研究生: |
陳家薇 Chen, Chia-Wei |
---|---|
論文名稱: |
Psychological Empowerment and Career Commitment: A Moderated Mediation Model of Trust in Leaders and Work Engagement from Social Exchange Theory Psychological Empowerment and Career Commitment: A Moderated Mediation Model of Trust in Leaders and Work Engagement from Social Exchange Theory |
指導教授: |
林怡君
Lin, Yi-Chun Jane |
口試委員: |
盧承杰
Lu, Cheng-Chieh 張玉萱 Chang, Yu-Hsuan 林怡君 Lin, Yi-Chun |
口試日期: | 2021/10/07 |
學位類別: |
碩士 Master |
系所名稱: |
國際人力資源發展研究所 Graduate Institute of International Human Resource Developmemt |
論文出版年: | 2021 |
畢業學年度: | 109 |
語文別: | 英文 |
論文頁數: | 86 |
英文關鍵詞: | psychological empowerment, trust in leaders, work engagement, career commitment, human resource, social exchange theory |
研究方法: | 調查研究 |
DOI URL: | http://doi.org/10.6345/NTNU202101668 |
論文種類: | 學術論文 |
相關次數: | 點閱:151 下載:0 |
分享至: |
查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報 |
Psychological empowerment, work engagement, career commitment and trust in leaders are
discussed as resources to support the supervisors’ construction of an active and positive work
environment. The social exchange process mentioned from social exchange theory afford the
direction to table out the relationships between the resources. Therefore, based on the social
exchange theory, the study aimed to explore the relationship between psychological
empowerment and career commitment, the mediating effect of work engagement in the social
process between psychological empowerment and career commitment, and the moderating
effect of trust in leaders in both research directions mentioned above. The thesis adopted a
quantitative approach with an online questionnaire that focused on the Taiwanese participants
in Generation Y. The statistics conducted convenience and snowball sampling techniques
having 324 qualified participants. IBM SPSS and SPSS AMOS 20 were made use of the
statistical analysis. The findings from this study indicated that creating a work environment
with high psychological empowerment is one effective method to amplify employee’s work
engagement and career commitment. According to the social exchange process concepts, the
positive work experience built from employee’s work engagement plays an essential role in
enhancing career commitment. Moreover, the findings showed that trust in leaders is
influenced by psychological empowerment, which did not moderate the relationships in this
research. The research tried to advance the application for theoretical research on the social
exchange theory, also make the new direction for management as practical implication.
Abu Bakar, H., Dilbeck, K. E., & McCroskey, J. C. (2010). Mediating role of supervisory communication practices on relations between leader–member exchange and perceived employee commitment to workgroup. Communication Monographs, 77(4), 637-656. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637751.2010.499104
Adams, B. D., Waldherr, S., & Sartori, J. (2008). Trust in teams scale, trust in leaders scale: Manual for administration and analyses. Guelph, ON: Humansystems Incorporated.
Alarcón, D., & Sánchez, J. A. (2015). Assessing convergent and discriminant validity in the ADHD-R IV rating scale: User-written commands for Average Variance Extracted (AVE), Composite Reliability (CR), and Heterotrait-Monotrait ratio of correlations (HTMT). Spanish STATA meeting.
Aryee, S., Budhwar, P. S., & Chen, Z. X. (2002). Trust as a mediator of the relationship between organizational justice and work outcomes: Test of a social exchange model. Journal of Organizational Behavior: The International Journal of Industrial, Occupational and Organizational Psychology and Behavior, 23(3), 267-285. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.138
Aryee, S., & Tan, K. (1992). Antecedents and outcomes of career commitment. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 40(3), 288-305. https://doi.org/10.1016/0001-8791(92)90052-2
Ashforth, B. E., & Mael, F. (1989). Social identity theory and the organization. Academy of Management Review, 14(1), 20-39. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1989.4278999
Avey, J. B., Luthans, F., & Jensen, S. M. (2009). Psychological capital: A positive resource for combating employee stress and turnover. Human Resource Management, 48(5), 677-693. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.20294
Bakker, A. B., & Albrecht, S. (2018). Work engagement: current trends. Career Development International, 23(1), 4-11. https://doi.org/ http://doi.org/10.1108/CDI-11-2017-0207
Bakker, A. B., & Leiter, M. P. (2010). Work engagement: A handbook of essential theory and research. Psychology Press.
