研究生: |
王煜捷 Yu-Chieh, Wang |
---|---|
論文名稱: |
外展體驗學習方案(ELOB)內涵及其在臺灣應用的可行性分析 Examine the Essence of Expeditionary Learning Outward Bound and its Feasibility in Taiwan |
指導教授: |
王麗雲
Wang, Li-Yun |
學位類別: |
碩士 Master |
系所名稱: |
教育政策與行政研究所 Graduate Institute of Educational Policy and Administration |
論文出版年: | 2010 |
畢業學年度: | 98 |
語文別: | 中文 |
論文頁數: | 156 |
中文關鍵詞: | 新美國學校 、外展體驗學習方案 、體驗學習 、另類教育 |
英文關鍵詞: | New American School, Expeditionary Learning Outward Bound project, expeditionary learning, alternative education |
論文種類: | 學術論文 |
相關次數: | 點閱:212 下載:37 |
分享至: |
查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報 |
本論文是以美國「外展體驗學習方案」 (ELOB)的發展為借鏡,並以臺灣一所中學為例,研究該方案於我國教育環境中實施的可行性。外展體驗教育方案起源於美國九0年代「新美國學校」教育改革運動之構想,希冀達成「全學校改革」(school-wide reform)之理想,廣徵提升學校教育品質之方案,而外展體驗學習方案以「體驗學習」為設計依據,應用於學校各學科的學習模式,除獲得機構評鑑認可以及基金會贊助外,學生參與考試測驗成績在數年之間也產生極為可觀的進步。體驗教育在我國一般教育體系的發展多半偏重於藝能科學習,或於另類教育才得以存續,相較於體驗教育在美國公私立教育體系的蓬勃發展,以及在考試測驗的實質表現,值得一探究竟。
本研究首先將外展體驗教育方案之內涵與發展概況進行回顧,復以我國推動外展體驗學習方案的一所中學為研究範圍,深入瞭解其推動方案的背景以及歷程,透過文件分析以及訪談國中教師,以瞭解在臺灣的教育環境下方案實施的各種可能與限制。
將學校舉辦研習文件以及訪談內容進行分析後,發現教師對於該方案之評價以正面居多,因為強調「做中學」、「真實情境」、「整合學習」、「師生多元互動」、「合作學習」、「作品呈現」等教學模式,學生可以在學習中挑戰自我,培養主動學習之習慣。
對於實施上的問題,多數教師認為臺灣教育環境充斥升學考試的競爭,教育的價值觀容易偏向分數提升而非重視個人學習的歷程與多元價值,將是方案推動的一大挑戰。
於實際推動中,多數教師表示該方案在現行教育體制下的困難:學校排課時數、教室使用、課程轉換的技術、學校設計課程的人力資源不足、教師流動率、家長與教師心態的調整等等,使得該方案的推動似乎面臨瓶頸。
為了解決上述問題,建議從以下幾個面向進行改善,包括強化課程設計之操作性、增進教師專業發展能力以實施方案、研究方案如何兼顧考試升學與體驗教育的價值、爭取社區認同擴大方案推動資源、減少教師行政負擔並增加互動合作機會、將方案實施期程延伸至國小階段、申請教育實驗擺脫現行體制包袱、外部機構的持續協助與專家諮詢等等,將有助於外展體驗學習方案在我國落地生根,並促進各種教育實驗成為教育革新的動力來源,讓不同特質與才性的學生皆有接受不同教育方式之權利,以實踐我國教育多元化之積極訴求。
The purpose of this study is to analyze the feasibility of implementing Expeditionary Learning Outward Bound (ELOB) project in Taiwan using a junior high school experience as a case. Originated from 1990’s New American School movement which aims to achieve the goal of school-wide reform and to promote educational quality, ELOB project is designed based on the experiential learning theory. Based on the U.S. experience, the learning models developed by ELOB project are applied to all school subjects and have been proved to be effective in raising students’ academic outcomes. Thus, the development and achievement of ELOB project is worthy of studying. This research aims to understand the implementation of ELOB project in the selected school and the problems its teacher encountered.
