本研究目的在於探討高中體育班學生的知覺教練削權動機氣候與心理堅韌性對競技倦怠之預測。方法：針對台北高中體育班學生採立意抽樣方式為研究對象，總計314位，男生為201位（64%）；女生為113位（36%），平均年齡為16.5±0.87歲。運動項目包含田徑、柔道、角力等運動種類。經參與者同意後填寫基本資料、削權動機氣候量表、特質心理堅韌性量表以及競技倦怠量表，並以描述性統計、皮爾遜積差相關與多元階層迴歸進行分析。研究結果：知覺教練削權動機氣候與整體競技倦怠及3個次構面（情緒與身體耗竭、減低成就感以及貶低運動）均呈現顯著正相關；心理堅韌性與整體競技倦怠及3個次構面均呈現顯著負相關。迴歸分析的結果顯示高中體育班學生的知覺教練削權動機氣候與心理韌性對競技倦怠具有顯著的預測力，總解釋變異量為 27%。結論與建議：本研究結果主要發現知覺教練削權動機氣候與心理堅韌性皆能預測高中體育班學生競技倦怠，提供前因變項重要的證據來源，在運動員知覺教練所塑造越高削權動機氣候，則競技倦怠也較高，另外高中體育班學生有較高的心理堅韌性時，相對其競技倦怠較低。建議高中競技教練減低塑造削權動機氣候，以及協助提升運動員心理堅韌性發展，以達到高中體育生心理健康減低競技倦怠產生。

The purpose of this study was to examine the predictive utility of high school athletes' perception of disempowering motivation climate and mental toughness on athletic burnout. Method: Participants were 314 high school student-athletes (201 males and 113 females) recruited from Taipei City by using the purposeful sampling method. Their average age was 16.5±0.87 years. Sports include track and field, judo, wrestling, and other sports. After received the informed-consent, participants were requested to complete a questionnaire which included the basic information, Trait Mental Toughness Inventory for Sport, Disempowering Motivational Climate Questionnaire, and Athlete Burnout Questionnaire. Descriptive statistics, Pearson product-moment correlation, and hierarchical regression were used to analyze the data. Results: High school student-athletes’ perception of disempowering motivation climate was significantly positively correlated with competitive burnout and 3 subscales (physical/emotional exhaustion, reduced sense of achievement, and sport devaluation). Furthermore, mental toughness was significantly negatively correlated with competitive burnout and 3 subscales (physical/emotional exhaustion, reduced sense of achievement, and sport devaluation). The results of regression analyses showed that high school athletes’ perception of disempowering motivation climate and mental toughness had significant predictive power on competitive burnout. The total explained variance was 27%. Suggestions：This study provided the important evidence for antecedent variables in terms of predicting burnout. It is suggested that high school coaches should avoid to create disempowering motivational climate. Mental toughness training also can be provide to help enhancing the development of athletes' mental toughness in order to achieve the mental health of high school’s student-athletes and to reduce the occurrence of athletic burnout.

一、中文文獻
于肖楠、張建新（2005）。韌性（resilience）—在壓力下復原和成長的心理機制。心理科學進展，13(5)，658–665。

王潔玲 (2008)。籃球選手知覺動機氣候與運動員倦怠之研判。運動教練科學，(12)，1–12。
https.doi.org/10.6194/SCS.2008.12.01

李筱苹、季力康（2018）。運動員知覺教練效能與教練選手關係對身心倦怠之預測。靜宜體育，(11)，12–26。https.doi.org/10.6260/PUPE.201807_(11).0002

季力康（1996）。建立自信心的好方法。中華棒球，(55)，83–85。

季力康（2005–2006）。運動員心理堅韌性之研究（計畫編號：NSC94-2413-H-179-007）[補助]。科技部。

季力康（2017–2018）。結合依附理論探討賦權動機氣候對教練選手關係之預測與介入研究（計畫編號：MOST105-2410-H-003-058-MY2）[補助]。科技部。

季力康（2018–2019）。賦權動機氣候介入對高中籃球選手運動樂趣及團隊凝聚力之影響。（計畫編號：MOST107-2410-H003-128）[補助]。科技部。