Bakker, A. B., Schaufeli, W. B., Leiter, M. P., & Taris, T. W. (2008). Work engagement: An emerging concept in occupational health psychology. Work & Stress, 22(3), 187-200. https://doi.org/10.1080/02678370802393649
Bambacas, M., & Patrickson, M. (2008). Interpersonal communication skills that enhance organisational commitment. Journal of Communication Management, 12(1), 51-72. https://doi.org/10.1108/13632540810854235
Bell, N. E., & Staw, B. M. (1989). People as sculptors versus sculpture: the roles of personality and personal control in organizations. In M. B., Arthur, M. B. Arthur, D. T., Hall, & B. S., Lawrence (Eds.), Handbook of career theory (pp. 232-251). Cambridge University Press.
Benckendorff, P., Moscardo, G., & Pendergast, D. (2010). Tourism and generation Y. Cabi.
Bentler, P. M. (1990). Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychological Bulletin, 107(2), 238-246. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.107.2.238
Bentler, P. M., & Bonett, D. G. (1980). Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structures. Psychological Bulletin, 88(3), 588-606. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.88.3.588
Blau, G. J. (1985). The measurement and prediction of career commitment. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 58(4), 277-288. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8325.1985.tb00201.x
Blau, G. J. (1988). Further exploring the meaning and measurement of career commitment. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 32(3), 284-297. https://doi.org/10.1016/0001-8791(88)90020-6
Blau, G. (1989). Testing the generalizability of a career commitment measure and its impact on employee turnover. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 35(1), 88-103. https://doi.org/10.1016/0001-8791(89)90050-X
Blau, H. (1964). The Iroquois white dog sacrifice: Its evolution and symbolism. Ethnohistory, 11(2), 97-119. https://doi.org/10.2307/480853
Brief, A. P., & Nord, W. R. (1990). Work and meaning: Definitions and interpretations.
Brunetto, Y., Farr-Wharton, R., & Shacklock, K. (2012). Communication, training, well-being, and commitment across nurse generations. Nursing Outlook, 60(1), 7-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.outlook.2011.04.004
Burke, C. S., Sims, D. E., Lazzara, E. H., & Salas, E. (2007). Trust in leadership: A multi-level review and integration. The Leadership Quarterly, 18(6), 606-632. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2007.09.006
Byrne, B. M. (1991). The Maslach burnout inventory: Validating factorial structure and invariance across intermediate, secondary, and university educators. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 26(4), 583-605. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327906mbr2604_2
Carlson, K. D., & Herdman, A. O. (2012). Understanding the impact of convergent validity on research results. Organizational Research Methods, 15(1), 17-32. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428110392383
Cennamo, L., & Gardner, D. (2008). Generational differences in work values, outcomes and person‐organisation values fit. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 23(8), 891-906. https://doi.org/10.1108/02683940810904385
Cho, T., & Faerman, S. R. (2010). An integrative model of empowerment and individuals' in-role and extra-role performance in the Korean public sector: Moderating effects of organizational individualism and collectivism. International Public Management Journal, 13(2), 130-154. https://doi.org/10.1080/10967491003769339
Christian, M. S., Garza, A. S., & Slaughter, J. E. (2011). Work engagement: A quantitative review and test of its relations with task and contextual performance. Personnel Psychology, 64(1), 89-136. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.2010.01203.x
Colarelli, S. M., & Bishop, R. C. (1990). Career commitment: Functions, correlates, and management. Group & Organization Studies, 15(2), 158-176. https://doi.org/10.1177/105960119001500203
Cotterell, N., Eisenberger, R., & Speicher, H. (1992). Inhibiting effects of reciprocation wariness on interpersonal relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62(4), 658-668. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.62.4.658
Cropanzano, R., Anthony, E. L., Daniels, S. R., & Hall, A. V. (2017). Social exchange theory: A critical review with theoretical remedies. Academy of Management Annals, 11(1), 479-516. https://doi.org/10.5465/annals.2015.0099
Cropanzano, R., & Mitchell, M. S. (2005). Social exchange theory: An interdisciplinary review. Journal of Management, 31(6), 874-900. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206305279602
Cropanzano, R., Rupp, D. E., & Byrne, Z. S. (2003). The relationship of emotional exhaustion to work attitudes, job performance, and organizational citizenship behaviors. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(1), 160-169. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.88.1.160
Deci, E. L., Connell, J. P., & Ryan, R. M. (1989). Self-determination in a work organization. Journal of Applied Psychology, 74(4), 580-590. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.74.4580
Demerouti, E., & Bakker, A. B. (2011). The job demands-resources model: Challenges for future research. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, 37(2), 01-09.
