心流經驗(Flow Experience)以內在動機為基礎，闡述個體在活動情境中的正向心理經驗感受。因此，本研究旨在以「心流經驗」為理論基礎，探討影響高職廣告設計科學生創作過程內在相關的因素，包括：（一）個人背景變項在心流經驗表現之現況；（二）個體核心自我評價與心流經驗的關係；（三）個體在工作特性模式感受與心流經驗的關係；（四）個體核心自我評價與個體在工作特性模式感受與心流經驗的關係。
本研究方法採問卷調查研究法與分層隨機叢集進行抽樣，有效樣本共有893 位高職廣告設計科學生；在研究工具設計上依據Csikszentmihalyi (1996)心流經驗特徵，並參考Novak , Hoffman ,& Young(1999)心流特徵分類、Jackson and Marsh(1996)發展心流經驗量表改編成「創作心流經驗量表」，以及改編Hackman and Oldham (1975) 工作診斷調查表，Judge et al. (2003)核心自我評價發展成為「高職廣告設計科學生心流經驗之相關因素調查問卷」，並透過描述性統計、驗證性因素分析、信度分析、t 考驗、單因子變異數分析、皮爾森積差相關分析、多元迴歸分析進行量表與研究假設的驗證。
本研究經實證結果發現：高職廣告設計科學生創作過程中，個人背景變項在年級別、參與設計競賽次數、半年內專業實習課程對心流經驗具有顯著差異，其中年級別愈高、參與設計競賽次數愈多，以及投入專業實習課程愈投入者其心流經驗亦愈高；此外，核心自我評價、工作任務特性均對心流經驗具有顯著差異，其中高核心自我評價的學生與工作任務特性者愈明確其心流經驗表現相對愈佳，而且對心流經驗產生正向效果之影響。
最後，本研究冀望未來高職廣告設計科教師與學校主管機關在進行教學時更能提高學生的學習動機，依研究結果提出後續相關之建議。

Flow Experience based on inner motivation explains the positive mental experience of an individual in the scenario of activity.Therefore, by using Flow Experience as theoretical foundation, the purpose of this research tries to explore the inner relating factors that might influence the process of creation of students of Advertisement Design Department of Vocation High School. Such inner relating factors include personal background, individual core self-evaluation, core job dimension.
In methodology, this research uses method of questionnaire and random sampling. The effective samples include 893 students and the returning rate of effective sample is 96.46％. The design of research instrument is based on Csikszentmihalyi’s Characteristics of Flow Experience and takes Jackson and marsh’s Sort of Characteristics of Flow Experience for reference. A Chart of Flow Experience in Creation is invented by adapting Jackson and March’s Developing Flow Experience Chart, Hackman and Oldham (1975) Developing Job Diagnostic Survey (JDS),and Judge et al. (2003) Developing Core Self-Evaluations(CSE).
A Questionnaire on Relating Factors of Flow Experience about Students of Advertisement Design Department of Vocation High School is also invented by adapting the Jackson and Marsh’Developing Flow Experience Chart. The questionnaire and the hypotheses of the research are tested by descriptive statistics method, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and analysis of credibility, t-test, one-way ANOVA analysis, canonical correlation analysis, and multiple regression analysis.
The research demonstrates that in the process of creation of students from Advertisement Design Department, judging from academic year, times of participation in design competition, and professional practical training course during the nearest half year, the variable of personal background making a remarkable difference in Flow Experience. The much higher the academic year, much more times in participating in competition, and more devoted to professional practical training course, the much higher the Flow Experience will be. Besides, Students with high core self-evaluation will perform better in Flow Experience. High core self-evaluation and specific task characteristic have a positive effect in Flow Experience.
At last, it is hoped that in the future the teachers in Advertisement Design Department of Vocation High Schools and authorities concerned can stimulate students’motivation of learning in the process of teaching and propose relative suggestions according to the result of research.

