隨著健康資訊取得便利，大眾健康意識的提升，健康資訊尋求被視為一個普遍的現象，但健康資訊迴避卻極少被大眾所察覺，而慢性疾病患者因接觸健康資訊頻率較一般大眾高，對資訊的接收或迴避直接影響患者的醫療決策和健康維持。因此本研究目的是為了深入瞭解健康資訊迴避現象，由揭示患者的健康資訊迴避行為和原因、發掘可減少健康資訊迴避之契機，協助衛教單位建置健康資訊、提醒患者檢視自身的資訊尋求行為，避免遺漏有益之資訊。
本研究以第二型糖尿病患者為對象，透過關鍵事件訪談法來蒐集資料，總共訪談了10位患者，研究結果發現：患者受到生理、心理、個人認知、外在環境四個層面的因素影響，會出現輕度迴避、選擇性迴避、潛在迴避、完全迴避四個不同程度之健康資訊迴避行為。從中發現促使患者減少迴避之契機包括急迫的健康資訊需求、對健康資訊內容產生興趣、醫生積極的回應、簡單易懂的資訊提供方式以及敘述完整的健康資訊內容。
依據研究結果整理出一個第二型糖尿病患者健康資訊迴避行為框架，並提出結論如下：患者的資訊需求集中於飲食和藥物資訊、網際網路為患者首選的資訊來源管道、健康資訊迴避行為不限於病程之特定時期、健康資訊迴避行為與尋求行為可能同時發生、患者多因心理壓力而迴避資訊、患者在無法與健康資訊良好溝通時迴避資訊、與資訊提供者有良好的互動可減少資訊迴避、健康資訊內容引起關注可增強資訊需求。最後針對醫療照護等單位提出實務以及未來研究建議。

Along with the convenience of receiving health information and the rise of public health consciousness, seeking health information is regarded as a common phenomenon. However, the public is seldom aware of health information avoidance behaviors. As for chronic patients, because they contact health information more frequently than healthy people, the receiving and avoidance of information directly influence the medical decision and healthy maintenance of patients. Therefore, this study aims to deeply discuss health information avoidance phenomena. By discovering patients’ behavior and reasons of health information avoidance to reduce the health information avoidance behaviors, assist the health organizations to build up the health information and remind patients to inspect their own behavior of information searching to avoid missing the helpful information.
This study refers to Type 2 diabetics as a target and uses the Critical Incident Technique to collect data. There are ten patients interviewed. According to the research results, patients will occur four kinds of health information avoidance behaviors, such as light avoidance, selective avoidance, hidden avoidance and full avoidance that are affected by four level factors, including physiological, psychological, personal cognition and outer environment. This study also finds that the key points which promote patients to reduce information avoidance behaviors include the urgent health information needs, interest on health information, active response from doctors, simple and easy to understood ways of information supplying and completely described health information.
According to the findings, this study organizes a frame of health information avoidance for Type 2 diabetics and draws conclusions as below. The information needs of patients focus on diet and medicine information. The internet is the first choice to get information for patients. Patients usually avoid information because of mental pressure. In addition, patients avoid information when they have difficulties to seek or understand health information. The behavior of health information avoidance is not limited in a specific period. The behavior of health information avoidance and seeking might occur simultaneously. It also could decrease information avoidance if patients interact well with information providers. Otherwise, the more attention about health information contents, the more information needs. Finally, this study proposes practical suggestions for medical and health organizations regarding diabetes.