To answer the research questions, previous studies of ELOB project were reviewed in order to depict a better framework about the background of this reform program, its application process, probabilities and limitations. Further, document analysis and interview were used as methods to explore the feasibility of ELOB in Taiwan’s context. Several school teachers are interviewed and served as the main source for analysis.
Data indicates that teachers held positive attitudes toward ELOB project, giving high appraisal for ELOB for its’ distinctive features such as “learning by doing’’, “reality situation’’, “integrated learning’’, “multi-interaction between teacher and student’’, “cooperative learning”, and “product presentation’’. Students can cultivate active learning habits and challenge themselves via ELOB teaching program.
The following are the limitations of implementing ELOB project in the selected school: over-emphasis on test scores, less concerns of process and multi-values of individual learning. In addition, school timetable, class utilization, techniques of curriculum transformation, insufficient capacity in curriculum design, high teacher turnover rates, attitudes of parents and teachers are the very impediments for implementing ELOB project.
Several suggestions to increase the feasibility of ELOB program are provided as follows: enhancing the curriculum design, improving teacher professional abilities to implement the project, implementing expeditionary learning with a concern about current test pressure, seeking community approval to expand the resources needed for implementation, decreasing teachers’ administration burden, increasing collaborative opportunities among teachers, extending the program to the elementary education stage, applying for educational experiment to get rid of the burden of normal educational system, and providing continuous support and consultation.
中文部分
王全興(2006)。體驗學習的理念及其在教育情境的應用。臺灣教育,640,32-36。
王俊斌(2008)。解嚴以來臺灣教育改革的省思。臺北市:學富。
王雅惠(2007)。覺醒與爭權的社會行動—另類教育學校家長教育選擇權意識之個案研究。國立政治大學幼兒教育所碩士論文,未出版,台北市。
宋明順(1998)。傅雷勒的批判教育學思想。社教雙月刊,83,24-31。
吳賜光(2005)。戶外拓展學校:在台灣的發展與願景。師友,456,34-37。
吳清山、林天祐(2004)。體驗學習。教育研究月刊,126,151。
吳清山、林天祐(2005a)。品德教育。教育資料與研究,64,150。
吳清山、林天祐(2005b)。校園霸凌。教育研究月刊,130,143。
吳清山(2003)。國民教育階段辦理非學校型態實驗教育之挑戰與策略。北縣教育,45,18-26。
李雪莉(2009)。父母不是最好的老師。天下雜誌,419,130-142。
林寶山(譯)(1984)。國家在危機之中:美國的教育改革計畫(A Nation at Risk)。台北市:復文。