一、中文部分
王秀玲（2004）。臺北市市國中生網路沉浸經驗之調查研究。中國文化大學心理輔導研究所碩士論文，未出版，臺北市。
王宗立（2002）。個人沉浸體驗、任務／科技配適度及科技接受之實徵研究－以電子郵件使用為例。樹德科技大學資訊管理研究所碩士論文，未出版，高雄縣。
王舜萱（2007）。創造力心流經驗量表之發展及其效度之研究。國立彰化師範大學人力資源管理研究所碩士論文，未出版，彰化縣。
王瑞璇（2007）。建構取向學習、學習心流經驗與幸福感之相關研究。國立政治大學教育研究所碩士論文。未出版，臺北市市。
王靜惠（1998）。網路瀏覽涉入與流暢經驗之相關性探討。國立中正大學企業管理研究所碩士論文，未出版，嘉義縣。
米哈里‧奇克森特米海伊（2003）。創造力。（杜明城譯）。臺北市：時報文化。(原著出版年﹕1996年)
吳明隆（2003）。SPSS統計應用學習實務：問卷分析與應用統計。臺北市：知城數位科技。
吳統雄（1985）。態度與行為研究的信度與效度：理論、反應、反省。民意學術專刊，夏季號，29-53。
呂慧珊（2007）。心流經驗與其前因對創造力的影響。國立中正大學企業管理研究所博士論文，未出版，嘉義縣。
沈淑蓉（1999）。廣告設計科學生創造力及其相關因素之研究。國立臺灣師範大學工業教育研究所碩士論文，未出版，臺北市。
林后泰（2005）。高職廣告設計科學生設計創造傾向與問題解決態度之研究。國立臺灣師範大學工業教育研究所碩士論文，未出版，臺北市。
林妙冠（2004）。網路學習者之電腦自我效能於數位學習滿意度與使用意願關聯性研究－以神迷經驗為中介變數。大葉大學資訊管理學系碩士班碩士論文，未出版，彰化縣。
林品章（1990）。基礎設計教育。臺北市：藝術家。
林淑芬（2003）。女性保健志工人格特質、組織承諾與神馳經驗關係之探討以彰化縣市為例。大葉大學休閒事業管理學系碩士論文，未出版，彰化縣。
胡春嬌（2003）。從心流理論探討國小學童電腦遊戲經驗之研究。國立花蓮師範學院輔導碩士班碩士論文，未出版，花蓮縣。
孫苑菱（2007）。高職廣設科「廣告創意思考教學」之行動研究－以鶯歌高職為例。國立臺灣師範大學美術系在職專班碩士論文，未出版，臺北市。
徐昊杲、邱佳椿（2002）。技職教育研究教戰手冊－SPSS基礎篇。臺北市：師大書苑。
高竟峰（2003）。流暢經驗與飛鏢投擲運動表現及腦波關係之研究。臺北巿立體育學院運動科學研究所碩士論文，未出版，臺北市。
張永進（2004）。高峰表現、高峰經驗與流暢經驗之比較。大專體育，71，153-159。
張志平（1985）。發明與教育。北京：發明創造者基金會。
張清源（2004）。保齡球員目標涉入、能力知覺、賽前狀態焦慮、注意力型態與流暢經驗關係之研究。國立體育學院體育研究所碩士論文，未出版，桃園縣。
張德儀（1998）。WWW使用者之瀏覽行為與心理探究。國立中正大學企業管理研究所碩士論文，未出版，南投縣。
張樑治（2003）。安養機構老人人口變項、心流體驗、休閒滿意與生活滿意之關係。國立東華大學觀光暨遊憩管理研究所碩士論文，未出版，花蓮縣。
張樑治、劉吉川與余嬪（2004）。安養機構老人心流體驗與生活滿意關係之研究。戶外遊憩研究，17（3），19-36。
教育部（2009a）。職業學校群科課程綱要。2009年1月6日取自「教育部/法令規章/行政規則」：http://www.edu.tw/law.aspx
教育部（2009b）。高級中等學校校別資料(班級,學生, 畢業生) 97.03.11。2009年1月6日取自「教育部/統計處/各校基本資料庫檔案/九十六 (2007-2008) 學年度」：http://www.edu.tw/statistics/content.aspx?site_content_sn=11519
理查．佛羅里達（2003）。創意新貴：啟動新新經濟的菁英勢力。（鄒應媛譯）。臺北市：寶鼎。(原著出版年﹕2006年)
莊雅雯（2004）。活動志願工作者人格特質、參與動機與神馳體驗關係之探討。大葉大學休閒事業管理學系碩士論文，未出版，彰化縣。
郭良文主編（2001）。臺灣的廣告發展。臺北市：學富文化。
陳彥瑋（2004）。國小美術班學生興趣、心流經驗與學習成就之研究。國立臺灣師範大學特殊教育學系碩士論文，未出版，臺北市。
陳彥瑋（2006）。談心流經驗理論對資優教育的啟示。資優教育季刊，101，1-9。
陳偉睿（2002）。網際網路之流暢經驗初探性研究。國立中山大學資訊管理學系研究所碩士論文，未出版，高雄市。
郭肇元（2003）。休閒心流經驗、休閒體驗與身心健康之關係探討。國立政治大學心理學研究所碩士論文，未出版，臺北市。
陳慶峰（2001）。從心流(flow)理論探討線上遊戲參與者之網路使用行為。南華大學資訊管理學系碩士論文，未出版，嘉義縣。
創造的勇氣（傅佩榮譯）（2001）。臺北市：立緒。(原著出版年﹕1975年)
朝倉直巳（1991）。藝術設計的平面構成。臺北市：北星。
湯宗益、廖莉芬（2002）。遠距教學系統人機互動之研究：以Flow理論為基礎。資訊、科技與社會學報，2（2），79-93。