文崇一、楊國樞（2000）。社會及行為科學研究法下冊。臺北市：東華。
王梅玲（2012）。關鍵事件法。檢自：http://terms.naer.edu.tw/detail/1679272/
王瑞霞（2016）。病人賦權與健康素養。中華民國糖尿病衛教學會會訊，12（4），20-22。
王璟璇、王瑞霞、林秋菊（1998）。門診診斷初期非胰島素依賴型糖尿病患者的自我照顧行為及其相關因素之探討。護理雜誌，45（2），60-74。doi:10.6224/JN.45.2.60
全民糖尿病觀測站（2010）。糖尿病簡介-什麼是糖尿病? 檢自http://www.diabetes.org.tw/wddt_heduc01.jsp?P_TNO=EDUC990010001&P_HCTG=A
吳月珠（2017）。中年糖尿病胰島素治療患者血糖自我監控行為之探究（未出版之碩士論文）。國立臺中教育大學諮商與應用心理學系碩士班，臺中市。
吳寂絹（2014）。社會性問答服務之健康資訊提問分析研究（未出版之博士論文）。 國立臺灣師範大學圖書資訊學研究所，臺北市。
呂淑妤（2011）。當白袍遇上麥克風。臺北市：五南。
李元喬（2011）。資訊超載與知覺風險對信心、決策滿意度及轉換意圖之影響（未出版之碩士論文）。真理大學企業管理學系，新北市。
李明昌（2015）。嬰兒潮世代健康資訊需求與資訊尋求行為之研究（未出版之碩士論文）。實踐大學家庭研究與兒童發展學系，臺北市。
林孟瑢（2017）。從資訊設計探討健康食品包裝資訊之易讀性、可讀性與尋獲度研究（未出版之碩士論文）。國立臺灣師範大學圖書資訊學研究所，臺北市。
林秋菊（2011）。慢性病患者之自我管理。臺灣腎臟護理學會雜誌，10（1），1-18。
邱培源（2002）。病患健康資訊需求與尋求行為之研究（未出版之碩士論文）。淡江大學資訊與圖書館學系，新北市。
邱銘心（2010）。資訊需求。檢自：http://terms.naer.edu.tw/detail/1679179/
政府資料開放平台（2017）。衛生福利部-死因統計。檢自：http://data.gov.tw/node/5965
柯欣妤（2018年5月5日）。他肛門傷口化膿 竟檢查出糖尿病。健康醫療網。檢自：https://www.healthnews.com.tw/news/article/37820
紀雪雲（2000）。健康信念模式。檢自：http://terms.naer.edu.tw/detail/1309109/
范卉妤（2016）。罕見疾病兒童與青少年之主要照護者資訊行為研究（未出版之碩士論文）。國立臺灣師範大學圖書資訊學研究所，臺北市。
紐曼（Neuman, W.L.）（2014）。當代社會研究法：質化與量化取向（王佳煌、潘中道、蘇文賢、江吟梓譯）。臺北市：學富文化。
馬賽藍（2015）。健康飲食運動一起來：控制糖尿病小知識。全民健康保險雙月刊，114，36-40。
張淳茜（2000）。病患健康資訊來源及其相關因素之研究（未出版之碩士論文）。中國醫藥學院醫務管理研究所，臺中市。
蘇利文（Sullivan, F.）、魏雅特（Wyatt, J. C.）（2008）。健康資訊學ABC（張雅倫編譯）。臺北市：合記圖書。
張愛華、曾忠蕙、黃育盈（2012）。資訊超載對網路購物決策之影響—中介效果之探討。電子商務學報， 14（3），411-440。
張慶華、黄菲菲、朱爱群、张静平（2014）。国内外慢性病健康素养的研究进展。中国全科医学， 17（7），814-817。
曹傑能（2009）。運用認知失調理論建構資訊超載環境下之線上資訊處理模型（未出版之碩士論文）。 義守大學資訊管理學系碩士班，高雄市。
莊玟玲、金繼春（2002）。一位初診斷為乳癌婦女的訊息需求。醫護科技學刊，4（2），126-135。
許文綺（2002）。網路資源使用之資訊超載現象--以輔仁大學管理學院研究生為例（未出版之碩士論文）。輔仁大學圖書資訊學系，新北市。
許麗齡（2002）。健康/醫療網站之需求與功能。臺灣醫學，6（4），585-589。
郭淑珍、吳筱筑（2016）。醫病互動對失眠者使用藥物行為的影響。人文社會與醫療學刊，3，177-201.
