本研究之目的在於了解幼兒夜間睡眠狀況與執行功能表現間的關聯性，使用「臺灣幼兒發展調查資料庫建置計畫：36月齡組」縱貫追蹤調查資料，探討幼兒夜間就寢時間、睡眠總量、睡眠品質和執行功能表現之關聯性。逐步迴歸分析結果顯示，最能夠顯著預測5歲幼兒執行功能表現的變項依序為5歲夜間睡眠品質、社經地位、幼兒性別及5歲就寢時間，最能夠顯著預測6歲幼兒執行功能表現的變項則依序為5歲執行功能表現、社經地位、6歲夜間睡眠品質及幼兒性別。此外，若以夜間就寢時間和睡眠總量將幼兒分為四組(早睡晚起、早睡早起、晚睡晚起、晚睡早起)，5歲幼兒的早睡晚起組及晚睡早起組在其5歲及6歲時執行功能表現上存在顯著差異，此差異來自於夜間睡眠總量的不同。本研究在理論上，可以增加國內對於幼兒夜間睡眠與執行功能的相關文獻，在實務上，研究成果將作為設計提升幼兒執行功能介入方案的實證理論基礎。

The purpose of this research is to understand the relation between children’ s sleep status and their performance of executive function. This study used longitudinal data from the " National Longitudinal Study of Child Development & Care（KIT）: 36-month-old cohort" to investigate bedtime, sleep duration and, sleep quality of young children and how they are related to their executive functions. The results of stepwise regression analysis showed that the variables that most significantly predicted the performance of 5-year-old children's executive function were in order of 5-year-old sleep quality, socioeconomic status, gender, and 5-year-old bedtime. The variables most significantly predicting the performance of 6-year-old children's executive function were 5-year-old executive function performance, socioeconomic status, 6-year-old sleep quality, and gender. In addition, we divided children into four groups based on bedtime and total sleep amount(early bed and late rise, early bed and early rise, late bed and late rise, late bed and early rise). there were significant differences in the performance of 5 and 6 years old children's executive function between the group of early bed and late rise and the group of late bed and early rise in 5 years old. The difference between the two groups came from the difference in the total amount of sleep. In theory, this study increased the domestic literature on sleep and executive function of young children. In practice, the research results served as the empirical theoretical basis for designing intervention programs to improve the executive function of young children.

王天宇、王明怡（2015）。睡眠對兒童執行功能的影響。心理科學進展，23（9），1560-1567。doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1042.2015.01560

王天苗（2004）。嬰幼兒綜合發展測驗指導手冊（修訂版）。臺北市：國立臺灣師範大學特殊教育學系。

王素真、洪耀釧、葉一晃（2014）。影響大學生睡眠品質與身心健康因素之研究。工程科技與教育學刊，11（3），348-361。

王馨敏、李俊仁、張鑑如 （2015）。「二至五歲幼兒認知發展家長問卷」之編製。測驗學刊，62（4），279-302。

白榮、閆嶸、王千、李葉、邢淑芬（2022）。學前兒童執行功能與問題行為的關係：情境和性別的特異性。心理發展與教育，38（1），35-44。doi: 10.16187/j.cnki.issn1001-4918.2022.01.05

