)。國民小學校長教學領導與教師教學自我效能關係之研究。台北市立師範學院國民教育研究所碩士論文，未出版。
黃政傑(民82)。課程教學之變革。台北:師大書苑。
張明輝(民88)。學校教育與行政革新研究。台北：師大書苑。
張明輝(民86)。學校組織的變革與領導。高強華主編學校教育革新專輯(頁21-38)。台北：國立台灣師範大學。
張春興(民78)。張氏心理學辭典。台北：東華。
張清濱(民71)。校長怎樣扮演「十項全能」的角色。師友，186, 15-21。
張清濱(民83)。台灣省教育視導績效評估之研究。國立政治大學教育研究所博士論文，未出版。
張清濱(民86)。學校行政與教育革新。台北：臺灣書店。
張慈娟(民86)。國民小學校長教學領導與學校效能之研究。國立新竹師範學院國民教育研究所碩士論文，未出版。
張碧娟(民88)。國民中學校長教學領導、學校教學氣氛與教師教學效能關係之研究。國立政治大學教育研究所博士論文，未出版。
張德銳(民80)。教學視導的權變途徑。台灣省第二屆教育學術論文發表會，國立新竹師範學院。
張德銳(民81)。桃竹苗地區山地國小校長行政能力、組織氣氛、組織效能、教導行政困難之研究。新竹:先登出版社。
張德銳(民83)。教育行政研究。台北:五南。
張德銳(民92)。促進教師專業發展的教學檔案。國民中小學校長及教師專業成長工作坊手冊，125-137。國立教育資料館，未出版。
黃昆輝(民77)。教育行政學。台北：東華。
黃淑馨(民86)。新世紀國民小學校長之角色與作為。教師天地，393, 21-24。
黃國彥(民77)。台灣省公立各級學校校長遴用制度之研究。台灣省政府教育廳，未出版。
湯明哲(民92)。策略精論。台北：天下遠見。
楊百世(民78)。國民小學校長教學視導之研究。國立高雄師範大學教育研究所碩士論文，未出版。
楊振昇(民84)。提升國內校長教學領導正是時候-寫在國小新課程標準實施之前。師友，341, 51-55。
楊振昇(民86)。教學領導理念之探討。高強華主編學校教育革新專輯(頁236一263)。台北：國立台灣師範大學。
楊振昇(民87)。新世紀師資培育制度的挑戰-「教學領導」理念的落實。八十七學年度教育學術研討會論文集，805-843。
楊振昇(民88a)。我國國小校長從事校長教學領導概況、困境及其因應策略之分析研究。暨大學報，3(1)，183-236。
楊振昇(民88b)。邁向二十一世紀落實教學領導之省思。台北市立師範學院所主辦之教育行政論壇第五次研討會，八十八年十月三十日。
楊振昇(民89)。破除迷思、開創新猷-對教學領導應有的認識。師友，393,41-45。
趙廣林(民85)。國民小學校長教學領導之研究。國立屏東師範學院國民教育研究所碩士論文，未出版。
鄭進丁(民75)。國民小學校長角色之分析。高雄：復文。
魯先華(民83)。國民中學校長教學領導之研究。國立台灣師範大學教育研究所碩士論文，未出版。
蔡秀媛(民87)。台北市國民小學校長教學領導及其相關因素之研究。國立台灣師範大學教育研究所碩士論文，未出版。
劉麗慧(民75)。我國國民小學男女校長領導方式與學校組織氣氛之關係。國立台灣師範大學教育研究所碩士論文，未出版。
歐陽教(民76)。教學的觀念分析。載於中國教育學會主編:有效教學研究(1-29)。台北:臺灣書店。
歐曉玟(民90)。彰化縣國民小學校長教學領導之研究。國立台中師範學院國民教育研究所碩士論文，未出版。
孫邦正(民73)。教育視導大綱。台北:五南。
鮑世青(民90)。國民小學校長與教師對「校長教學領導」行為知覺度之研究。國立新竹師範學院學校行政碩士班碩士論文，未出版。
戴維揚(民89)。九年一貫課程綱要與Gardner另類的多元智慧。高強華主編：九年一貫課程革新論文集。（頁149-178），台北：國立台灣師範大學。
謝文全(民78)。教育行政。台北:文景。
謝文全(民87)。教育行政－理論與實務。台北:文景。
謝建成(民90)。台北縣國民小學校長教學領導與教師專業成長之調查研究。國立台北師範學院國民教育研究所碩士論文，未出版。

二、英文部分

Allton, J.A.(1995). An investigation of the relationships between teachers' perceptions oftheir schools' climate and the nature of their principals' self-reported instructional leadership.[CD-ROM].Abstract From :ProQuest File:Dissertation Abstracts Item:AAC 9615314.
Austin, G. R.(1979). Exemplary schools and the search for effectiveness. Educational Leadership. 37(1), 10-14.