陳世娟（2012）。癌症病患家庭照護者之資訊行為研究（未出版之博士論文）。國立臺灣大學圖書資訊學研究所，臺北市。
陳向明（2002）。社會科學質的研究。臺北市：五南。
黃漢芬（2006）。細胞色素P4502J2*7基因多型性與國人年輕具家族史第二型糖尿病之關聯性研究（未出版之碩士論文）。國立中山大學生物科學系研究所，高雄市。
黃慕萱（2001）。成人讀者之資訊尋求行為。臺北市立圖書館館訊，19（2），8-23。
楊誠恕（2004）。岡山地區軍人健康資訊需求與就醫選擇之研究（未出版之碩士論文）。 高雄醫學大學公共衛生學研究所碩士在職專班，高雄市。
葉乃靜（2003）。SARS流行期間民眾健康資訊行為研究。圖書資訊學刊，1（2），95-110。
葉乃靜（2007）。癌症網站資訊需求研究。圖書資訊學研究，1（2），71-89。
詹志洋（2013）。病人的醫療資訊需求、尋求、與就醫選擇行為（未出版之碩士論文）。國立清華大學科技管理學院高階經營管理碩士在職專班，新竹市。
廖韋淳、邱立安、岳修平（2012）。鄉村地區老年人健康資訊需求與尋求行為之研究。 圖書資訊學刊，10（1），155-204。
廖嘉音（2010）。糖尿病友健康素養教育方案之實施與成效。中華民國糖尿病衛教學會會訊，6（2），40-43。
劉忠峰、林宏榮主持（2014）。以擴充的計畫行為理論探討病人使用健康資訊之意願（國科會專題研究計畫成果報告，NSC 102-2410-H041-002 ）。臺南市，嘉南藥理科技大學。
潘淑滿（2003）。質性研究：理論與應用。臺北市：心理。
衛生福利部（2017）。105年國人死因統計結果。檢自：https://www.mohw.gov.tw/cp-16-33598-1.html
衛生福利部中央健康保險署（2016）。慢性疾病範圍。檢自：https://www.nhi.gov.tw/Content_List.aspx?n=0205B47A1C459B5A&topn=D39E2B72B0BDFA15
衛生福利部統計處（2018）。全民健康保險醫療統計。檢自：https://dep.mohw.gov.tw/DOS/np-1918-113.html
賴玲玲（2013）。資訊超載。檢自：http://terms.naer.edu.tw/detail/1954773/
賴美淑、邱淑媞（2002）。糖尿病共同照護之概念與內涵。臺灣醫學，6（4），560-568。
蘇哲能等（2008）。臺灣健康知能量表之初探性研究。臺灣醫學，12（5），525-526。

Addison, C. V. (2017). The Issue of avoidance : Information avoidance in the context of personal health concerns (T). University of British Columbia. Retrieved from https://open.library.ubc.ca/cIRcle/collections/24/items/1.0354265
American Diabetes Association (2010). Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care, 33(Suppl 1), S62–S69. doi:10.2337/dc10-S062
American Psychological Association (2010, 2016 Amendments). Ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct. Retrieved from http://www.apa.org/ethics/code/
Attfield, S. J., Adams, A., & Blandford, A. (2006). Patient information needs: Pre- and post-consultation. Health Informatics Journal, 12(2), 165-177. doi:10.1177/1460458206063811
Bailey, C. J., & Kodack, M. (2011). Patient adherence to medication requirements for therapy of type 2 diabetes. International Journal of Clinical Practice, 65(3), 314-322.
Baker, D. W., DeWalt, D. A., Schillinger, D., Hawk, V., Ruo, B., Bibbins-Domingo, K., ... & Pignone, M. (2011). “Teach to goal”: Theory and design principles of an intervention to improve heart failure self-management skills of patients with low health literacy. Journal of Health Communication, 16(sup3), 73-88.