朱珮儀、周元華、吳怡昌、李敏輝（2004）。飛行員睡眠品質與認知功能之探討。航空醫學暨科學期刊，18（2），81-89。

朱麗真譯（2011），3小時熟睡法。臺北：城邦出版公司。

李介至、施小婷、蕭敬霖（2020）。學齡前幼兒睡眠、運動能力及日常生活職能之研究。東海體育學報，4，38-51。

李宏鎰（2004）。大腦的執行功能。特殊教育季刊，90，1-7。

李宛蓉譯（2007）。哈佛醫生的優質睡眠全書。臺北：商周出版公司。

李舜偉（2003）。你可以睡得更好。臺北：楷博出版公司。

邢曉沛、邵淑慧、孫曉麗、王爭艷（2016）。學前兒童執行功能與行為問題的關係。中國臨床心理學雜誌，24（5），844-851。

吳玉欣、余麗華、陳靖、郭乃文（2009）。日常執行功能行為量表之發展與其因素結構及信效度研究。臨床心理學刊，2，86-94。

吳京一、童麗珠（2018）。睡眠你知多少事（7）：睡眠與學習。科學教育月刊，408。

吳敏華、王理（2008）。臺灣兒童睡眠障礙與其行為及學習成績之研究（未出版之碩士論文）。中山醫學大學公共衛生學系，臺中市。

吳慧莉、陳鋼、魯學良、孫寧、姜景新、李彬（2009）。睡眠限制對記憶力及注意力影響。中國公共衛生，24（4），503-504。

宋維村、高淑芬（2000）。兒童及青少年之睡眠障礙症。臺灣醫學，4（6），681-696。

邱曉彥、邱艷芬（2010）。睡眠品質之概念分析。護理雜誌，57（4），106-111。

兒童福利聯盟文教基金會（2010）。臺灣兒童睡眠品質調查報告。檢自：http://www.children.org.tw/database_report.php?id=226&typeid=38&offset=0。

松原達哉（2007）。0歲優秀教育。臺北：新潮社。

周麗梅（2015）。幼兒不良睡眠習慣的成因及對策。甘肅教育，21，45。

施嫈瑜（2005）。睡眠與成長，中醫兒科醫學雜誌，7（1），1-5。

洪依利（2013）。孩子晚睡有沒有關係。嬰兒與母親，437。

洪蘭（2004）。讓孩子的大腦動起來。臺北市：信誼。

前橋明（2016）。幼兒體育理論與實踐[初級]。新北市：光佑文化。

段惠峰、甘景梨、楊家明、高存友、張東衛、祝希泉、蔣戰魁、史振娟（2010）。男性精神分裂症患者前額葉質子波譜特點及其與执行功能的關係。中國神經精神疾病雜誌，36（3），161-164。

徐健、楊崇淮、沈曉明（2004）。睡眠剝奪損害學習記憶能力的研究。中華預防醫學雜誌，38，134-137。

陳思帆（2012）。泛自閉症障礙青少年的執行功能缺損（未出版之碩士論文）。國立臺灣大學職能治療研究所，臺北市。

張玲芬（2009）。0-3歲嬰幼兒啟蒙教育。臺北市:華都。

張鑑如（2017）。幼兒發展調查資料庫建置計畫簡介。中國統計學報，55（1），42-62。

黃志成、高嘉慧、沈麗盡、林少崔（2008）。嬰幼兒保育概論。臺北市：揚智。

黃愫芬（2014）。幼兒肥胖與睡眠時數、體溫及身體活動量的相關性研究。幼兒教育年刊，25，01-19。

楊心怡（2008）。垃圾睡眠，睡出健康三大危機。康健雜誌，113。

趙志恆譯（2007）。讓孩子一夜好眠的10個妙招。臺北：城邦。

趙思愉譯（2002）。失眠，晚安。臺北：原水。

臺灣睡眠醫學學會（2010）。睡眠相關議題-兒童、青少年睡眠障礙。檢自：http://www.tsm.org.tw/。

蔡春美（2006）。臺北市與東亞四都市幼兒生活實態分析。臺北：文化大學及日本貝樂思臺北分公司。

駱明潔（2009）。嬰幼兒衛生保健。臺北：新學林出版社。

駱明潔（2014）。2012年台灣地區幼兒園幼兒睡眠品質之調查。台灣公共衛生雜誌，33（1），89-100。

駱明潔、潘意鈴（2011）。學齡前幼兒睡眠習慣與睡眠品質之相關研究。健康管理學刊，9，121-138。doi: 10.29805/JHM.201112.0001

駱明潔、潘意鈴（2013）。學齡前幼兒睡眠品質與學習注意力之關聯性探究。輔導與諮商學報，35（1），01-30。

薛莉慧（2017）。幼兒執行功能與適應行為之相關研究（未出版之碩士論文）。國立臺灣師範大學人類發展與家庭學系研究所，臺北市。

謝文順（2001）。身體活動與睡眠品質的關係。中華體育季刊，14（4），97-106。

蘇佩文（2021）。彰化縣國民小學學生飲食行為、睡眠品質與健康體適能之關係（未出版之碩士論文）。大葉大學教育專業發展研究所，彰化縣。

Ahrberga, K., Dreslera, M., Niedermaierb, S., Steigera, A., Genzel, L. （2012）. The interaction between sleep quality and academic performance. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 46（12）, 1618-1622.