黃瓊慧（2000）。從沈浸(Flow)理論探討台灣大專學生之網路使用行為。國立交通大學傳播管理研究所碩士論文，未出版，新竹市。
楊珮茹（2003）。消費者購物動機、涉入與心流經驗關係之研究─以百貨公司女性消費者為例。國立高雄第一科技大學行銷與流通管理所碩士論文，未出版，高雄市。
楊純青（2004）。成人線上學習之人際互動與神馳經驗對其學習成效之影響。國立高雄師範大學成人教育研究所博士論文，未出版，高雄市。
臺北市政府教育局（2005）。臺北市職業學校設計群廣告設計科專業課程資料彙編報告。2009年1月5日取自「臺北市政府教育局」：http://www.edunet.taipei.gov.tw/default.asp
趙文祺（2003）。體驗教育活動參與者內在動機、活動投入程度與神馳體驗關係之探討。大葉大學休閒事業管理學系研究所碩士論文，未出版，台中縣。
蔡明達、鍾志明與陳慶峰（2001）。資訊管理研究，1，99-111。
聶喬齡（2000）。心理技能、運動表現與運動流暢經驗的關係研究。國立體育學院體育研究所碩士論文，未出版，桃園縣。
蘇迺棻（2004）。溯溪參與者非學業性自我概念對流暢經驗的影響暨驗證流暢原始模式與四向度模式。雲林科技大學休閒運動研究所碩士論文，未出版，雲林縣。
蘇慧堅（2004）。小說閱讀沉迷行為之研究。南華大學出版事業管理研究所碩士論文，未出版，嘉義縣。
蘇慧堅、鍾燕宜（2004）。閱讀心流經驗於出版行銷策略之研究。出版與管理研究，1（1）， 79-132。

二、英文部分
Agarwal, R. & Karahanna, E. (2000). Time flies when you're having fun: Cognitive absorption and beliefs about information technology usage. MIS Quarterly, December, 665-694.
Allison, M. T., & Duncan, M. C. (1988). Women, work, and flow. In M. Csikszentmihalyi & I. S. Csikszentmihalyi (Eds.), Optimal experience: Psychological study of flow in conscious, (pp.118-137). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Bakker, A. B. (2005). Flow among music teachers and their students: The crossover of peak experiences. Journal of Vocat ional Behavior, 66,26-44.
Bakker, A. B., & Geurts, S. A. E.(2004). Toward a dual-process model of work-home interference. Work and Occupations, 31, 345-366.
Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84, 191-215.
Behson, S. J., Eddy, E. R., & Lorenzet, S. J. (2000). The importance of the critical psychological states in the job characteristics model: A meta-analytic and structural equations modeling examination. Current Research in Social Psychology, 5, 170-189.
Carli, M., Delle Fave, A., & Massimini, F. (1988). The quality of experience in the flow channels: Comparsion of Italian and U.S. students. In M. Csikszentmihalyi & I. S. Csikszentmihalyi (Eds.), Optimal experience: Psychological study of flow in conscious (pp.288-306). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Chen, H., Wigand, R. T., & Nilan, M. (2000). Exploring Web user’s optimal flow experiences. Information Technology and People, 13(4), 263-283.