Baker, D. W., Wolf, M. S., Feinglass, J., Thompson, J. A., Gazmararian, J. A., & Huang, J. (2007). Health literacy and mortality among elderly persons. Archives of Internal Medicine, 167(14), 1503-1509.
Bakker, R. H., Kastermans, M. C., & Dassen, T. W. N. (1995). An analysis of the nursing diagnosis ineffective management of therapeutic regimen compared to noncompliance and Orem’s self-care deficit theory of nursing. Nursing Diagnosis, 6(4), 161-166.
Barbour, J. B., Rintamaki, L. S., Ramsey, J. A., & Brashers, D. E. (2012). Avoiding health information. Journal of Health Communication, 17(2), 212-229. doi: 10.1080/10810730.2011.585691
Bawden, D. (2001). Information overload. Library & Information Briefings, 92. Retrieved from http://litc.sbu.ac.uk/publications/lframe.html
Bawden, D., Holtham, C., & Courtney, N. (1999). Perspectives on information overload. Aslib Proceedings, 51(8), 249-255. doi:10.1108/EUM0000000006984
Beisecker, A. E., & Beisecker, T. D. (1990). Patient information-seeking behaviors when communicating with doctors. Medical Care, 28(1), 19-28.
Billings, A. G. & Moos, R. H. (1984). Coping, stress, and social resources among adults with unipolar depression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46(4), 877-891.
Brey, R. A., Clark, S. E., & Wantz, M. S. (2008). This is your future: A Case study approach to foster health literacy. Journal of School Health, 78(6), 351-355.
Case, D. O., Andrews, J. E., Johnson, J. D., & Allard, S. L. (2005). Avoiding versus seeking: The Relationship of information seeking to avoidance, blunting, coping, dissonance, and related concepts. Journal of the Medical Library Association, 93(3), 353-362.
Chae, J. (2016). Who avoids cancer information? Examining a psychological process leading to cancer information avoidance. Journal of Health Communication, 21(7), 837-844. doi:10.1080/10810730.2016.1177144
Cho, Y. I., Lee, S. Y. D., Arozullah, A. M., & Crittenden, K. S. (2008). Effects of health literacy on health status and health service utilization amongst the elderly. Social Science & Medicine, 66(8), 1809-1816.
Crichton, E. F., Smith, D. L., & Demanuele, F. (1978). Patient recall of medication information. Drug Intelligence & Clinical Pharmacy, 12(10), 591-599.
Curtin, R. B., Mapes, D., Schatell, D., & Burrows-Hudson, S. (2005). Self-management in patients with end stage renal disease: Exploring domains and dimensions. Nephrology Nursing Journal, 32(4), 389-395.
Davis, T. C., Arnold, C., Berkel, H. J., Nandy, I., Jackson, R. H., & Glass, J. (1996). Knowledge and attitude on screening mammography among low‐literate, low‐income women. Cancer, 78(9), 1912-1920.
DeCoster, V. A. (2001). Challenges of type 2 diabetes and role of health care social work: A Neglected area of practice. Health & Social Work, 26(1), 26–37.
Dervin, B. (1992). From the mind’s eye of the user: The Sense-Making qualitative-quantitative methodology. In J. D. Glazier & R. R. Powell (Eds.), Qualitative research in information management (pp. 61-84). Englewood, CO: Libraries Unlimited.
Emanuel, A. S., Kiviniemi, M. T., Howell, J. L., Hay, J. L., Waters, E. A., Orom, H., & Shepperd, J. A. (2015). Avoiding cancer risk information. Social Science & Medicine, 147, 113-120. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.10.058
Escoffery, C., DiIorio, C., Yeager, K. A., McCarty, F., Robinson, E., Reisinger, E., ... & Koganti, A. (2008). Use of computers and the Internet for health information by patients with epilepsy. Epilepsy & Behavior, 12(1), 109-114.
FitzGerald, K., Seale, N. S., Kerins, C. A., & McElvaney, R. (2008). The Critical incident technique: A Useful tool for conducting qualitative research. Journal of Dental Education, 72(3), 299-304.