Directorate General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics, Executive Yuan, Taiwan, R.O.C. (2020).2020 Time Series statistics Table. [text in Chinese] https://www.stat.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=37135&ctNode=517&mp=4
Dirks, K. T., & Ferrin, D. L. (2002). Trust in leadership: Meta-analytic findings and implications for research and practice. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(4), 611-628. https://doi.org/10.1037//0021-9010.87.4.611
Dyer, J. H., & Chu, W. (2003). The role of trustworthiness in reducing transaction costs and improving performance: Empirical evidence from the United States, Japan, and Korea. Organization Science, 14(1), 57-68. https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.14.1.57.12806
Elam, C., Stratton, T., & Gibson, D. D. (2007). Welcoming a new generation to college: The millennial students. Journal of College Admission, 195, 20-25.
Ellemers, N., de Gilder, D., & Van Den Heuvel, H. (1998). Career-oriented versus team-oriented commitment and behavior at work. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83(5), 717-730. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.83.5.717
Emerson, T. I. (1976). Legal foundations of the right to know. Wash. ULQ, 1.
Engelbrecht, A. S., Heine, G., & Mahembe, B. (2017). Integrity, ethical leadership, trust and work engagement. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 38(3), 368-379. https://doi.org/10.1108/lodj-11-2015-0237
Flynn, F. J. (2005). Identity orientations and forms of social exchange in organizations. Academy of Management Review, 30(4), 737-750. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2005.18378875
Foa, E. B., Jameson, J. S., Turner, R. M., & Payne, L. L. (1980). Massed vs. spaced exposure sessions in the treatment of agoraphobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 18(4), 333-338.
Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39-50. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224378101800104
Fu, J.-R., & Chen, J. H. F. (2015). Career commitment of information technology professionals: The investment model perspective. Information & Management, 52(5), 537-549. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.im.2015.03.005
Fugate, M., Kinicki, A. J., & Ashforth, B. E. (2004). Employability: A psycho-social construct, its dimensions, and applications. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 65(1), 14-38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2003.10.005
Gouldner, A. W. (1960). The norm of reciprocity: A preliminary statement. American Sociological Review, 25(2), 161-178. https://doi.org/10.2307/2092623
Graen, G. B., & Uhl-Bien, M. (1995). Relationship-based approach to leadership: Development of leader-member exchange (LMX) theory of leadership over 25 years: Applying a multi-level multi-domain perspective. The Leadership Quarterly, 6(2), 219-247. https://doi.org/10.1016/1048-9843(95)90036-5
Greasley, K., Bryman, A., Dainty, A., Price, A., Naismith, N., & Soetanto, R. (2008). Understanding empowerment from an employee perspective: What does it mean and do they want it? Team Performance Management: An International Journal, 14(1/2), 39-55. https://doi.org/10.1108/13527590810860195
Greenhaus, J. H., Parasuraman, S., & Wormley, W. M. (1990). Effects of race on organizational experiences, job performance evaluations, and career outcomes. Academy of Management Journal, 33(1), 64-86. https://doi.org/10.5465/256352
Gursoy, D., Chi, C. G.-Q., & Karadag, E. (2013). Generational differences in work values and attitudes among frontline and service contact employees. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 32, 40-48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2012.04.002
Hackman, J. R., Hackman, R. J., & Oldham, G. R. (1980). Work redesign (Vol. 2779). Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley.