Anderson, S. E., Gooze, R. A., Lemeshow, S., Whitaker, R. C. （2011）. Quality of early maternal-child relationship and risk of adolescent obesity. Pediatrics, 129, 132-140.

Astill, R. G., Van der Heijden, K. B. and Van IJzendoorn, M. H. （2012）. Sleep, cognition, and behavioral problems in school-age children: a century of research meta-analyzed. Psychol. Bull., 138, 1109-1138.

Balter, M. （2015）. Poverty may affect the growth of children’s brains. Science News. doi: 10.1126/science.aab0395

Barkley, R. A.（1997）. Behavioral inhibition, sustained attention, and executive functions: constructing a unifying theory of ADHD. Psychological Bulletin, 121（1）, 65-94.

Bathory, E., & Tomopoulos, S. （2017）. Sleep regulation, physiology and development, sleep duration and patterns, and sleep hygiene in infants, toddlers, and preschool-age children. Current Problems in Pediatric and Adolescent Health Care, 47（2）, 29-42. doi: 10.1016/j.cppeds.2016.12.001

Bayliss, D. M., & Roodenrys, S. （2000）. Executive processing and attention deficithyperactivity disorder: An application of the supervisory attentional system. Developmental Neuropsychology, 17（2）, 161-180.

Beebe, D. W. （2011）. Cognitive, behavioral, and functional consequences of inadequate sleep in children and adolescents. Pediatric Clinics of North America, 58（3）, 649-665. doi: 10.1016/j.pcl.2011.03.002.

Benedict, C., Dimitrov, S. Marshall, L. and Born, J.（2007）. Sleep Enhances Serum Interleukin-7 Concentrations in Humans. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 21, 1058-1062.

Bernier, A., Carlson, S. M., Bordeleau, S., & Carrier, J. （2010）. Relations between physiological and cognitive regulatory systems: Infant sleep regulation and subsequent executive functioning. Child Development, 81（6）, 1739-1752. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01507.x

Bernier, A., Cimon-Paquet, C., & Tétreault, E. （2021）. Sleep development in preschool predicts executive functioning in early elementary school. Advances in Child Development and Behavior, 60, 159-178. doi: 10.1016/bs.acdb.2020.08.005

Best, J. R., & Miller, P. H. （2010）. A developmental perspective on executive function. Child Development, 81（6）, 1641-1660. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01499.x.

Blair, C.B., Razza, R.P. （2007）.Relating effortful control, executive function, and false belief understanding to emerging math and literacy ability in kindergarten. Child Development, 78（2）, 647-663.

Blair, C., & Raver, C. C. （2015）. School readiness and self-regulation: a developmental psychobiological approach. Annu Rev Psychol, 66, 711-731. doi: 10.1146/annurev-psych-010814-015221

Brand, S., Beck, J., Hatzinger, M., Harbaugh, A., Ruch,W., & Holsboer-Trachsler, E. （2010）. Associations between satisfaction with life, burnout-related emotional and physical exhaustion, and sleep complaints. The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 5, 744-754.

Bronowski, J. （1977）. Human and animal languages. In J. Bronowski （Ed.）, A sense of the future（pp. 104-131）. Cambridge, MA; MIT Press.

Brown, R. E., Basheer, R., McKenna, J. T., Strecker, R. E. & McCarley, R. W. （2012）. Control of sleep and wakefulness. Physiological Review, 92（3）, 1087-1187. doi: 10.1152/ physrev.00032.2011.

Buckhalt, J. A., El-Sheikh, M., & Keller, P. （2007）. Children's sleep and cognitive functioning: Race and socioeconomic status as moderators of effects. Child Development, 78（1）, 213–231.

Buckhalt, J. A., El-Sheikh, M., Keller, P. S., & Kelly, R. J. （2009）. Concurrent and longitudinal relations between children’s sleep and cognitive functioning: The moderating role of parent education. Child Development, 80（3）, 875–892.

Bull, R., & Lee, K. （2014）. Executive functioning and mathematics achievement. Child Development Perspectives, 8, 36-41. doi: 10.1111/cdep.12059

Cameron, C.E., Brock, L.L., Murrah, W.M., Bell, L.H., Worzalla, S.L., Grissmer, D. et al. （2012）.Fine motor skills and executive function both contribute to kindergarten achievement. Child Development, 83（4）, 1229-1244. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2012.01768.x

Carlson, S. M. （2005）. Developmentally sensitive measures of executive function in preschool children. Developmental Neuropsychology, 28（2）, 595-616. doi: 10.1207/s15326942dn2802_3

Carney, C.E., Edinger, J.D., Meyer, B., Lindman, L., & Istre, T. （2006）. Daily activities and sleep quality in college students. Chronobiology international, 23（3）, 623-637.