沈慧君、黃英哲（2008）。成就目標與能力知覺對競技倦怠之預測研究。國立臺北教育大學體育學術研討會論文發表專刊，218–222。

林軒竹（2016)）。高中田徑隊選手之心理堅韌性與身心倦怠之關係 [未出版碩士論文]。國立臺東大學。

林新發（2012）。心理資本與正向組織行為。國民教育，52(4)，1–7。

吳思諭（2012）。國中運動員完美主義、知覺動機氣候與競技倦怠之相關研究 [未出版碩士論文]。國立臺南大學。

高三福(2001)。團隊文化與教練領導:質化與量化兩種研究途徑 [未出版之博士論文]。國立臺灣師範大學。

張志銘、黃建文、黃國光、張世沛（2019）。探討運動員訓練壓力、社會支持與競技倦怠之關係。運動休閒餐旅研究，14(3)，56–82。

許樹淵、林正常、黃憲鐘、黃勝裕、黃一昌、傅俊騰、林信甫（1999）。選、訓策略之探討。運動員選訓賽之策略訂定。台北：行政院體委會。

陳亞麟（2021）。中等學校運動選手知覺家長式教練領導行為與心理堅韌性對運動倦怠之影響 [未出版碩士論文]。國立臺南大學。

陳美分（2016）。以自我決定理論觀點預測國中女子甲組壘球校隊選手之運動倦怠感[未出版碩士論文]。臺北市立大學。

陳群仁、林作慶（2020）。運動選手心理堅韌性與競技倦怠之關係研究－以南投縣國中運動代表隊為例。管理實務與理論研究，14(1)，66–80。

陳群仁（2019）。南投縣國中運動代表隊選手知覺教練領導行為 [未出版碩士論文）]。大葉大學。

彭台光、高月慈、林鉦棽(2006)。管理研究中的共同方法變異：問題本質、影響、測試和補救。管理學報，23(1)，77–98。

曾旭輝（2013）。大專游泳選手之心理堅韌性及運動動機與身心倦怠之關係 [未出版之碩士論文]。國立中正大學。

黃崇儒（2004）。運動心理堅韌性概念的建構與測量 [未出版碩士論文]。國立臺灣師範大學。

鄒智盛（2015）。大專籃球選手心理堅韌性、特質性焦慮、壓力因應策略 與運動倦怠之研究 [未出版碩士論文]。朝陽科技大學。

盧俊宏（2005）。運動員競技倦怠研究：相關概念交叉驗證與時間序列模式的探討（計畫編號：NSC93-2413-H-179-007）[補助]。科技部。

劉義傳、王清欉、黃崇儒（2013）。高中棒球選手心理堅韌性、教練威權領導與競技倦怠的關係。臺灣運動教育學報，8(1)，1–13。

蔡宜廷、季力康（2019）。削權動機氣候對羽球選手預測運動倦怠之預測－基本心理需求的中介效果。中正體育學刊，(8)，1–16。

盧俊宏、朱真儀、蔡巧玲、詹芳榕（2009）。台灣運動員倦怠經驗探索：文化與訓練脈絡上的省思。應用心理研究，(42)，81–122。

盧俊宏、陳龍弘、卓國雄（2006）。Raedeke和Smith運動員倦怠問卷(ABQ)之信效度研究。體育學報，39(3)，83–94。

謝欣妤（2017）。高中排球選手知覺賦權與削權動機氣候對心理堅韌性之預測 [未出版碩士論文]。國立臺灣師範大學體育學系。

二、英文文獻
Ames, C. (1992). Classrooms: Goals, structures, and student motivation. Journal of Educational Psychology, 84(3), 261-271. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.84.3.261

Ames, C., & Archer, J. (1988). Achievement goals in the classroom: Students' learning strategies and motivation processes. Journal of Educational Psychology, 80(3), 260-267. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.80.3.260

Appleton, P. R., & Duda, J. L. (2016). Examining the interactive effects of coach-created empowering and disempowering climate dimensions on athletes’ health and functioning. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 26, 61-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2016.06.007

Appleton, P. R., Ntoumanis, N., Quested, E., Viladrich, C., & Duda, J. L. (2016). Initial validation of the coach-created Empowering and Disempowering Motivational Climate Questionnaire (EDMCQ-C). Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 22, 53-65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2015.05.008

Aspinwall, L. G. & Staudinger, U. M. (2003). A Psychology of Human Strengths. Washington, D. C. : American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/10566-000

Bartholomew, K. J., Ntoumanis, N., & Thøgersen-Ntoumani, C. (2010). The controlling interpersonal style in a coaching context: development and initial validation of a psychometric scale. J Sport Exerc Psychol, 32(2), 193-216. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.32.2.193

Bartholomew, K. J., Ntoumanis, N., Ryan, R. M., Bosch, J. A., & Thøgersen-Ntoumani, C. (2011). Self-determination theory and diminished functioning: the role of interpersonal control and psychological need thwarting. Pers Soc Psychol Bull, 37(11), 1459-1473. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167211413125

Bowerman, B. L., & O'Connell, R. T. (1990). Linear statistical models: An applied approach (2 ed.). Belmont, CA:Duxbury.