Gabbott, M., & Hogg, G. (1996). The Glory of stories: Using critical incidents to understand service evaluation in the primary healthcare context. Journal of Marketing Management, 12(6), 493-503.
Golman, R., Hagmann D., & Loewenstein, G. (2017). Information avoidance. Journal of Economic Literature, 55(1), 96-135. doi:10.1257/jel.20151245
Hahn, M., Lawson, R., & Lee, Y. G. (1992). The Effects of time pressure and information load on decision quality. Psychology & Marketing, 9(5), 365-378.
Hanka, R., & Fuka, K. (2000). Information overload and “just-in-time” knowledge. The Electronic Library, 18(4), 279-285.
Hope, C. J., Wu, J., Tu, W., Young, J., & Murray, M. D. (2004). Association of medication adherence, knowledge, and skills with emergency department visits by adults 50 years or older with congestive heart failure. American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy, 61(19), 2043-2049.
Howell, J. L., & Shepperd, J. A. (2013). Reducing health-information avoidance through contemplation. Psychological Science, 24(9), 1696-1703. doi:10.1177/0956797613478616
Howell, J. L., & Shepperd, J. A. (2017). Social exclusion, self-affirmation, and health information avoidance. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 68, 21-26. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2016.05.005
Howell, J. L., Crosier, B. S., & Shepperd, J. A. (2014). Does lacking threat-management resources increase information avoidance? A Multi-sample, multi-method investigation. Journal of Research in Personality, 50, 102-109. doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2014.03.003
Hummelinck, A., & Pollock, K. (2006). Parents’ information needs about the treatment of their chronically ill child: A Qualitative study. Patient Education and Counseling, 62(2), 228-234.
Hussar, D. A. (1975). Pharmacy practice--the importance of effective communications. American Journal of Pharmacy and the Sciences Supporting Public Health, 148(5), 136-147.
International Diabetes Federation. (2017). IDF Diabetes Atlas: Eighth edition 2017. Retrieved from http://www.diabetesatlas.org/
Johnson, J. D. (1997). Cancer-related information seeking. Hampton Press.
Jung, M. (2014). Determinants of health information-seeking behavior: Implications for post-treatment cancer patients. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention, 15(16), 6499-6504.
Juzych, M. S., Randhawa, S., Shukairy, A., Kaushal, P., Gupta, A., & Shalauta, N. (2008). Functional health literacy in patients with glaucoma in urban settings. Archives of Ophthalmology, 126(5), 718-724.
Kim, S., Love, F., Quistberg, D. A., & Shea, J. A. (2004). Association of Health Literacy With Self-Management Behavior in Patients With Diabetes. Diabetes Care, 27(12), 2980.
Kuhlthau, C. C. (1991). Inside the search process: Information seeking from the user's perspective. Journal of the American society for information science, 42(5), 361-371.
Labor, S. L., Schommer, J. C., & Pathak, D. S. (1995). Information overload with written prescription drug information. Drug Information Journal, 29(4), 1317-1328.
Lambert, S., Loiselle, C. & Macdonald, M. E. (2009). An In-depth exploration of information-seeking behavior among individuals with cancer part 1: Understanding patterns of information disinterest and avoidance. Cancer Nursing, 32(1), 11-23. doi:10.1097/01.NCC.0000343360.90999.8b
Lambert, S., Loiselle, C. & Macdonald, M. E. (2009). An In-depth exploration of information-seeking behavior among individuals with cancer part 2: Understanding patterns of information disinterest and avoidance. Cancer Nursing, 32(1), 26-36. doi:10.1097/01.NCC.0000343373.01646.91
Lazarus, R. S. & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping. New York, NY : Springer.
Lee, S. Y. D., Arozullah, A. M., & Cho, Y. I. (2004). Health literacy, social support, and health: A Research agenda. Social Science & Medicine, 58(7), 1309-1321.
