歐洲聯盟（European Union，簡稱 EU）於 2023 年經由投票後，正式通過「2035 年歐洲新售燃油轎車和小貨車零排放協議 (Zero Emissions from New Cars and Vans by 2035)」，規劃自 2035 年開始，將會全面停止製造和販售新的燃油轎車和小貨車。協議發布後，各國的汽車製造商開始陸續投入新能源車的開發，並以純電動車作為主流。然而，純電動車本身卻擁有許多仍無法克服的實際應用面問題和安全性隱憂。在純電動車的市場持續成長的同時，部分的汽車製造商也在著手於另一種新能源車――氫燃料電池車的研發，以及少量投入市場販售，並被部分專家和群眾視為更有可能有效替代傳統燃油車的新能源車。本文透過TIPO的全球專利檢索系統 (GPSS) 來檢索專利資料庫中的相關專利文獻，以氫燃料電池車的「車輛基礎架構」、「氫氣製備和填加技術」兩大評估構面作為研究主軸，根據其檢索結果進行歷年專利件數分析、國際專利分類碼分析、國家別分析、公司別分析及技術生命週期分析，間接分析氫燃料電池車的發展趨勢分析，並預測未來技術發展趨勢和方向。

The European Union (EU) officially passed the "Zero Emissions from New Cars and Vans by 2035" agreement through a vote in 2023. According to this agreement, starting from 2035, the manufacturing and sale of new fuel-powered cars and vans will be completely stopped. Following the announcement of this agreement, automotive manufacturers in various countries have begun investing in the development of new energy vehicles, with a focus on pure electric vehicles as the mainstream option. However, electric vehicles themselves face practical application challenges and safety concerns that have yet to be fully overcome. While the market for electric vehicles continues to grow, some car manufacturers are also working on the development of another type of new energy vehicle - hydrogen fuel cell vehicles. These vehicles are being introduced into the market in small quantities and are considered by some experts and the public as a more viable alternative to traditional fuel-powered vehicles.This article uses the Global Patent Search System (GPSS) provided by TIPO to retrieve relevant patent documents from the patent database. It focuses on two evaluation aspects of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles: " Vehicle Basic Chassis " and " Hydrogen Production and Refueling Technology". Based on the search results, the article conducts an analysis of the annual number of patents, international patent classification codes, analysis by country and company, and a technology life cycle analysis. This indirect analysis aims to analyze the development trends of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles and predict future technological trends and directions.

ARTC（2023）。2022年主要電動車銷售國家市場概況。取自：https://www.artc.org.tw/tw/knowledge/articles/13697
Greenpeace 綠色和平（2021）。溫室效應是什麼？溫室氣體有哪些？與全球暖化有什麼關係？。Greenpeace 綠色和平。取自：https://www.greenpeace.org/taiwan/update/27689/溫室效應是什麼？溫室氣體有哪些？與全球暖化有/
TOYOTA和泰汽車（2020）。MIRAI CONCEPT。TOYOTA和泰汽車。取自：https://www.toyota.com.tw/startyourimpossible/mobility-solutions/mirai-concept.html
全國法規資庫（2022）。專利法。全國法規資庫。取自：https://law.moj.gov.tw/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?pcode=J0070007
行政院環境保護署（2019）。什麼是氣候變遷?。行政院環境保護署。取自：https://ghgrule.epa.gov.tw/qa/qa
羅思嘉（2007）。專利計量分析與應用。國立成功大學圖書館館刊，16，43 -54。取自：https://www.lib.ncku.edu.tw/journal/pdf/16/16_05.pdf
Amer, M., & Daim, T. U. (2010). Application of technology roadmaps for renewable energy sector. Technological forecasting and social change, 77(8), 1355-1370. Retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0040162510001071
Anderson, P., & Tushman, M. L. (1990). Technological discontinuities and dominant designs: A cyclical model of technological change. Administrative science quarterly, 604-633. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/2393511
Bakker, S., van Lente, H., & Meeus, M. (2010). THE EMERGENCE OF A DOMINANT DESIGN IN THE PROTOTYPING PHASE AN ANALYSIS OF HYDROGEN CAR PROTOTYPES. Druid Summer Conference. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Marius-Meeus/publication/266043220_THE_EMERGENCE_OF_A_DOMINANT_DESIGN_IN_THE_PROTOTYPING_PHASE_AN_ANALYSIS_OF_HYDROGEN_CAR_PROTOTYPES/links/56f1188308ae0dcdafd6e0cf/THE-EMERGENCE-OF-A-DOMINANT-DESIGN-IN-THE-PROTOTYPING-PHASE-AN-ANALYSIS-OF-HYDROGEN-CAR-PROTOTYPES.pdf
Brey, J. J., Carazo, A. F., & Brey, R. (2018). Exploring the marketability of fuel cell electric vehicles in terms of infrastructure and hydrogen costs in Spain. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 82, 2893-2899. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.10.042
Browne, D., O'Mahony, M., & Caulfield, B. (2012). How should barriers to alternative fuels and vehicles be classified and potential policies to promote innovative technologies be evaluated?. Journal of Cleaner Production, 35, 140-151. Retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959652612002429?via%3Dihub