Coakley, J. (1992). Burnout among Adolescent Athletes: A Personal Failure or Social Problem? Sociology of Sport Journal, 9, 271-285. https://doi.org/10.1123/ssj.9.3.271

Cohen J. (1992). A power primer. Psychol Bull, 112(1), 155-9. https://doi.org/10.1037//0033-2909.112.1.155.
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). The "what" and "why" of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11(4), 227-268.
https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327965PLI1104_01

Deci, E., & Ryan, R. M. (1985). Intrinsic Motivation and Self-Determination in Human Behavior. New York: Plenum.

Dorfman, H. A., & Ku ehl, K. (1995). The mental game of baseball . South Bend, Indiana: Diamond.

Duda, J. L. (1992). Motivation in sport settings A goal perspective approach. In G. Roberts (Ed.), Motivation in sport and exercise (pp. 57-91).

Duda, J. L. (2013). The conceptual and empirical foundations of Empowering Coaching™: Setting the stage for the PAPA project. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 11(4), 311-318. https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2013.839414

Dweck, C. S. (1986). Motivational processes affecting learning. American Psychologist, 41(10), 1040-1048. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.41.10.1040

Eades, A. (1991). An investigation of burnout in intercollegiate athlete: The development of the Eades Athlete Burnout Inventory. Paper presented at the North America Society for the Psychology of Sport and Physical Activity National Conference, Asilomar, CA.

Elliott, E. S., & Dweck, C. S. (1988). Goals: an approach to motivation and achievement. J Pers Soc Psychol, 54(1), 5-12. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.54.1.5

Fender, L. K. (1989). Athlete burnout: Potential for research and intervention strategies. The Sport Psychologist, 3(1), 63-71.

González, L., García-Merita, M., Castillo, I., & Balaguer, I. (2016). Young Athletes' Perceptions of Coach Behaviors and Their Implications on Their Well- and Ill-Being Over Time. J Strength Cond Res, 30(4), 1147-1154. https://doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0000000000001170

Gould, D., Dieffenbach, K., & Moffett, A. (2002). Psychological Characteristics and Their Development in Olympic Champions. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology 14(3): 172-204.

Gould, D., Tuffey, S., Udry, E., & Loehr, J. (1996). Burnout in competitive junior tennis players: II. Qualitative analysis. The Sport Psychologist, 10(4), 341-366.

Gould, D., Tuffey, S., Udry, E., & Loehr, J. (1997). Burnout in competitive junior tennis players: III. Individual differences in the burnout experience. The Sport Psychologist, 11(3), 257-276.

Gucciardi, D. F., Gordon, S., & Dimmock, J. A. (2008). Towards an Understanding of Mental Toughness in Australian Football. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 20(3), 261-281. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200801998556

Gucciardi, D. F., Hanton, S., Gordon, S., Mallett, C. J., & Temby, P. (2015). The concept of mental toughness: Tests of dimensionality, nomological network, and traitness. Journal of Personality, 83(1), 26- 44. https://doi: 10.1111/jopy.12079

Gucciardi, D. F., Stamatis, A., & Ntoumanis, N. (2017). Controlling coaching and athlete thriving in elite adolescent netballers: The buffering effect of athletes' mental toughness. J Sci Med Sport, 20(8), 718-722. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2017.02.007

Gustafsson, H., Kenttä, G., & Hassmén, P. (2011). Athlete burnout: an integrated model and future research directions. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 4(1), 3-24. https://doi.org/10.1080/1750984X.2010.541927

Into, S., Perttula, V.-M., Aunola, K., Sorkkila, M., & Ryba, T. V. (2020). Relationship between coaching climates and student-athletes’ symptoms of burnout in school and sports. Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology, 9(3), 341-356. https://doi.org/10.1037/spy0000180

Isoard-Gautheur, S., Emma, G. d., & Lemyre, P.-N. (2012). A Prospective Study of the Influence of Perceived Coaching Style on Burnout Propensity in High Level Young Athletes: Using a Self-Determination Theory Perspective. Sport Psychologist, 26, 282-298. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.26.2.282

Isoard-Gautheur, S., Trouilloud, D., Gustafsson, H., & Guillet-Descas, E. (2016). Associations between the perceived quality of the coach–athlete relationship and athlete burnout: An examination of the mediating role of achievement goals. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 22, 210–217.