Hall, D. T., & Mansfield, R. (1971). Organizational and individual response to external stress. Administrative Science Quarterly, 16(4), 533-547. https://doi.org/10.2307/2391771
Hardesty, D. M., & Bearden, W. O. (2004). The use of expert judges in scale development: Implications for improving face validity of measures of unobservable constructs. Journal of Business Research, 57(2), 98-107. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0148-2963(01)00295-8
Hayes, A. F. (2015). An index and test of linear moderated mediation. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 50(1), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1080/00273171.2014.962683
Homans, G. C. (1961). The humanities and the social sciences. American Behavioral Scientist, 4(8), 3-6. https://doi.org/10.1177/000276426100400802
Howley, C. W. (2006). Remote possibilities: Rural children's educational aspirations. Peabody Journal of Education, 81(2), 62-80. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327930pje8102_4
Hu, L. t., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1-55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
Hyvönen, K., Feldt, T., Salmela-Aro, K., Kinnunen, U., & Mäkikangas, A. (2009). Young managers’ drive to thrive: A personal work goal approach to burnout and work engagement. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 75(2), 183-196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2009.04.002
Iqbal, Q., Ahmad, N. H., Nasim, A., & Khan, S. A. R. (2020). A moderated-mediation analysis of psychological empowerment: Sustainable leadership and sustainable performance. Journal of Cleaner Production, 262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.121429
Jones, C. I. (1997). On the evolution of the world income distribution. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 11(3), 19-36. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.11.3.19
Kazlauskaite, R., Buciuniene, I., & Turauskas, L. (2012). Organisational and psychological empowerment in the HRM‐performance linkage. Employee Relations, 34(2), 138-158. https://doi.org/10.1108/01425451211191869
Kerr, S., Von Glinow, M. A., & Schriesheim, J. (1977). Issues in the study of “professionals” in organizations: The case of scientists and engineers. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 18(2), 329-345. https://doi.org/10.1016/0030-5073(77)90034-4
Khan, J., Malik, M., & Saleem, S. (2020). The impact of psychological empowerment of project-oriented employees on project success: A moderated mediation model. Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja, 33(1), 1311-1329. https://doi.org/10.1080/1331677x.2020.1756374
Kim, H., Knight, D. K., & Crutsinger, C. (2009). Generation Y employees' retail work experience: The mediating effect of job characteristics. Journal of Business Research, 62(5), 548-556. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2008.06.014
Kim, M., & Beehr, T. A. (2017a). Directing our own careers, but getting help from empowering leaders. Career Development International, 22(3), 300-317. https://doi.org/10.1108/cdi-11-2016-0202
Kim, M., & Beehr, T. A. (2017b). Self-efficacy and psychological ownership mediate the effects of empowering leadership on both good and bad employee behaviors. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 24(4), 466-478. https://doi.org/10.1177/1548051817702078
Kim, W., Kolb, J. A., & Kim, T. (2012). The relationship between work engagement and performance: A review of empirical literature and a proposed research agenda. Human Resource Development Review, 12(3), 248-276. https://doi.org/10.1177/1534484312461635
Kirrane, M., Kilroy, S., & O’Connor, C. (2019). The moderating effect of team psychological empowerment on the relationship between abusive supervision and engagement. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 40(1), 31-44. https://doi.org/10.1108/LODJ-07-2018-0252
Kraimer, M. L., Seibert, S. E., & Astrove, S. L. (2015). 14 Consequences of High LMX: Career Mobility and Success. In T. N. Bauer, & B. Erdogan (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of leader-member exchange (pp. 241-259). Oxford University Press.
Laschinger, H. K. S., Finegan, J. E., Shamian, J., & Wilk, P. (2004). A longitudinal analysis of the impact of workplace empowerment on work satisfaction. Journal of Organizational Behavior: The International Journal of Industrial, Occupational and Organizational Psychology and Behavior, 25(4), 527-545. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.256
Leana, C. R., & Meuris, J. (2015). Living to work and working to live: Income as a driver of organizational behavior. Academy of Management Annals, 9(1), 55-95. https://doi.org/10.5465/19416520.2015.1007654
Lee, Y., Kwon, K., Kim, W., & Cho, D. (2016). Work engagement and career: Proposing research agendas through a review of literature. Human Resource Development Review, 15(1), 29-54. https://doi.org/10.1177/1534484316628356
Liden, R. C., Sparrowe, R. T., & Wayne, S. J. (1997). Leader-member exchange theory: The past and potential for the future. In G. R. Ferris (Ed.), Research in personnel and human resources management (pp. 47–119). Elsevier Science/JAI Press.