Chen, H., Wigand, T. R., & Nilan, S. M. (1999). Optimal experience of web activities. Computers in Human Behavior, 15, 585-608.
Clarke, G. S. & Haworth, T. J. (1994). Flow experience in the daily lives of sixth-form college students. British Journal of Psychology, 85, 511-523
Costa, P. T., Jr., & McCrae, R. R. (1988). Personality in adulthood: A six-year longitudinal study of self-reports and spouse ratings on the NEO Personality Inventory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 853-863.
Csikszentmihalyi, M. & Csikszentmihalyi, I. S. (1988).Optimal experience: Psychological studies of f low in consciousness. New York:Cambridge University press.
Csikszentmihalyi, M. & Kleiber, D. A. (1991). Leisure and self- actualization, In B. L. Driver, P. J. Brown & G. L. Peterson (Eds.), Benefits of leisure (pp.91-02). State College, PA: Venture.
Csikszentmihalyi, M. & Larson, R. (1984). Being adolescent: Conflict and growth in the teenage years. New York: Basic Books.
Csikszentmihalyi, M. & LeFevre, J. (1989). Optimal experience in work and leisure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.56 (5), 815-822.
Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1975).Beyond boredom and anxiety:The experience of play in work and games.San Francisco:Jossey-Bass. Futurist, 31(5), 8-13.
Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1982). Toward a psychology of optimal experience. In L. Wheeler (Ed.). Annual Review of Personality and Social Psychology,3 (pp. 13-36). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1988). The flow experience and its significance for human psychology. In M. Csikszentmihalyi & I. Csikszentmihalyi (Eds.), Optimal experience: Psychological studies of flow in consciousness, (pp. 15-35). New York: Cambridge.
Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1990). Flow: The psychology of optimal experience. New York: Harper Collins.
Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1993).The evolving self: A psychology for the third millennium. New York: Harper & Row.
Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1996). Creativity: Flow and the psychology of discovery and invent ion. New York: Harper Collins.
Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1997).Finding flow:The psychology of engagement with Everyday life.New York:Harper Collins.
Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1999). If we are so rich, why aren't we happy? American Psychologist, 54, 821-827.
Csikszentmihalyi, M., & Rathunde, K. (1992). The measurement of flow in everyday life: Toward a theory of emergent motivation. In Nebraska symposium on motivation, (pp.57-97). Omaha, NE: University of Nebraska Press.
Custodero, L.A. (2002) .Seeking challenge, finding skill: flow experience and music education, Arts Education Policy Review, 103(3).
DeCharms, R. (1968). Personal causation: The internal affectivedeterminants of behavior. New York: Academic Press.
Delle Fave, A., & Massimini, F. (1988). Modernization and the changing context of flow in work and leisure, In M. Csikszentmihalyi & I. Csikszentmihalyi (Eds.), Optimal experience: Psychological studies of flow in consciousness, (pp.193-214). New York: Cambridge.
Delle Fave, A., & Bassi, M. (2000). The quality of experience in adolescents’ daily lives: development perspectives. Genetic, Social, and General Psychological Monographs, 26(3), 347-367.
Demerouti, E. (2006). Job characteristics, flow, and Performance: Themoderating role of conscientiousness. Journal of Occupat ional Heal the Psychology, 11(3), 266-280.
Drazin, R., Glynn, M. A., & Kazanjian, R. K. (1999). Multilevel theorizing about creativity in organizations: A sensemaking perspective. Academy of Management Review, 24(2), 286-307.
Eisenberger, R., Jones, J. R., Stinglhamber, F., Shanock, L., & Randall, A. T. (2005). Flow Experiences at work: for High Need Achievers alone? Journal of Organizational Behavior, 26, 755-775.
Ellis, D. G., Voelkl, E. J., & Morrie, C. (1994). Measurement and analysis issues with explanation of variance in daily experience using the flow model. Journal of Leisure Research, 26, 337-356.
Erez, A., & Judge, T. A. (2001). Relationship of core self-evaluations to goal setting, motivation, and performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86, 1270-1279.