Burke, K. (2003). Fuel cells for space science applications. In 1st International Energy Conversion Engineering Conference (IECEC) , 5938. Retrieved from https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20040010319/downloads/20040010319.pdf
Drisko, J. W., & Maschi, T. (2016). Content analysis. Pocket Guide to Social Work Re. Retrieved from https://books.google.com.tw/books?hl=zh-TW&lr=&id=07GYCgAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=Content+Analysis&ots=nqPGVfXTgz&sig=V7Q_2JrLkNyy3ur5EOI3Nmq2KB0&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Content%20Analysis&f=false
Dugoua, E., & Dumas, M. (2023). Global Coordination Challenges in the Transition to Clean Technology: Lessons from Automotive Innovation. Available at SSRN 4620155. Retrieved from https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4620155
Ernst, H. (1997). The use of patent data for technological forecasting: the diffusion of CNC-technology in the machine tool industry. Small business economics, 9, 361-381. Retrieved from https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1007921808138
European Parliament (2022). EU ban on the sale of new petrol and diesel cars from 2035 explained.europarl. Retrieved from https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/headlines/economy/20221019STO44572/eu-ban-on-sale-of-new-petrol-and-diesel-cars-from-2035-explained
Gao, L., Porter, A. L., Wang, J., Fang, S., Zhang, X., Ma, T., ... & Huang, L. (2013). Technology life cycle analysis method based on patent documents. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 80(3), 398-407. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2012.10.003
Haupt, R., Kloyer, M., & Lange, M. (2007). Patent indicators for the technology life cycle development. Research policy, 36(3), 387-398. Retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733307000054?via%3Dihub
HONDA AUTO NEWS (2008). FCX Clarity Fuel Cell Vehicle Serves as the Official Car of the 2008 Indy Japan Event. Retrieved from https://hondanews.com/en-US/honda-automobiles/releases/release-773f85968cf93e5b4005fe004c34bd45-fcx-clarity-fuel-cell-vehicle-serves-as-the-official-car-of-the-2008-indy-japan-event
HONDA AUTO NEWS (2020). 2021 Honda Clarity Fuel Cell Now On Sale. Retrieved from https://hondanews.com/en-US/honda-automobiles/channels/honda-clarity-fuel-cell
Huang, Y., Li, R., Zou, F., Jiang, L., Porter, A. L., & Zhang, L. (2022). Technology life cycle analysis: From the dynamic perspective of patent citation networks. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 181, 121760. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2022.121760
Huang, Y., Xiao, X., Kang, H., Lv, J., Zeng, R., & Shen, J. (2022). Thermal management of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells: A critical review of heat transfer mechanisms, cooling approaches, and advanced cooling techniques analysis. Energy Conversion and Management, 254, 115221. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2022.115221
IEA (2023). Transport:Improving the sustainability of passenger and freight transport. Retrieved from https://www.iea.org/topics/transport
JBEC (2022). Japan Blue Energy: tecnología para la producción de hidrógeno removable. Retrieved from https://www.wipo.int/ipadvantage/es/details.jsp?id=12397
Jiang, J., Baba, K., Zhao, Y., Feng, J., & Kumagai, S. (2022). The dataset of Japanese patents and patents’ holding firms in green vehicle powertrains field. Data in Brief, 44, 108524. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2022.108524
Lemke, R. (2016). Market introduction of hydrogen fuel. Technische Universitaet Berlin (Germany). Retrieved from https://www.proquest.com/docview/2429087470?pq-origsite=gscholar&fromopenview=true&sourcetype=Dissertations%20&%20Theses
Lü, X., Qu, Y., Wang, Y., Qin, C., & Liu, G. (2018). A comprehensive review on hybrid power system for PEMFC-HEV: Issues and strategies. Energy conversion and Management, 171, 1273-1291. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2018.06.065
Ma, S. C., Xu, J. H., & Fan, Y. (2022). Characteristics and key trends of global electric vehicle technology development: A multi-method patent analysis. Journal of Cleaner Production, 338, 130502.