Lin, Y. C., & Chen, A. S. Y. (2020). Experiencing career plateau on a committed career journey: A boundary condition of career stages. Personnel Review. https://doi.org/10.1108/pr-03-2020-0192
London, M. (1983). Toward a theory of career motivation. Academy of Management Review, 8(4), 620-630. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1983.4284664
Lub, X., Bijvank, M. N., Bal, P. M., Blomme, R., & Schalk, R. (2012). Different or alike? Exploring the psychological contract and commitment of different generations of hospitality workers. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 24(4), 553-573. https://doi.org/10.1108/09596111211226824
MacCallum, R. C., Browne, M. W., & Sugawara, H. M. (1996). Power analysis and determination of sample size for covariance structure modeling. Psychological Methods, 1(2), 130-149.
Macey, W. H., Schneider, B., Barbera, K. M., & Young, S. A. (2011). Employee engagement: Tools for analysis, practice, and competitive advantage. John Wiley & Sons.
Martin, C. A. (2005). From high maintenance to high productivity: What managers need to know about Generation Y. Industrial and Commercial Training, 37(1), 39-44. https://doi.org/10.1108/00197850510699965
Martin, J., & Harder, J. W. (1994). Bread and roses: Justice and the distribution of financial and socioemotional rewards in organizations. Social Justice Research, 7(3), 241-264. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02334833
Martinko, M. J., & Gardner, W. L. (1982). Learned helplessness: An alternative explanation for performance deficits. Academy of Management Review, 7(2), 195-204. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1982.4285559
Maslach, C., Schaufeli, W. B., & Leiter, M. P. (2001). Job burnout. Annual Review of Psychology, 52(1), 397-422. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.397
May, D. R., Gilson, R. L., & Harter, L. M. (2004). The psychological conditions of meaningfulness, safety and availability and the engagement of the human spirit at work. Journal Of Occupational And Organizational Psychology, 77(1), 11-37. https://doi.org/10.1348/096317904322915892
Mayer, R. C., Davis, J. H., & Schoorman, F. D. (1995). An integrative model of organizational trust. Academy of Management Review, 20(3), 709-734. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1995.9508080335
Mendes, F., & Stander, M. W. (2011). Positive organisation: The role of leader behaviour in work engagement and retention. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, 37(1),1-13. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajip.v37i1.900
Mitchell, M. S., Cropanzano, R. S., & Quisenberry, D. M. (2012). Social exchange theory, exchange resources, and interpersonal relationships: A modest resolution of theoretical difficulties. In K. Törnblom & A. Kazemi (Eds.), Handbook of social resource theory (pp. 99-118). Springer
Molm, L. D. (2010). The structure of reciprocity. Social Psychology Quarterly, 73(2), 119-131. https://doi.org/10.1177/0190272510369079
Neuborne, E., & Kerwin, K. (1999). Generation y. Business Week, 46-50.
Newman, N., Fletcher, R., Kalogeropoulos, A., Levy, D., & Nielsen, R. K. (2017). Reuters Institute digital news report 2017. Available at SSRN 3026082.
Nielsen, K., Randall, R., Yarker, J., & Brenner, S.-O. (2008). The effects of transformational leadership on followers’ perceived work characteristics and psychological well-being: A longitudinal study. Work & Stress, 22(1), 16-32. https://doi.org/10.1080/02678370801979430
Noé, S. U. (1987). Facies and paleogeography of the marine Upper Permian and of the Permian-Triassic boundary in the Southern Alps (Bellerophon Formation, Tesero Horizon). Facies, 16(1), 89-141. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02536749
Nunnally, B., & Bernstein,I.R. (1994). Psychometric Theory. New York: Oxford Univer.
