二十世紀是戰爭的世紀。從二十世紀初到二十世紀末，戰爭經歷各式變遷。不論是在戰事規模上與戰爭策略上，戰爭的變化都不曾停歇或消弭，這使得二十世紀被多數軍事學者與專家稱之為戰爭的世紀。本論文著眼於二十世紀末新式內戰的再現，透過閱讀當代描寫內戰的四部作品—包括一部小說與三部電影—來探討今日新式戰爭的崛起以及今日文本對於新內戰的再現。本論文主要以二十世紀末全球化發展為切入點，討論新內戰與全球化之間的政經關係，且得以窺見國家角色的轉變與跨國組織的困境跟挑戰，此外更透過討論全球化來理解新內戰的崛起，以及其戰爭經濟與政治鬥爭如何連結到全球化的發展。透過文本分析，筆者除了探究二十世紀末戰爭與全球化的關係之外，更以此為背景而進一步討論新式內戰中平民的苦難，以及平民如何取代士兵來形塑新的戰爭論述與看法。本論文所分析的四部作品皆以平民的角度為出發點，再現複雜而駭人的戰爭景象。這些文本除了展現平民如何取代士兵成為新式戰爭的主要受害者之外，更展現出戰爭如何在全球化的時空下搖身成為平民日常生活經驗的一部份。透過探討戰爭與平民之間的關係，筆者除了試圖建構出新的戰爭論述與詮釋以外，更期望透過這樣的分析能吸引更多研究者一同討論新式戰爭的本質，以及一同思考戰爭在當代的意涵為何，能夠透過怎樣的再現而建構出更多且更豐富的研究議題與方向。

The twentieth century is a century of wars. Wars have experienced various changes and alterations from the beginning of the twentieth century to the end of the century and they never really come to an end. So many military scholars and experts would like to call the twentieth century a century of wars. This thesis emphasizes representations of new civil wars at the end of the twentieth century by reading the latest texts concerned with wars. The four texts in analysis include one fiction and three novels that can help us to investigate new civil wars and contemporary representations of warfare. Focusing on the global developments during the 1980s, this thesis investigates the political and economical relationships between new civil wars and globalization to examine perplexity of civil wars and connections between new war economy, political wrestling, and global developments. Based on the background of a global age, this thesis advances to study tortures of civilians in civil wars. Besides, this thesis aims to contemplate new war discourses and interpretations especially when civilians have gradually replaced soldiers to be the main participants of warfare. In the thesis, the four texts I choose all describe wars in the viewpoints of local inhabitants and display complicated and horrible war scenes. They not only present victimization of local inhabitants but also show transformations of civil wars which become part of life experiences of civilians in their daily life. By contemplating on the relationships between civil wars and civilians, I purpose to construct new war discourses and understandings of wars. Moreover, I expect to draw more scholars’ attentions to such an issue to study the nature of new wars and meanings of wars in contemporary period to constitute more interesting and insightful topics and directions.

“A Brief History of Tattoos” Tattoo You. 21 November 2004.
<http://www.powerverbs.tattooyouhistory.htm>
“A Century of Warfare.” U.S. News & World Report. 26 April. 2004: 48-49.
Annan. A. Kofi. We the Peoples: The Role of the United Nations in the 21st Century. New York: United Nations, 2000.
Appadurai, Arjun. “Dead Certainty: Ethnic Violence in the Era of Globalization.” Public Culture 10:2 (1998): 225-247.
Barbout, Douglas. Michael Ondaatje. NY: Twayne Publishers, 1993.
Barlibar, Etiénne. We, the People of Europe: Reflections on Transnational Citizenship. Trans. James Swenson. Oxford: U of Princeton, 2004.
Byrne, Hugh. El Salvador’s Civil War: A Study of Revolution. London: Lynne Rienner, 1996.
Burrows, Gideon. No-nonsense Guide to the Arms Trade. Oxford: New Internationalist, 2002.
Carruthers. L. Susan. The Media at War: Communication and Conflict in the Twentieth Century. London: Macmillan, 2000.
Collier, Paul. “Economic Causes of Civil Conflict and Their Implications for Policy.” World Bank Report (2000): 1-23.
Derrickson, Teresa. “Will the ‘Un-Truth’ Set You Free? A Critical Look at Global Human Rights Discourse in Michael Ondaatje’s Anil’s Ghost.” Literature Interpretation Theory 15(2004):131-152.