Leydon, G. M., Boulton, M., Moynihan, C., Jones, A., Mossman, J., Boudioni, M., & McPherson, K. (2000). Cancer patients' information needs and information seeking behaviour: In Depth interview study. BMJ, 320(7239), 909-913.
Lin, W. C., & Tsao, C. J. (2004). Information needs of family caregivers of terminal cancer patients in Taiwan. The American Journal of Hospice & Palliative Care, 21, 438-444. doi:10.1177/104990910402100609
Lloyd, A., Bonner, A., & Dawson-Rose, C. (2014). The Health information practices of people living with chronic health conditions: Implications for health literacy. Journal of Librarianship and Information Science, 46(3), 207-216.
Longo, D. R. (2005). Understanding health information, communication, and information seeking of patients and consumers: A Comprehensive and integrated model. Health Expectations, 8(3), 189-194.
Longo, D. R., Ge, B., Radina, M. E., Greiner, A., Williams, C. D., Longo, G. S., ... & Salas-Lopez, D. (2009). Understanding breast-cancer patients' perceptions: Health information-seeking behaviour and passive information receipt. Journal of Communication in Healthcare, 2(2), 184-206.
Longo, D. R., Schubert, S. L., Wright, B. A., LeMaster, J., Williams, C. D., & Clore, J. N. (2010). Health information seeking, receipt, and use in diabetes self-management. The Annals of Family Medicine, 8(4), 334-340.
Mancuso, J. M. (2008). Health literacy: A Concept/dimensional analysis. Nursing & Health Sciences, 10(3), 248-255.
Mayer, D. K., Terrin, N. C., Kreps, G. L., Menon, U., McCance, K., Parsons, S. K., & Mooney, K. H. (2007). Cancer survivors information seeking behaviors: A Comparison of survivors who do and do not seek information about cancer. Patient Education And Counseling, 65(3), 342-350.
Muir, K. W., Santiago-Turla, C., Stinnett, S. S., Herndon, L. W., Allingham, R. R., Challa, P., & Lee, P. P. (2006). Health literacy and adherence to glaucoma therapy. American Journal of Ophthalmology, 142(2), 223-226.
Narayan, B., Case, D. O., & Edwards, S. L. (2011). The role of information avoidance in everyday‐life information behaviors. Proceedings of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 48(1), 1-9.
Nelissen, S., Beullens, K., Lemal, M., & Van den Bulck, J. (2015). Fear of cancer is associated with cancer information seeking, scanning and avoiding: A Cross-sectional study among cancer diagnosed and non-diagnosed individuals. Health Information & Libraries Journal, 32(2), 107-119. doi:10.1111/hir.12100
Nelson, M. R. (1994). We have the information you want, but getting it will cost you!: Held hostage by information overload. XRDS: Crossroads, the ACM Magazine for Students. 1(1), 11-15. doi:10.1145/197177.197183
Nutbeam, D. (2000). Health literacy as a public health goal: A Challenge for contemporary health education and communication strategies into the 21st century. Health Promotion International, 15(3), 259-267.
Osborn, C. Y., Paasche-Orlow, M. K., Davis, T. C., & Wolf, M. S. (2007). Health literacy: An Overlooked factor in understanding HIV health disparities. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 33(5), 374-378.
Osterberg, L., & Blaschke, T. (2005). Adherence to medication. New England Journal of Medicine, 353(5), 487-497.
Persoskie, A., Ferrer, R. A., & Klein, W. M. P. (2014). Association of cancer worry and perceived risk with doctor avoidance: An Analysis of information avoidance in a nationally representative US sample. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 37(5), 977-987. doi: 10.1007/s10865-013-9537-2
Polly, R. K. (1992). Diabetes health beliefs, self-care behaviors, and glycemic control among older adults with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. The Diabetes Educator, 18(4), 321-327
Primack, B. A., Bui, T., & Fertman, C. I. (2007). Social marketing meets health literacy: Innovative improvement of health care providers’ comfort with patient interaction. Patient Education and Counseling, 68(1), 3-9.