Carpenter, P. A., Just M. A., Reichle E.D. （2000）. Working memory and executive function: Evidence from neuroimaging. Curr Opin Neurobiol, 10, 195-196.

Célia Matte-Gagné, Annie Bernier, Marie-Soleil Sirois, Gabrielle Lalonde, Sarah Hertz. （2018）. Attachment Security and Developmental Patterns of Growth in Executive Functioning During Early Elementary School. Child Development, 89　（3）, 167-182.

Center on the Developing Child. （2012）. In Brief: Executive Function Skills for Life and Learning. www.developingchild.harvard.edu

Chattu, V. K., Manzar, M. D., Kumary, S., Burman, D., Spence, D.W., & Pandi-Perumal, S. R. （2018）. The global problem of insufficient sleep and its serious public health implications. Healthcare, 7, 1. doi: 10.3390/healthcare7010001

Chaput, J. P., Gray, C. E., Poitras, V. J., Carson, V., Gruber, R., Olds, T., et al. （2016）. Systematic review of the relationships between sleep duration and health indicators in school-aged children and youth. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 41（6）, 266-282. doi: 10.1139/apnm-2015-0627

Cirelli, C. & Tononi, G. （2017）. Sleep research high-resolution images show how the brain resets during sleep. Neuroscience, 2. Univ. of Wisconsin-Madison.

Crone, E. A. （2009）. Executive function in adolescence: Inferences from brain and behavior. Development Science, 12（6）, 825-830.

Davidson, M. C., Amso, D., Anderson, L. C., & Diamond, A. （2006）. Development of cognitive control and executive functions from 4 to 13 years: Evidence from manipulations of memory, inhibition, and task switching. Neuropsychologia, 44, 2037-2078.

Davis, K.F., Parker, K.P., Montgomery, G.L. （2004）. Sleep in infants and young children: Part two: common sleep problems. Journal Pediatric Health Care, 18, 130-137.

de Vivo L., Bellesi, M., Marshall, W., Bushong, E. A., Ellisman, M. H., Tononi, G. & Cirelli, C. （2017）. Ultrastructural evidence for synaptic scaling across the wake/sleep cycle. Science,355（6324）, 507-510. doi: 10.1126/science.aah5982

Dewald, J. F., Meijer, A. M., Oort, F. J., Kerkhof, G. A., & Bogels, S. M. （2010）. The influence of sleep quality, sleep duration and sleepiness on school performance in children and adolescents: A meta-analytic review. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 14（3）, 179-189.

Diamond, A. （2013）. Executive functions. Annual Review of Psychology, 64, 135-168. doi: 10.1146/annurev-psych-113011-143750

Drummond, S. P. A., & Brown, G. G. （2001）. The effects of total sleep deprivation on cerebral responses to cognitive performance. Neuropsychopharmacology, 25, 68-73.

Duncan, G. J., Dowsett, C. J., Claessens, A., Magnuson, K., Huston, A. C., Klebanov, P., …Japel, C. （2007）. School readiness and later achievement. Dey Psychol, 43（6）, 1428-1446. doi: 10.1037/0012-1649.43.6.1428

Dutil, C., Walsh, J. J., Featherstone, R. B., Gunnell, K. E., Tremblay, M. S., Gruber, R., et al. （2018）. Influence of sleep on developing brain functions and structures in children and adolescents: A systematic review. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 42, 184-201. doi: 10.1016/j.smrv.2018.08.003

Edd, E. M., Flores, S. （2009）. Sleepiness or excessive daytime somnolence. Geriatr Nurs. 30, 53-60.

Fisk, J. E., & Sharp, C. A. （2004）. Age-related impairment in executive functioning: Updating, inhibition, shifting, and access. Clinical and experimental neuropsychology, 26（7）, 874-890.

Fukuda, Yamano, Joudoi, Mizuno, Tanaka, Kawatani, Takano, Tomoda, Imai-Matsumura, Miike, and Watanabe. （2010）. Effort-Reward Imbalance for Learning is Associated with Fatigue in School Children. Behavioral Medicine, 36（2）, 53-62.