翁凱婷(2008)。另類學校中的人權教育之研究:以種籽親子實驗小學為例。國立政治大學教育研究所碩士論文,未出版,臺北市。
唐宗浩、李雅卿、陳念萱(2006)。另類教育在台灣。臺北市:唐山。
教育部(2009)。教育部99年推動國民中小學整合空間資源與發展特色學校第二階段實施計畫。臺北:作者。
曹天瑞、吳鳳琪、陳穆瑩(2001)。探索教育在台灣發展之初探。公民訓育學報,10,179-209。
陳江松(2003)。一種另類教育的解析—「非學校型態實驗教育」的現況探討、問題分析與解決策略。北縣教育,45,35-39。
陳素燕、陳舜芬(2002)。台灣沙卡學校另類教育之研究。教育研究資訊,10(6),133-152。
陳瑞珊(2007)。台北市國中生探索教育之相關生活經驗與教育需求研究。國立臺灣師範大學公民教育與活動領導學系碩士論文,未出版,台北市。
張明輝(1999)。九○年代中小學學校教育革新之策略與展望。教育研究集刊,43,103-137。
張勳誠(譯)(2003)。E.Cousins著。探索教育的核心價值。教師天地,127,57-63。
梅靜宇(2000)。探索教育活動對非行少年及一般國中生的影響之探究。國立臺灣師範大學公民訓育研究所碩士論文,未出版,台北市。
黃明月(2000)。成人經驗學習理論之探討。社會教育學刊,29,35-56。
黃鈺雯(2004)。嘉義地區國小高年級教師教學態度、師生互動與學生學習動機之關係研究。國立嘉義大學國民教育研究所碩士論文,未出版,嘉義市。
黃嘉雄(2007)。論美國「無落後學生法案」的教育改革觀。國民教育,47(6),27-35。
曾俊凱(2006)。彩虹般的教育潮流—我國另類學校現況與省思。研習資訊,23(3),45-53。
馮朝霖(2001)。另類教育與全球思考。教育研究月刊,92,33-42。
馮朝霖(2006)。另類教育與二十一世紀教育改革趨勢。研習資訊,23(3),5-12。
楊巧玲(2007)。美國教育政策的發展及其啟示:沒有任何孩子落後。教育資料集刊,36,153-170。
楊思偉(2007)。比較教育。台北市:心理。
楊慶欣(2005)。探索教育活動引導者技能與特質之研究。國立臺灣師範大學公民教育與活動領導學系在職進修碩士班論文,未出版,台北市。
廖炳煌、魏大統(2006)。從探索教育課程設計實務發展國民中學班級經營模式。中等教育,57(1),36-63。
歐用生(2008)。讓「身體」回到「課程」—「體驗學習」再概念化。教育研究月刊,176,27-39。
鄭志隆(2007)。美、英中小學家長教育選擇權之比較及啟示。研習資訊,24(3),57-63。
蕭昭君(譯)( 1997)。Wilson, K.G & Daviss, B著。全是贏家的學校(Redesigning Education)。台北市:天下。
閻中軍(2005)。以「探索教育」之理念達成「九年一貫課程」教育目標的行動策略。中等教育,56(2),120-128。
謝忠明(2006)。雲林縣國民小學實施探索教育活動之調查研究。國立臺灣師範大學公民教育與活動領導學系在職進修碩士論文,未出版,台北市。
謝智謀(2003)。另類教育方式—體驗學習。教師天地,127,6-13。
簡紅珠(2007)。教師專業發展與教學改善:借鏡日本小學教師的學課研究。教育研究月刊,158,130-140。
羅斐文(2007)。建構未來世代理想之教育圖像。淡江大學未來學研究所碩士論文,未出版,台北縣。
羅寶鳳、白亦方(2002)。經驗學習理論在九年一貫課程教學策略上的應用。課程與教學季刊,5(4),89-106。
西文部分
American Institutes for Research(1999). An educators’ guide to schoolwide reform(ED460429). Washington, DC: Author.
Bodilly,S.(1996).Lessons learned: RAND’s formative assessment of NAS’s phase 2 demostration
effort. In S.Stringfield, S.Ross,& L.Smith(Eds), Bold plans for school resturing:The New American Schools designs(pp.294-295).Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Bodilly,S., Purnell,S.W, Ramsey,K.(1995). NASDC’s purpose and history. In S.Bodilly., S.W. Purnell,& K.Ramsey(Eds), Designing New American Schools:Baseline observations on nine design teams.Santa Monica,CA:RAND
Berends,M., Bodilly,S.,& Kirby,S.N.(2002).Introduction of NAS. In Facing the challenges
of whole-school reform.Santa Monica, CA:RAND
Bodilly, S.J.,Purnell,S.W.,Ramsey,K.,Smith C.(1995).Designing New American Schools:baseline observations on nine design teams.Santa Monica,CA:RAND.