Bass, J. D. (1989). Instructional leadership activity of elementary principals' in effective schools. [CD-ROM]. Abstract From: ProQuest File: Dissertation Abstracts Item: AAC 8915716.
Babbock, C. L. (1991). A comparison of male and female elementary school principals perceived instructional leadership behavior. [CD-ROM]. Abstract From: ProQuest File: Dissertation Abstracts Item: AAT9211826.
Bossert, S. T., Dwyer, D. C., Rowan, B., & Lee, G. V. (1982). The instructional management role of principal. Educational Administration Quarterly, 3, 34-64.
Botello, M. L. (1997). The instructional leadership role of the elementary principal in school-wide improvement. [CD-ROM]. Abstract From: ProQuest File: Dissertation Abstracts Item: AC9727701.
Brookover, W. J. & Lezotte, L. W. (1979). Changes in school characteristics coincident with changes in student achievement. Michigan State University College of Urban Development, East Lansing.
Burrow, D. D. (1991). Instructional leadership of the elementary principal: Ideal role vs. actual practice (principals role). Ann Arbor, MI.
Bush, J. B. (1997). Instructional leadership role of elementary school assistant
principal as perceived by elementary school assistant prinncipals.[CD-ROM]. Abstract From: ProQuest File:Dissertation Abstracts Item:AAC9725821.
Cantu, M. M. I. (1994). A study of principal Instructional leadership behaviors manifested in successful and nonsuccessful urban elementary schools. [CD-ROM]. Abstract From: ProQuest File:Dissertation Abstracts Item:AAC9428472.
Champeau, R. D. (1994). The nature of instructional leadership in Wisconsin high schools. [CD-ROM]. Abstract From: ProQuest File: Dissertation Abstracts Item:AAT9426819.
Daresh, J. C. (1991). Instructional leadership: A proactive administrative process. Theory into Practice, 30(2), 109-112.
DeBevoise, W. (1984). Synthesis of research on the principal as instructional leader. Educational Leadership, 41(5), 14-20.
Dwyer, D. C. (1986). Understanding the principals contribution to instuction. Peabody Journal of Education,63(1), 3-18.
Edmonds, R. (1979). A discussion of the literature and issues related to effective schooling .
Edmonds, R., & Frederiksen, J. R. (1978). Search for effective schools: The identification and analysis of schools that are instructionally effective for poor children. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Center for Urban Studies.
Faulkenberry, T. M. (1996). A comparison of teachers’ perceptions of key instructional leadership behaviors and instructional leadership behaviors identified in effective schools’ research. [CD-ROM]. Abstract From: ProQuest Fiel: Dissertation Abstrãcts Item: AAC 962304.
Firestone, W. A., & Harriott, R. (1982). Prescriptions for effective elementary schools don’t fit secondary schools. Educational Leadership, 40(3), 51-53.
Fortschneider, J. R. (1996). Principals’ perceptions of their roles in the implementation of essential school restructuring. [CD-ROM]. Abstract From: ProQuest Fiel: Dissertation Abstrãcts Item: AAC 9702516.
Geiger, J. R. (1994). The impact of principal instructional leadership on student
achievement in small high schools in Virginia. [CD-ROM]. Abstract From:
ProQuest Fiel: Dissertation Abstrãcts Item: AAC 9422221.
Greenfield, W. (1987). Moral imagination and interpersonal competence: Antecedents to instructional leadership. In W. Greenfield (Ed.), Instructional leadership: Concepts, issues, and controversies (pp. 56-73). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
GulIedge, B. T. (1994).The perceptions of career ladderⅠcareer ladderⅡand career ladderⅢ elementary principals regerding instructional leadership. [CD-ROM]. Abstract From: ProQuest File: Dissertation Abstracts Item: AAC 9502661.
Hallinger, P., & Murphy, J., Weil, M., Mesa, R. P., & Mitman, A. (1983). School effectiveness: Identifying the specific practices, behaviors for principals. NASSP Bulletin, 67(463), 83-91.
Hallinger, P. & Murphy, J. F. (1987). Assessing and developing principal instructional leadership. Educational Leadership, 45 (1), 54-61.
Hallinger, P.(1992). The evolving role of American principal: From managerial to instructional to transformational leaders. Journal of Educational Administration, 30 (3), 35-48.
Harrison, P. T. (1992). The critical elements of effective principals preparation: A delphi study. Dissertation Abstracts Internationl, 54 (03), 753A. (University
Microfilms No.AAC93-22195)
Herman, J. J., & Herman, J.L. (1994). Education quality management: Effective schools through systemic change. Lancaster, Pennsylvania: Technomic.
Hinds, A. C. (1991). Perceptions of teachers and principals in selected Texas public
schools of principals’ instructional leadership behaviors and responsibilities.