Fuster, J. M. (1989). The prefrontal cortex. New York, NY: Raven Press.

Fuster, J. M. (1995). Memory and planning: Two temporal perspectives of frontal lobe function. In H. H. Jasper, S. Riggio, & P. S. Goldman-Rakic (Eds.), Epilepsy and the functional anatomy of the frontal lobe (pp. 9-18). New York, NY: Raven Press.

Gaillard, A., Fehring, D. J., Rossell, S. L. （2021）. Sex differences in executive control: a systematic review of functional neuroimaging studies. Eur J Neurosci, 53（8）, 2592–2611. doi: 10.1111/ejn.15107

Garon, N., Bryson, S. E., Smith, I. M. （2008）. Executive function in preschoolers: Areview using an integrative framework. Psychological Bulletin, 134（1）, 31-60. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.134.1.31

Grandner, M., A. （2017）. Sleep, health, and society. Sleep Medicine Clinics, 12, 1-22. doi: 10.1016/j.jsmc.2016.10.012

Gumenyuk, V., Roth, T., Korzyukov, O., Jefferson, C., Bowyer, S., & Drake, C. L. （2011）. Habitual short sleep impacts frontal switch mechanism in attention to novelty. Sleep, 34（12）, 1659-1670.

Hackman, D. A., Farah, M. J.（2009）. Socioeconomic status and the developing brain. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 13（2）, 65-73. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2008.11.003.

Hirshkowitz, M., Whiton, K., Albert, S. M., Alessi, C., Bruni, O., Carlos, L. D., & Ware, J. C. （2015）. National Sleep Foundation’s updated sleep duration recommendations: final report. Sleep Health, 1, 233-243. doi: 10.1016/j.sleh.2015.10.004

Hollingshead, A. B. （1991）. Hollingshead two factor index of social position. In: Miller DC ed. Handbook of Research Design and Social Measurement. 5th ed. Newbury Park, California: Sage Publications, 351-359.

Huizinga, M., Dolan, C. V., & van der Molen, M. W. （2006）. Age-related change in executive functioning: development trends and a latent variable analysis. Neuropsychologia, 44（11）, 2017-2036. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2006.01.010

Huizinga, M., Maurits, & van der Molen, M. W. （2007）. Age-group differences in set-switching and set-maintenance on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Task. Development Neuropsychology, 31（2）. 193-215.

Huizinga, M., & Smidts, D. P. （2010）. Age-related change in executive function: A normative study with the dutch version of the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function （BRIEF）. Child Neuropsychology, 17, 51-66. doi: 10.1080/09297049.2010.509715

Huyder, V., & Nilsen, E. S. （2012）. A dyadic data analysis of executive functioning and children's socially competent behaviours. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 33（4）, 197-208. doi: 10.1016/j.appdev.2012.05.002

Jenni, O. G., Fuhrer, H. Z., Iglowstein, I., Molinari, M., & Largo, R. H. （2005）. A longitudinal study of bed sharing and sleep problems among Swiss children in the first 10 years of life. Pediatrics, 115, 233-240.

Jones, K., & Harrison, Y. （2001）. Frontal lobe function, sleep loss and fragmented sleep. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 5（6）, 463-475. doi: 10.1053/smrv.2001.02

Kelly, W.E. （2004）. Sleep-length and life satisfaction in a college student sample. College student journal, 38（3）, 428-430.

Kerr, S. M., Jowett, S. A., and Smith, L. N. （1996）. Preventing Sleep Problems in Infants: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 24（5）, 1503-1510.

Kohyama J, Shiiki T, Hasegawa T. （2000）. Sleep duration of young children is affected by nocturnal sleep onset time. Pediatr Int, 42（5）, 589-591. doi:10.1046/j.1442- 200x.2000.01304.x.

Li, S., Jin, X., Yan, C., Wu, S., Jiang, F., & Shen, X. （2008）. Bed- and Room-Sharing in Chinese School-Aged Children: Prevalence and Association with Sleep Behaviors. Sleep Medicine, 9（5）, 555-563.