Moriarty, P., & Honnery, D. (2019). Prospects for hydrogen as a transport fuel. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 44(31), 16029-16037. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.04.278
Ogbonnaya, C., Abeykoon, C., Nasser, A., Turan, A., & Ume, C. S. (2021). Prospects of integrated photovoltaic-fuel cell systems in a hydrogen economy: a comprehensive review. Energies, 14(20), 6827. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.3390/en14206827
Peng, J., Huang, J., Wu, X. L., Xu, Y. W., Chen, H., & Li, X. (2021). Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) performance evaluation, fault diagnosis and health control: A review. Journal of Power Sources, 505, 230058. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2021.230058
Park, Y., Nakaoka, I., & Chen, Y. (2020). The R&D Strategy of Automobile Companies in Radical Innovation. J. Robotics Netw. Artif. Life, 7(3), 184-189. Retrieved from https://www.atlantis-press.com/journals/jrnal/125944877/view
Peng, Z., Li, Q., Ouyang, L., Jiang, W., Chen, K., Wang, H., ... & Zhu, M. (2022). Overview of hydrogen compression materials based on a three-stage metal hydride hydrogen compressor. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 895, 162465. Retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0925838821038755
Pramuanjaroenkij, A., & Kakaç, S. (2023). The fuel cell electric vehicles: The highlight review. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 48(25), 9401-9425. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.11.103
Ranaei, S., Karvonen, M., Suominen, A., & Kässi, T. (2016). Patent-based technology forecasting: case of electric and hydrogen vehicle. International Journal of Energy Technology and Policy, 12(1), 20-40. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1504/IJETP.2016.074490
Rizzi, F., Annunziata, E., Liberati, G., & Frey, M. (2014). Technological trajectories in the automotive industry: are hydrogen technologies still a possibility?. Journal of Cleaner Production, 66, 328-336. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.11.069
Shalaby, W., & Zadrozny, W. (2019). Patent retrieval: a literature review. Knowledge and Information Systems, 61, 631-660. Retrieved from https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10115-018-1322-7
Shuhui, Z. H. O. U., Xiulin, W. A. N. G., Pinjia, D. U. A. N., Yu ZHANG, Y. S., & Lu, L. U. (2023). Analysis of high-pressure gaseous hydrogen storage technology. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 12(8), 2668. Retrieved from https://esst.cip.com.cn/CN/10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2023.0139
Sinigaglia, T., Martins, M. E. S., & Siluk, J. C. M. (2022). Technological forecasting for fuel cell electric vehicle: A comparison with electric vehicles and internal combustion engine vehicles. World Patent Information, 71, 102152. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wpi.2022.102152
The Business Research Company (2024). Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicle Global Market Report 2024. Retrieved from https://www.thebusinessresearchcompany.com/report/hydrogen-fuel-cell-vehicle-global-market-report
Yang, D., Lee, J., Song, N. C., Lee, S., Kim, S., Lee, S., & Choi, S. (2023). Patent analysis on green hydrogen technology for future promising technologies. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2023.04.317
Young-il, K. (2011). Aanlysis on technological trend of fuel cell electric vehicle using patent database. In The 7th International Conference on Digital Content, Multimedia Technology and its Applications (pp. 181-184). IEEE. Retrieved from https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/6016657
Yuan, Y., & Yuan, X. (2023). Does the development of fuel cell electric vehicles be reviving or recessional? Based on the patent analysis. Energy, 272, 127104. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2023.127104
Wen, C., & He, G. (2018). Hydrogen station technology development review through patent analysis. Clean Energy, 2(1), 29-36. Retrieved from https://academic.oup.com/ce/article/2/1/29/4994821
WIPO (2022). Guide to the international patent classification. Retrieved from https://www.wipo.int/publications/en/details.jsp?id=4593&plang=EN
Zapata, C., & Nieuwenhuis, P. (2010). Exploring innovation in the automotive industry: new technologies for cleaner cars. Journal of cleaner production, 18(1), 14-20. Retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959652609002832
Zhou, H., Dai, J., Chen, X., Hu, B., Wei, H., & Cai, H. H. (2024). Understanding innovation of new energy industry: Observing development trend and evolution of hydrogen fuel cell based on patent mining. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 52, 548-560. Retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360319923034237