Florida, R. (2003). The Rise of the Creative Class: And How It’s Transforming Work, Leisure, Community and Everyday Life (Reprint Ed.). New York: Basic Books.
Forbes, J. B., & Domm, D. R. (2004). Creativity and productivity: Resolving the conflict. S.A.M Advanced Management Journal, 69(2), 4-27.
Ford, C. M. (1996). A theory of individual creative action in multiple social domains. Academy of Management, 21(4), 1112-1143.
Gardner, H. (1993). Creating minds. New York: Basic Books.
Ghani, J. A., & Desphande, S. P. (1994). Task characteristics and the experience of optimal flow in human-computer Interaction. The Journal of Psychology, 128(4), 381-391.
Gilson, L. L., & Shalley, C. E. (2004). A little creativity goes a long way: An examination of team’s engagement in creative processes. Journal of Management, 30(4), 453-470.
Goldberg, L. R. (1990). An alternative description of personality : The Big-Five factor structure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59(6), 1216-1229.
Graef, R., Csikszentmihalyi, M., & Cianinno, S. M. (1983). Measuring intrinsic motivation in everyday life. Leisure Studies, 2, 155-168.
Hackman, J. R., & Oldham, G. R. (1975). Development of the Job Diagnostic Survey. Journal of Applied Psychology, 60, 159-170.
Hackman, J. R., & Oldham, G. R. (1976). Motivation through the design of Work: test of a theory. Organizat ional Behavior and Human Performance, 16, 250-279.
Han, S. (1988). The relationship between life satisfaction and flow in elderly Korean immigrants. In M. Csikszentmihalyi & I. S. Csikszentmihalyi (Eds.), Optimal experience: Psychological study of flow in conscious (pp.138-149). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Harter, S. (1990). Causes, correlates, and the functional role of global self-worth: A life-span perspective. In Sternberg, Robert J.; Kolligian, John, Jr (pp. (1990). Competence considered. (pp. 1967-1997). New Haven, CT, US: Yale University Press.
Haworth, H., & Evans, S. (1995). Challenge, skill and positive subjective states in the daily life of a sample of YTS students. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 68, 109-121.
Hoffman, L. D., & Novak, P. T. (1996). Marketing in Hypermedia Computer-Mediated Environments: Conceptual Foundations. Journal of Marketing, 60(1), 50-68.
Houkes, I., Janssen, P. P. M., De Jonge. J., & Bakker, A. B. (2003).Personality, work characteristics, and employee well-being: A longitudinal analysis of additive and moderating effects. Journal of Occupational Heal the Psychology, 8, 20-38.
Jackson, S. A. (1996). Toward a conceptual understanding of the flow 141 experiences in elite athletes. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 67(1), 76-90.
Jackson, S. A., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1999). Flow in sports. U.S.A.: Human Kinetics.
Jackson, S. A., & Eklund, R. C. (2002). Assessing flow in physical activity: the flow state scale-2 and dispositional flow scale-2. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 24(2), 133-150.
Jackson, S. A., & Marsh, H. W. (1996). Development and validation of a scale to measure optimal experience: The flow state scale. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 18, 17-35.
Jackson, S. A., & Roberts, G. C. (1992). Positive performance states of athletes: Toward a conceptual understanding of peak performance. The Sport Psychologist, 6, 156-171.
Jackson, S. A., Kimiecik, J. C., Ford, S. K., & Marsh, H. W. (1998).Psychological correlates of flow in sport. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 20, 358-378.
Jacques, N., Sylvain. S., & Jamel, G. (2002).The Influence of the Flow on Hedonic and Utilitarian Shopping Values, Advances in Consumer Research ,29.
Jonathan, J. W., Gaynor, S., & Graham, S. (2006). Challenge-skills and mindfulness: An exploration of the conundrum of flow process. OTJR, 26(1), 25.
Judge, T. A., & Bono, J. E. (2001). Relationship of core self-evaluations traits- self-esteem, generalized self-efficacy, locus of control andemotional stability-with job satisfaction and job performance: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86, 80-92.
Judge, T. A., Bono, J . E., & Locke, E. A. (2000). Personality and job satisfaction: The mediating role of job characteristics. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85, 237-249.
Judge, T. A., Bono, J . E., Erez, A., & Locke, E. A. (2005). Core self-evaluations and job and life satisfaction : The role ofself-concordance and goal attainment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(2), 257-268.