Maski, K. P., & Kothare, S. V. （2013）. Sleep deprivation and neurobehavioral functioning in children. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 89（2）, 259-264. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2013.06.019

Matricciani, L., Olds, T., & Petkov, J. （2012）. In search of lost sleep: Secular trends in the sleep timing of school-aged children and adolescents. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 16, 203-211. doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2011.03.005

McCoy, J. G., & Strecker, R. E. （2011）. The cognitive cost of sleep lost. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 96（4）, 564-582.

Meijer, A. （2008）. Chronic sleep reduction, functioning at school and school achievement in preadolescents. J Sleep Res, 17, 395-405.

Mercy, J. A., & Steelman, L. C. (1982). Familial influence on the intellectual attainment of children. American Sociological Review, 532-542.

Mindell, J., Molin, M., Zendell, S., Brown, L., and Fry, J. （1994）. Pediatrician and Sleepdisorders: Training and Practice. Pediatrics, 94（2）, 194-200.

Mirghani, H.O., Mohammed, O.S., Almurtadha, Y.M. et al. （2015）.Good sleep quality is associated with better academic performance among Sudanese medical students. BMC Res Notes, 8（706）. doi: 10.1186/s13104-015-1712-9

Miyake, A., Friedman, N. P., Emerson, M. J., Witzki, A. H., Howerter, A., & Wager, T. D.（2000）. The unity and diversity of executive functions and their contributions to complex “Frontal Lobe” tasks: A latent variable analysis. Cognitive Psychology, 41（1）, 49-100. doi: 10.1006/cogp.1999.0734

Moffitt, T. E., Arseneault, L., Belsky, D., Dickson, N., Hancox, R. J., Harrington, H., . . . Ross, S.（2011）. A gradient of childhood self-control predicts health, wealth, and public safety. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108（7）, 2693-2698.

Moses, L. J., Carlson, S. M., & Sabbagh, M. A. （2005）. On the specificity of the relation between executive function and children's theories of mind. In Wolfgang Schneider, Ruth Schumann- Hengsteler, Beate Sodian, Young children's cognitive development: Interrelationships among executive functioning, working memory, verbal ability, and theory of mind. Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 131-145.

Nebes, R. D., Buysse, D. J., Halligan, E. M., Houck, P. R., & Monk, T. H. （2009）. Self-reported sleep quality predicts poor cognitive performance in healthy older adults. Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences & Social Sciences, 64（2）, 180-187.

Nelson, T. D., Nelson, J. M., Kidwell, K. M., James, T. D., & Espy, K. A. （2015）. Preschool sleep problems and differential associations with specific aspects of executive control in early elementary school. Developmental Neuropsychology, 40（3）, 167-180. doi: 10.1080/87565641.2015.1020946

Nguyen, B. H., Pérusse, D., Paquet, J., Petit, D., Boivin, M., Tremblay, R. E., & Montplaisir, J.（2008）. Sleep Terrors in Children: A Prospective Study of Twins. Pediatrics, 122（6）, 1164-1167.

Norman, D. A., & Shallice, T.（1986）. Attention to action: Willed and automatic control of behavior. In R. J. Davidson, G. E. Schwartz, & D. Shapiro（Eds.）, Consciousness and Self-Regulation（pp. 1-18）. New York: Plenum Press.

O’ Connor, Patrick, Youngstedt, Shawn. （1995）. Influence of Exercise on Human Sleep. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews , 23, 105-134.

Paavonen E.J., Raikkonen K., Pesonen A.K., Lahti J., Komsi N., Heinonen K., et al. （2010）. Sleep quality and cognitive performance in 8-year-old children. Sleep Medicine, 11（4）, 386-392.

Pilcher, J.J., Ginter, D.R., & Sadowsky, B. （1997）. Sleep quality versus sleep quantity: relationships between sleep and measures of health, well-being and sleepiness in college students. Journal of psychosomatic research, 42（6）, 583-596.

Posner, M. I., & Petersen, S. E. （1990）. The attention system of the human brain. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 13, 25-42.

Ravid, S., Afek, I., Suraiya, S., Shahar, E., & Pillar, G. （2009）. Kindergarten children's failure to qualify for first grade could result from sleep disturbances. J Child Neurol, 24, 816-822.

Reynaud, E., Vecchierini, M. F., Heude, B., Charles, M. A., & Plancoulaine, S. （2018）. Sleep and its relation to cognition and behaviour in preschool-aged children of the gen- cral population: A systematic review. Journal of Sleep Research, 27（3）, 1-13. doi: 10.1111/jsr.12636

Sadeh, A., Gruber, R., & Raviv, A. （2002）. Sleep, Neurobehavioral functioning, and behavior problems in school-age children. Child Development, 73（2）, 405-417.