Rea, S. (2017). Information avoidance: How people select their own reality. Retrieved from https://www.cmu.edu/news/stories/archives/2017/march/information-avoidance.html
Roth, S., & Cohen, L. J. (1986). Approach, avoidance, and coping with stress. American Psychologist, 41(7), 813-819.
Rutten, L. J. F., Arora, N. K., Bakos, A. D., Aziz, N., & Rowland, J. (2005). Information needs and sources of information among cancer patients: A Systematic review of research (1980–2003). Patient Education and Counseling, 57(3), 250-261.
Sairanen, A., & Savolainen, R. (2010). Avoiding health information in the context of uncertainty management. Information Research, 15(4), 15-14.
Savolainen, R. (1995). Everyday life information seeking: Approaching information seeking in the context of “way of life”. Library & information science research, 17(3), 259-294.
Schillinger, D., Grumbach, K., Piette, J., Wang, F., Osmond, D., Daher, C., ... & Bindman, A. B. (2002). Association of health literacy with diabetes outcomes. JAMA, 288(4), 475-482.
Schneider, S. C. (1987). Information overload: Causes and consequences. Human Systems Management, 7(2), 143-153.
Seurer, A. C., & Vogt, H. B. (2013). Low health literacy: A Barrier to effective patient care. South Dakota Medicine, 66(2), 51, 53-57.
Shea, J. A., Guerra, C. E., Ravenell, K. L., McDonald, V. J., Henry, C. A., & Asch, D. A. (2006). Health literacy weakly but consistently predicts primary care patient dissatisfaction. International Journal for Quality in Health Care, 19(1), 45-49.
Shepperd, J. A., & Howell, J. L. (2015). Responding to psychological threats with deliberate ignorance: Causes and remedies. In P. J. Carroll, R. M. Arkin, & A. Wichman (Eds.), Handbook of personal security (pp. 257-274). New York, NY: Taylor & Francis.
Shrank, W. H., & Avorn, J. (2007). Educating patients about their medications: The Potential and limitations of written drug information. Health Affairs, 26(3), 731-740.
St. Jean, B. (2017). Factors motivating, demotivating, or impeding information seeking and use by people with type 2 diabetes: A Call to work toward preventing, identifying, and addressing incognizance. Journal of the Association for Information Science & Technology, 68(2), 309-320. doi:10.1002/asi.23652
Stauss, B., & Weinlich, B. (1997). Process-oriented measurement of service quality: Applying the sequential incident technique. European Journal of Marketing, 31(1), 33-55.
Stiles, E. (2011). Promoting health literacy in patients with diabetes. Nursing Standard, 26(8), 35-40.
Sweeny, K., Melnyk, D., Miller, W., & Shepperd, J. A. (2010). Information avoidance: Who, what, when, and why. Review of General Psychology, 14(4), 340-353. doi:10.1037/a0021288
Taylor, R. S. (1968). Question-negotiation and information seeking in libraries. College & research libraries, 29(3), 178-194.
Thomas-Hawkins, C. & Zazworsky, D. (2005). Self-management of chronic kidney disease. American Journal of Nursing, 105, 40-47.
World Health Organization (2010). Noncommunicable diseases. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/topics/noncommunicable_diseases/en/
Williams, M. V., Baker, D. W., Parker, R. M., & Nurss, J. R. (1998). Relationship of functional health literacy to patients' knowledge of their chronic disease: A Study of patients with hypertension and diabetes. Archives of Internal Medicine, 158(2), 166-172.
Wilson, T. D. (1997). Information behaviour: An Interdisciplinary perspective. Information Processing & Management, 33(4), 551-572. doi:10.1016/S0306-4573(97)00028-9
Yang, Z. J., & Kahlor, L. (2013). What, me worry? The Role of affect in information seeking and avoidance. Science Communication, 35(2), 189-212.
Yaniv, I., Benador, D., & Sagi, M. (2004). On not wanting to know and not wanting to inform others: Choices regarding predictive genetic testing. Risk Decision and Policy, 9(4), 317-336.