Oldham, G. R., & Hackman, J. R. (1981). Relationships between organizational structure and employee reactions: Comparing alternative frameworks. Administrative Science Quarterly, 66-83. https://doi.org/10.2307/2392600
Parker, L. E., & Price, R. H. (1994). Empowered managers and empowered workers: The effects of managerial support and managerial perceived control on workers' sense of control over decision making. Human Relations, 47(8), 911-928. https://doi.org/10.1177/001872679404700803
Pendergast, D. R., & Lundgren, C. E. (2009). The underwater environment: Cardiopulmonary, thermal, and energetic demands. Journal of Applied Physiology, 106(1), 276-283. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.90984.2008
Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J.-Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879-903.
Porter, C. M. (2018). Long live social exchange theory. Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 11(3), 498-504. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/iop.2018.102
Price, J. L., & Mueller, C. W. (1981). A causal model of turnover for nurses. Academy of Management Journal, 24(3), 543-565.
Reiche, B. S., Cardona, P., Lee, Y. T., Canela, M. Á., Akinnukawe, E., Briscoe, J. P., Bullara, C., Caparas, M. V., Caprar, D. V., & Charlemagne, D., Grenness, T., He, W., Jamro, K., Kainzbauer, A., Koester, K., Lazo, A., Moreno A., J. Morley, M., Myloni, V., Nadeem, S., Nieto, M. A., Svishchev, A., Taylor, S. N., & Wilkinson, H. (2014). Why do managers engage in trustworthy behavior? A multilevel cross‐cultural study in 18 countries. Personnel Psychology, 67(1), 61-98. https://doi.org/10.1111/peps.12038
Remond, A. (2015, July 1). Power-sharing in Africa: Does it still have a role to play. E-International Relations. https://www.e-ir.info/2015/07/01/power-sharing-in-africa-does-it-still-have-a-role-to-play/
Rich, B. L., Lepine, J. A., & Crawford, E. R. (2010). Job engagement: Antecedents and effects on job performance. Academy of management Journal, 53(3), 617-635. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2010.51468988
Rizzo, J. R., House, R. J., & Lirtzman, S. I. (1970). Role conflict and ambiguity in complex organizations. Administrative Science Quarterly,15(2), 150-163. https://doi.org/10.2307/2391486
Robbins, T. L., Crino, M. D., & Fredendall, L. D. (2002). An integrative model of the empowerment process. Human Resource Management Review, 12(3), 419-443. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1053-4822(02)00068-2
Schaufeli, W. B. (2015). Engaging leadership in the job demands-resources model. Career Development International, 20(5), 446-463. https://doi.org/10.1108/CDI-02-2015-0025
Schaufeli, W. B., & Bakker, A. B. (2004). Job demands, job resources, and their relationship with burnout and engagement: A multi‐sample study. Journal of Organizational Behavior: The International Journal of Industrial, Occupational and Organizational Psychology and Behavior, 25(3), 293-315. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.248
Schaufeli, W. B., Salanova, M., González-Romá, V., & Bakker, A. B. (2002). The measurement of engagement and burnout: A two sample confirmatory factor analytic approach. Journal of Happiness studies, 3(1), 71-92. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015630930326
Scholl, R. W. (1981). Differentiating organizational commitment from expectancy as a motivating force. Academy of Management Review, 6(4), 589-599. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1981.4285698
Schoorman, F. D., Mayer, R. C., & Davis, J. H. (2007). An integrative model of organizational trust: Past, present, and future. Academy of Management Review, 32(2), 344-354. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2007.24348410
Seibert, S. E., Silver, S. R., & Randolph, W. A. (2004). Taking empowerment to the next level: A multiple-level model of empowerment, performance, and satisfaction. Academy of Management Journal, 47(3), 332-349. https://doi.org/10.5465/20159585
Son, S., & Kim, D.-Y. (2019). Organizational career growth and career commitment: Moderated mediation model of work engagement and role modeling. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 1-24. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2019.1657165
Spreitzer, G. M. (1995). Psychological empowerment in the workplace: Dimensions, measurement, and validation. Academy of Management Journal, 38(5), 1442-1465. https://doi.org/10.5465/256865
Spreitzer, G. M. (1996). Social structural characteristics of psychological empowerment. Academy of Management Journal, 39(2), 483-504. https://doi.org/10.5465/256789
Spurk, D., & Abele, A. E. (2011). Who earns more and why? A multiple mediation model from personality to salary. Journal of Business and Psychology, 26(1), 87-103. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10869-010-9184-3
Stander, M. W., & Rothmann, S. (2010). Psychological empowerment, job insecurity and employee engagement. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, 36(1), 1-8.