Sadeh, A., Gruber, R., & Raviv, A. （2003）. The Effects of sleep restriction and extension on school-age children: What a difference an hour makes. Child Development, 74（2）, 444-455.

Saleh, D. K., Nouhi, S., Zandi, H., Lankarani, M. M., Assari,S., & Pishgou, B. （2008）. The quality of sleep in coronary artery disease patients with and without anxiety and depressive symptoms. Indian Heart Journal, 60（4）, 309-312.

Siegel, J. M. （2005）. Clues to the functions of mammalian sleep. Nature, 437, 1264-1271. doi:10.1038/nature04285

St Clair-Thompson, H. L., & Gathercole, S. E. （2006）. Executive functions and achievements in school: Shifting, updating, inhibition, and working memory. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 59（4）, 745-759. doi: 10.1080/17470210500162854

Steenari, M., Vuontela, V., Paavonen, E. J., Carlson, S., Fjallberg, M., & Aronen, E. T. （2003）. Working memory and sleep in 6- to 13-year-old school children. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 42, 85-92. doi: 10.1097/00004583-200301000-00014

Stein, M. A., Mendelsohn, J., Obermeyer, W. H., Amromin, J., & Benca, R. （2001）. Sleep and Behavior Problems in School-Aged Children. Pediatrics, 107（4）, 60.

Taheri, S., Lin, L., Austin, D., Young, T. & Mignot, E. （2004）. Short sleep duration is associated with reduced leptin, elevated ghrelin, and increased body mass index. PLOS Med. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.0010062

Thorell, L. B., & Catale, C. （2014）. The assessment of executive functioning using the Childhood Executive Functioning Inventory （CHEXI） Handbook of executive functioning, 359-366. New York. NY: Springer Science + Business Media: US.

Tine, M. T. & Butler, A. G. （2012）. Acute aerobic exercise impacts selective attention: an exceptional boost in lower-income children. Educational Psychology, 32（7）, 821-834.

Tortora, G. J., & Derrickson, B. H. （2010）. Principles of Anatomy and Physiology. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons.

Touchette, E., Petit, D., Seguin, J. R., Boivin, M., Tremblay, R. E., & Montplaisir, J. Y.（2007）. Associations between sleep duration patterns and behavioral/cognitive functioning at school entry. Sleep, 30（9）, 1213-1219.

Waxer, M., Morton, J. B. （2012）. Multiple processes underlying dimensional changecard sort performance: A developmental electrophysiological investigation. J Cogn Neurosci, 23, 3267-3279.

Wolfson, A.R., & Carscadon, M.A. （1998）. Sleep schedules and daytime functioning in adolescents. Child Development, 69（4）, 875-887.

Wu, J. C., Gillin, J. C., Buchsbaum, M. S., Chen, P., Keator, D. B., Wu, N. K., et al. （2006）. Frontal lobe metabolic decreases with sleep deprivation not totally reversed by recovery sleep. Neuropsychopharmacology, 31（12）, 2783-2792. doi: 10.1038/sj.npp.1301166

Yokomaku, A., Misao, K., Omoto, F., Yamagishi, R., Tanaka, K., Takada, K., & Kohyama, J. （2008）. A study of the association between sleep habits and problematic behaviors in preschool children. Chronobiology International, 25, 549-564. doi: 10.1080/07420520802261705

Zailinawati, A. H., Teng, C. L., Chung, Y. C., Teow, T. L., Lee, P. N., Jagmohni, K. S. （2009）. Daytime sleepiness and sleep quality among Malaysian medical students. Med J Malaysia, 64（2）.

Zelazo, P. D., & Muller, U. （2002）. Executive function in typical and atypical development. In U. Goswami （Ed.）, Handbook of childhood cognitive development, 445-469. Oxford: Blackwell.

Zelazo, P. D., Muller, U., Frye, D., & Marcovitch, S. （2003）. The development of executive function in early childhood. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 68（3）, Serial No. 274. Boston: WileyBlackwell.

Zelazo, P. D. （2006）. The dimensional change card sort （DCCS）: A method of assessing executive function in children. Nature Protocols, 1, 297-301.