El Salvador. Dir. Oliver Stone. MGM. 1986.
Foucault, Michel. Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. New York: Vintage, 1979.
Foundas, Scott. “Film Reviews: Innocent Voices.” Variety 29 Nov.-5 Dec. 2004: 49.
Gleditsch, Kristian Skrede. “A Revised List of Wars Between and Within Independent States, 1816-2002.” International Interactions. 30: 231-262, 2004.
Gutman, Roy, and David Rieff, ed. Crimes of War: What the Public Should Know. NY: W.W. Norton & Co., 1999.
Goldman, Marlene. “Representations of Buddhism in Anil’s Ghost.” Sep., 2004.
<http://clcwebjournal.lib.purdue.edu/clcweb04-3/goldman04.html>
Hardt, Michael, and Antonio Negri. Empire. US: U of Harvard P, 2000.
Hartung, D. William. “The New Business of War: Small Arms and the Proliferation of Conflict.” Ethnics and International Affairs: Carnegie Council on Ethics and International Affairs (2001): 79-96.
Harvey, David. The New Imperialism. New York: U of Oxford P, 2003.
Hotel Rwanda. Dir. Terry George. Perf. Terry George and Keir Pearson. MGM. 2004.
Innocent Voices. Dir. Luis Mandoki. Pef. Oscar Orlando Torres. LGF. 2004.
Interview. “Fighting for innocence: The Satya Interview with Oscar Torres.” Satya. Dec. 2005. <http://www.satyamag.com/dec05/torres.html>
Interview. “Interview with Luis Mandoki, Oscar Torres, and Carlos Padilla.” The Movie Chicks. 26 Sep. 2005. <http://www.themoviechicks.com/fall2005/mctinnocentvoices.html>
Kaldor, Mary. Global Civil Society: An Answer to War. UK: Polity Press. 2003.
--- New and Old Wars: Organized Violence in a Global Era. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 2001.
Kristeva, Julia. “Approaching abjection.” Powers of Horror: An Essay on Abjection. Trans. Leon S. Roudiez. New York: U of Columbia P, 1982. 1-31.
Melvern, Linda. Conspiracy to Murder: The Rwanda Genocide. New York: Verso, 2004.
Münkler, Herfried. The New Wars. UK: Polity Press, 2005.
Ondaatje, Michael. Anil’s Ghost. US: Vintage International, 2001.
Power, Samantha. “Chapter 10. Rwanda: ‘Mostly in a Listening Mode.’” “A Problem From Hell”: America and the Age of Genocide. New York: HarperCollins, 2003. 329-516.
Primera, Ali. “Casas de Carton.” Las Casas de Carton. Music by Los Guaraguao. Nonsuch, n.d.
Schapiro, J. Joshua. “Film Reviews: Innocent Voices.” MotherJones. Oct. 2005.
<http://www.motherjones.com/arts/film/2005/10/innocent_voices.html>
Schickel, Richard. “Not Just an African Story.” Time. 24 January. 2005. 54-55.
Sibley, David. “Border crossings.” Geographies of Exclusion: Society and Difference in the West. London: Routledge, 1995. 32-48.
Shaw, Martin. “War and globality: the role and character of war in the global transition.” The New Agenda for Peace Research. Ed., Ho-won Jeong. Ashgate, 1999, 61-80.
Sometimes in April. Dir. Raoul Peck. HBO. 2005.
Sontag, Susan. Regarding the Pain of Others. NY: Picador, 2003.
Tenner, Ed Megascope. “Kalashnikov’s Gun: The AK-47 and Russian Engineering.” Technology Review. March. 2005: 68.
The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. A Survey of Programs on the Reintegration of Former Child Soldiers.
<http://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/human/child/suvey/index.html>
Tokoi, Masami. M16: Stoner’s Rifle. Trans. Wei-jye Huang. Taipei: Skbook, 2006.
Turner, Victor. “Liminality and communitas.” The Ritual Process: Structure and Anti-Structure. New York: Aldine de Gruyter, 1995. 94-130.
Urry, John. The Tourist Gaze, 2nd. London: Sage, 2002.
Weich, Dave. “Interview with Michael Ondaatje.” <http://www.powells.com/authors/ondaatje.html>
Wringley, Christopher. “The Arms Industry.” Campaign Against Arms Trade, March 2001.
Yuknavitch, Lidia. Allegories of Violence: Tracing the Writing of War in Late Twentieth-Century Fiction. New York: Routledge, 2004.