Staples, D. S., & Webster, J. (2008). Exploring the effects of trust, task interdependence and virtualness on knowledge sharing in teams. Information Systems Journal, 18(6), 617-640. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2575.2007.00244.x
Sturges, J., Conway, N., & Liefooghe, A. (2010). Organizational support, individual attributes, and the practice of career self-management behavior. Group & Organization Management, 35(1), 108-141. https://doi.org/10.1177/1059601109354837
Synodinos, C., & Bevan-Dye, A. (2014). Determining African Generation Y students’ likelihood of engaging in pro-environmental purchasing behaviour. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 5(21), 101-110. https://doi.org/10.5901/mjss.2014.v5n21p101
Tims, M., Bakker, A. B., & Xanthopoulou, D. (2011). Do transformational leaders enhance their followers’ daily work engagement? The Leadership Quarterly, 22(1), 121-131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2010.12.011
Twenge, J. M., & Campbell, W. K. (2008). Increases in positive self-views among high school students: Birth-cohort changes in anticipated performance, self-satisfaction, self-liking, and self-competence. Psychological Science, 19(11), 1082-1086. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02204.x
Valentine, D. B., & Powers, T. L. (2013). Generation Y values and lifestyle segments. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 30(7), 597-606. https://doi.org/10.1108/jcm-07-2013-0650
Van Woerkom, M., Bakker, A. B., & Nishii, L. H. (2016). Accumulative job demands and support for strength use: Fine-tuning the job demands-resources model using conservation of resources theory. Journal of Applied Psychology, 101(1), 141-150. https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000033
Vandenberghe, C., & Basak Ok, A. (2013). Career commitment, proactive personality, and work outcomes: a cross-lagged study. Career Development International, 18(7), 652-672. https://doi.org/10.1108/cdi-02-2013-0013
Whitener, E. M., Brodt, S. E., Korsgaard, M. A., & Werner, J. M. (1998). Managers as initiators of trust: An exchange relationship framework for understanding managerial trustworthy behavior. Academy of Management Review, 23(3), 513-530. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1998.926624
Williams, B., Onsman, A., & Brown, T. (2010). Exploratory factor analysis: A five-step guide for novices. Australasian Journal of Paramedicine, 8(3), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.33151/ajp.8.3.93
Wright, T. A., & Bonett, D. G. (2002). The moderating effects of employee tenure on the relation between organizational commitment and job performance: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(6), 1183-1190. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.87.6.1183
Wu, W.-L., & Lee, Y.-C. (2017). Empowering group leaders encourages knowledge sharing: integrating the social exchange theory and positive organizational behavior perspective. Journal of Knowledge Management, 21(2), 474-491. https://doi.org/10.1108/JKM-082016-0318
Xanthopoulou, D., Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2009). Work engagement and financial returns: A diary study on the role of job and personal resources. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 82(1), 183-200. https://doi.org/10.1348/096317908X285633
Yue, S., Tang, L.-Y., Tang, Y., Tang, Y., Shen, Q.-H., Ding, J., Chen, Y., Zhang, Z., Yu, T.-T., & Zhang, Y. E. (2014). Requirement of Smurf-mediated endocytosis of Patched1 in sonic hedgehog signal reception. Elife, 3, e02555. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.02555.001
Zaiţ, A., & Bertea, P. (2011). Methods for testing discriminant validity. Management & Marketing Journal, 9(2), 217-224.
Zhang, X., & Bartol, K. M. (2010). Linking empowering leadership and employee creativity: The influence of psychological empowerment, intrinsic motivation, and creative process engagement. Academy of management Journal, 53(1), 107-128. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2010.48037118