Judge, T. A., Erez, A., & Bono, J. E. (1998). The power of being positive: The relation between positive self-concept and job performance. Human Performance, 11, 167-187.
Judge, T. A., Erez, A., Bono, J. E., & Thoresen, C. J. (2002). Discriminant and incremental validity of four personality traits: Are measures of self-esteem, neuroticism, locus of control, and generalized self–efficacy indicators of a common core construct? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, 693-710.
Judge, T. A., Erez, A., Bono, J. E., & Thoresen, C. J. (2003). The core self-evaluations scale: development of a measure. Personnel Psychology, 56, 303-331.
Judge, T. A., Locke, E. A., & Durham, C. C. (1997). The dispositional causes of job satisfaction: A core evaluations approach. Research in Organizational Behavior, 19, 151-188.
Judge, T. A., Locke, E. A., Durham, C. C., & Kluger, A. N. (1998). Dispositional effects on job and life satisfaction: The role of core evaluations. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83, 17-34.
Kaiser, H. F. (1974).An Index of Factorial Simplicity, Psychometrics, 39,31-36.
Kanter, R. M. (1988). When a thousand flowers bloom: Structural, collective, and social conditions for innovation in organization. In B. M. Staw, & L. L. Cummings (Eds.), Research in organizational behavior, 10 ,(pp. 169-211). Greenwich, CT: JAI.
Kleiber, D., Larson, R., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1986). The experience of leisure in adolescence. Journal of Leisure Research, 18, 169-176.
Kubey, R., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1990). Television and quality of life. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Larson, R. (1985). Flow and writing. In M. Csikszentmihalyi & I. sikszentmihalyi (Eds.), Optimal experience: Psychological studies of low in consciousness. New York: Cambridge.
Lee, E. (2005). The relationship of motivation and flow experience to academic procrastination in university students. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 166(1), 5-14.
Lefevre, J. (1988). Flow and quality of experience during work and leisure. In M.Ciskzentmihalyi, & I. S. Ciskzentmihalyi, (Eds.), Optimal Experience: Psychological Studies of Flow in Consciousness. NY: Cambridge University Press.
Lewinsohn, P. M., & Libet, J. (1972). Pleasant events, activity schedules, and depression, Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 79, 291-295.
Li, D., & Browne, G. J. (2006). The role of need for cognition and mood in online flow experience. Journal of Computer Information Systems, 46(3), 11-17.
Liao, L. F. (2006). A flow theory perspective on learner motivation and behavior in distance. Distance Education, 27(1), 25.
Locke, E. A. (1976). The nature and causes of job satisfaction. In M.D.Dunnette (Ed.), Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology. Chicago: Rand McNally.
Locke, E. A., & Latham, G. P. (1990). Work motivation and satisfaction: Light at the end of the tunnel, Psychological Science, 1, 240-246.
Maslow, A. (1968). Toward a psychology of being. New York: Ban Nostrand Reinhold.
Massimini, F., & Carli, N. (1988). The systematic assessment of flow in daily experience. In M. Csikszentmihalyi, & I. S. Csikszentmihalyi (Eds.). Optimal experience: Psychological study of flow in conscious (pp.266-287). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Massimini, F., Csikszentmihalyi, M., & Delle fave, A. (1988). Flow and biocultural evolution. In M. Csikszentmihalyi & I. Csikszentmihalyi(Eds.), Optimal experience: Psychological studies of flow in consciousness ,(pp. 193-213). New York: Cambridge.
McClelland, D. C., Atkinson, J.W., Clark, R. A., & Lowell, E. L. (1953). The Achievement Motive.New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T. (1991). Adding Liebe und Arbeit: The full five-factor model and well-being. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 17(2), 227-232.
Moneta, G. B., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1996). The effect of perceived challenges and skills on the quality of subjective experience, Journal of Personality, 64, 275-310.
Mumford, M. D. (2000). Managing creative people: Strategies and tactics for innovation. Human Resource Management Review, 10(3), 313-351.
Nakamura, J. (1988). Optimal experience and the use of talent. In M. Csikszentmihalyi & I. Csikszentmihalyi (Eds.), Optimal experience: Psychological studies of flow in consciousness, (pp.319-326). New York: Cambridge.