Borman, G.D., Hewes, G.M., Overman, L.T., & Brown, S.(2002).Comprehensive school reform and student achievement:A meta-analusis.MD: Johns Hopkins University.(ERIC Document Reproduction No. ED472569)
Campbell,M., Cousins,M., Farrell,G., Kamii,M., Lam,D., Rugen,L.,& Udall,D.(1996).The expeditionary learning outward bound design. In S.Stringfield., S.M.Ross.,& L.Smith(Eds),Bold
plans for school restructuring(pp.109-139).Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Expedition Learning School[ELS](n.d.).What is ELS? Retrieved March 13, 2009, from http://www.elschools.org/aboutus/index.html
Expeditionary learning outward bound. (2001, April).Evidence of successs: Expeditionary learning in year eight. Retrieved January 7, 2010, from http://www.elschools.org/publications/evidence
.pdf
Glennan,T. & Bodilly,S.(2002).The development of New American School. In Facing the challenges of whole-school reform: New American Schools after a decade(pp.31-57). Santa Monica, CA:RAND.
Itin, C.M.(1999).Reasserting the philosophy of experiential education as a vehicle for change in the 21st century. The Journal of Experiential Education,22(2),91-98.
Kearns, D.T & Anderson, J.L(2002).Sharing the vision: Creating New American Schools. In S.Stringfield, S.Ross, & L.Smith(Eds), Bold plans for school resturing:the New American Schools designs(pp.1-8).Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Martin, A.J.(2001).Towards the next generation of experiential dducation programmes: A case study of outward bound. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Massey University, Palmerston North.
Martin, B., Bright, A., Cafaro, P., Mittelstaedt, R., & Bruyere, B.(2009).Assessing the development of environmental virtue in 7th and 8th grade students in an expeditionary learning outward bound school. Journal of Experiential Education, 31(3),341-358.
Mirel, J.(2002).Unrequited promise:Tracing the evolution of New American Schools from feisty upstart to bulwark of the education establishment. Retrieved March 9, 2009, from http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Unrequited+promise:+tracing+the+evolution+of+New+American+Schools,...-a087209078
New American Schools Development Corporation.(1997).Working towards excellence: Rusults from schools implementing New American Schools designs. US: New American School(Eric Document Reproduction Service No. ED420896)
Spangler, A.(2008).Educational trailblazers: Expeditionary learning guides students on a new path. Retrieved March 13, 2009, from http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Unrequited+promise:+tracing
+the+evolution+of+New+American+Schools,...-a087209078
Sterbinsky, A., Ross, S.M., & Redfield,D.(2002).Effects of comprehensive school reform on student achievement and school change: A longitudinal multi-site study. School Effectiveness and School Improvement, 17(3), 367-368.
Stringfield, S., Ross, S., & Smith, L.(1996).Bold plans for school restructuring:Nine designs from New American School. In S.Stringfield, S.Ross, & L.Smith(Eds), Bold plans for school resturing:The New American Schools designs(pp.1-8).Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Traub, J.(1999).Better by design?A consumer’s guide to schoolwide reforms. Thomas B. Fordham Foundation:Washington DC.(Eric Document Reproduction Service No. ED437423)
Tucker, A.(1992). Saving America 2000: Can the Bush administration retake the initiative on education reform? Retrieved March 9, 2009, from http://www.heritage.org/Research/Educatio n/upload/89921_1.pdf
Ulichny, P. (2000, September). King Middle School, Portland Maine. In Academic achievement in two expeditionary learning outward bound demonstration schools. Retrieved from http://www.elschools.org/results/evaluation.html
Wang, M.C., Haertel, G.D., & Walberg, H.J.(1998). Achieving student success: A handbook of widely implemented research-based educational reform models. Philadelphia, PA: Mid-Atlantic Lab.
Weinbaum, A., Gregory, L., Wilkie, A., Hirsch, L., & Fancsali, C.(1996). Expeditionary learning outward bound. New York: Academy for Educational Development.
Zhang, Y., Shkolnik, J., & Fashola, O.(2005, April 11). Introduction. In Evaluating the Implementation of Comprehensive School Reform and Its Impact on Growth in Student Achievement. Retrieved from http://www.air.org/