[CD-ROM]. Abstract From: ProQuest File: Dissertation Abstract Item: AAC
9115339.
Hunter, C. M. (1995). Los Angeles unified school district middle school principals’
instructional leadership behaviors and academic achievement. [CD-ROM]. Abstract From: ProQuest File: Dissertation Abstracts Item: AAC 9511556.
Jacobson, P. B., Logsdon, J. D., & Wiegman, R. R. (1973). The principalship: New perspectives. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Justis, L. C. (1991). Teachers’ perceptions of elementary principals’ performance of instructional leadership functions. [CD-ROM]. Abstract From: ProQuest File: Dissertation Abstracts Item: AAC 9111996.
Keefe, J. W., & Jenkins, J. M. (Eds.). (1991). Instructional leadership handbook. Reston,VA : NASSP.
Kim, Y. M. (1988). The relationship of principals’instructional leadership to student achievement in academic private high schools in seoul, Korea. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, University of Southern California.
Korporaal, A. R. (1984). The tasks and functions of the elementary school principal. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, University of the Southerm California.
Krajewski, R. (1978). Secondary principals want to be instructional leaders. Phi Delta Kappan, 60 (1) , 65.
Krug, F. S. (1986). The relationship between the instructional management behavior of elementary school principal and student achievement. [CD-ROM]. Abstract From: ProQuest File: Dissertation Abstracts Item: 8628337.
Larsen, T. J. (1987). Identification of instructional leadership behaviors and the impact of their im-plementtation on academic achievement. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service NO. ED281286)
Leitner, D. (1988). Principal instructional management behavior and school effectiveness: An organization perspective. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association.
Litchfield, D. (1996). If you want me to be an instructional leader, just tell me what an instructional leader does. Peabody Journal of Education, 63(1) , 202-205.
Liu, Ching-Jen. (1985). An identification of principals’ instructional leadership behaviors in effective high schools. [CD-ROM]. Abstract From: ProQuest File: Dissertation Abstracts Item:AAC8512638.
Martin, O. L. (1990). Instructional leadership behaviors that empower teacher effectiveness. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Mid-South Educational Research Association, New Orleans. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED327513)
Murphy, J. (1987). Barriers to implementing the instructional leadership role. The Canadian Administrator, 27(3),1-7.
Murphy, J. (1990). Principal instructional leadership. In P.W. Thurston＆L.S.Lotto (Eds.). Advances in educational administration ,Vol. 1,Part B: Changing perspectives on the school,163-200.Greenwich,Conn.: JAI Press.
Pantelides, J. R. (1991). An exploration of the relationship between specific instructional leadership behaviors of elementary principal and student achievement. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University.
Reitzug, U. C. (1997). Images of principal instructional leadership: From super-vision to collaborative inquiry. Journal of Curriculem and Supervision, 12 (4), 324-343.
Rodriguez, A. (1996). Perception of New York city bilingual district directors on instructional leadership and organizational culture. [CD-ROM]. Abstract From: ProQuest File: Dissertation Abstracts Item: AAC9708253.
Sheppard . L. B. (1993). A study of the relationship among instructional leadership behaviors of the school principal and selected school-level characteristics. Doctoral dissertation, University of Ottawa, Canada.
Smith, W. F.,＆ Andrews, R. L. (1989). Instructional leadership：How principals make a difference. Reston,VA：Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development.
Springer, S. J. (1996). Teacher perceptions of principal behavior relted to student achievement. [CD-ROM]. Abstract From: ProQuest File: Dissertation Abstracts Item:AAC9700419.
Steven, L. J. (1996). Instructional leadership：A single district study of the multiple perceptions of central office administrators, principals, and elementary teachers. [CD-ROM]. Abstract From: ProQuest File: Dissertation Abstracts Item:AAC9625495.
Stroud, D. J. (1989). Factors Influencing the instructional leadership behaviors of elementary school principals and the relationship to student achievement. [CD-ROM]. Abstract From: ProQuest File: Dissertation Abstracts Item:9017489.
Thomas, M. D. (1997). The Relationship of teachers’ perceptions of instructional leadership behaviors of principals in Virginia to student achievement levels. [CD-ROM]. Abstract From: ProQuest File: Dissertation Abstracts Item: AAC9726497.
Trout, K. L. (1985). The Relationship between gender and selected characteristics associated with instructional leadership for senior high school principals. [CD-ROM]. Abstract From: ProQuest File: Dissertation Abstracts Item: AAC8604286.
Wells, G. A. (1993). Instructional management behavior, time management and selected background varisbles of elementary school principals in Connecticut’s urban school. [CD-ROM]. Abstract From: ProQuest File: Dissertation Abstracts Item: 9333216.
Wildy, H., & Dimmock, C. (1993). Instructional leadership in primary and secondary schools in western Australia. Journal of Educational Administration, 31(2), 43-62.