Nakamura, J. (1988). Optimal experience and the uses of talent. In M. Csikszentmihalyi, & I. S. Csikszentmihalyi (Eds.). Optimal experience: Psychological study of flow in conscious, (pp.319-326). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Nantel, J., Sénécal, S., & Gharbi, J. (2002). The Influence of the Flow on Hedonic and Utilitarian Shopping Values, Advances in Consumer Research, 29.
Novak, P. T. & Hoffman, L. D. (1998). Modeling the structure of the flow experience among web users. INFORMS Marketing Science and the Internet Mini-Conference, MIT.
Novak, P. T., Hoffman, L.D. (1997). Measuring the flow experience among web users.Interval research corporation ,Retrieved July 31,2002,from the World wide web: http://ecommercce,vanderbilt.edu/research/topic/index.htm
Novak, T. P., Hoffman, D. L., & Yung, Y. F. (1999).suring the customer experience in online environments: a structural modeling approach. Marketing Science. 19(1), 22-43.
Perry, S. K. (1998). When time stops: How creative writers experience entry into the flow state. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering, 58(8-B), 44-84.
Perry, S. K. (2005). Flow and the art of fiction. In J. C. Kaufman & J. Baer (Eds.), Creativity across domains: Faces of the muse. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum associates Publishers.
Piaget, J. (1962). Play, dreams and imitation in childhood. New York: W.W. Norton.
Privette, G., Bundrick, M. C. (1987). Measurement of experience: Construct and content validity of the experience questionnaire. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 65(1), 315-332.
Rathunde, K. (1996). Family context and talented adolescents’ optimal experience in school-related activities. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 6(4), 605-628.
Rathunde, K., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2005). Middle School Students' Motivation and Quality of Experience: A Comparison of Montessori and Traditional School Environments. American Journal of Education, 111, 341-371.
Rebeiro, K. L., & Polgar, J. M. (1999). Enabling occupational performance: Optimal experiences in therapy. Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy, 66, 14-22.
Rotter, J. B. (1966). Generalized expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcement. Psychological Monographs, 80.
Salanova, M., Bakker, A. B., & Llorens, S. (2006). Flow at work: evidence for an upward spiral of personal and organizational resources. Journal of Happinesss Studies, 7, 1-22.
Salanova, M., Bakker, A. B., & Llorens, S. (2006). Flow at work: evidence for an upward spiral of personal and organizational resources. Journal of Happinesss Studies, 7, 1-22.
Schenkel, L. A. (2001). Optimal Educational Experiences and Their Relationship to Self-concept and Flow in Adolescent high-ability and Gifted Learners. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia.
Schiefele, U., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1995). Motivation and ability as factors in mathematics experience and achievement. Journal for Research in Mathematics Education, 26(2), 163-181
Seligman, M. E. P. (1975). Helplessness: On depression, development, and death. San Francisco, CA: Freedman.
Seligman, M. E. P. (2002). Authentic happiness. New York: Free press.
Seligman, M. E. P., & Csiksentmihalyi, M. (2000). Positive psychology: an Introducitron. American Psychologist, 55, 5-14.
Seligman, M. E. P., Steen, T. A., Park, N., & Peterson, C. (2005). Positive psychology progress: Empirical validation of interventions. American Psychologist, 60(5), 410-421.
Shalley, C. E., Zhou, J., & Oldham, G. R. (2004). The effects of personal and contextual characteristics on creativity: where should we go from here? Journal of Management, 30(6), 933-958.
Shamir,B.(1991).Meaning, self nd motivation in organizations. Organizational Studies, 12, 405-424.
Shernoff, D. J., Csikszentmihalyi M. & B. Schneider (2003) Student Engagement In High School Classrooms From the Perspective of Flow Theory. School Psychology Quarterly, 18(2),158-176.
Spector, P. E. (1982). Behavior in organizations as a function of employee's locus of control.Psychological Bulletin, 91(3), 482-497.
Trevino,L.K., & ebster, J.(1992). Flow in computer-mediated communication. Communication Research, 19(5), 539-573.
Webster, J., Trevino, L. K., & Ryan, L. (1993). The dismensionality and correlates of flow in human-computer interactions. Computers in Human Behavior, 9(4), 411-426.