Jaeschke, A.-M. C., Sachs, M. L., & Dieffenbach, K. D. (2016). Ultramarathon Runners’ Perceptions of Mental Toughness: A Qualitative Inquiry. The Sport Psychologist, 30(3), 242-255. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.2014-0153
Jones, G., Hanton, S., & Connaughton, D. (2002). What is this thing called mental toughness? An investigation of elite sport performers. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 14(3), 205-218. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200290103509

Kaiseler, M., Polman, R., & Nicholls, A. (2009). Mental toughness, stress, stress appraisal, coping and coping effectiveness in sport. Personality and Individual Differences, 47(7), 728-733. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2009.06.012

Lou, H., Liu, P., and Jin, S. J. (2014). A qualitative study on influence factors of mental toughness in elite chinese athletes. China Sport Sci. 34, 48–55. https://doi: 10.16469/j.css.2014.08.007

Luthans, F., & Youssef, C. M.（2004）. Human, social, and now positive psychological capital management: Investing in people for competitive advantage. Organizational Dynamics, 33, 143-160.

Madigan, D. J., & Nicholls, A. R. (2017). Mental toughness and burnout in junior athletes: A longitudinal investigation. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 32, 138-142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2017.07.002

Menard, S. (1995). A developmental test of Mertonian anomie theory. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 32(2), 136-174.

Monell, Z. (2018). Coaching Behaviors and their Impact on Burnout of High School Athletes. Kinesiology, Sport Studies, and Physical Education Synthesis Projects, 59.

Myers, R. (1990). Classical and modern regression with applications (2 ed.). Boston: Duxbury.

Newton, M., Duda, J. L., & Yin, Z. (2000). Examination of the psychometric properties of the perceived motivational climate in sport questionnaire-2 in a sample of female athletes. J Sports Sci, 18(4), 275-290. https://doi.org/10.1080/026404100365018

Nicholls, J. G. (1984). Achievement motivation: Conceptions of ability, subjective experience, task choice, and performance. Psychological Review, 91(3), 328-346. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.91.3.328

Nicholls, J. G. (1989). The competitive ethos and democratic education. Harvard University Press.

Nunnally, J.C. (1978). Psychometric Theory. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Raedeke, T. (1997). Is Athlete Burnout More than Just Stress? A Sport Commitment Perspective. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 19, 396-417. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.19.4.396

Raedeke, T. D. (1997). Is athlete burnout more than just stress? A sport commitment perspective. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 19(4), 396-417. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.19.4.396

Raedeke, T. D., & Smith, A. L. (2001). Development and preliminary validation of an athlete burnout measure. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 23(4), 281-306. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.23.4.281

Raedeke, T. D., & Smith, A. L. (2009). The athlete burnout questionnaire manual (Vol. 4). Fitness Information Technology.

Reinboth, M., & Duda, J. L. (2006). Perceived motivational climate, need satisfaction and indices of well-being in team sports: A longitudinal perspective. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 7(3), 269-286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2005.06.002

Reinboth, M., Duda, J. L., & Ntoumanis, N. (2004). Dimensions of coaching behavior, need satisfaction, and the psychological and physical welfare of young athletes. Motivation and Emotion, 28(3), 297-313. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:MOEM.0000040156.81924.b8

Sari, h., & Köleli, N. a. Y. (2020). Antrenör Kaynakl1 Destekleyici ve L1s1tlaz1d1 Güdüsel!0klimin Sporculas1nTükenmj_lik ve Ahlaki Karar Alma Tutumlas1 ile!0lj_kisi.

Schmidt, G. W., & Sein, G. L. (1991). Sport commitment: A model integrating enjoyment, dropout, and burnout. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 13(3), 254-265.

Shang, Y., & Yang, S.-Y. (2021). The Effect of Social Support on Athlete Burnout in Weightlifters: The Mediation Effect of Mental Toughness and Sports Motivation [Original Research]. Frontiers in Psychology, 12(1408). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.649677

Silva, J. M. (1990). An analysis of the training stress syndrome in competitive athletics. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 2(1), 5-20. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413209008406417

Smith, R. E. (1986). Toward a cognitive-affective model of athletic burnout. Journal of Sport Psychology, 8(1), 36-50.

Thelwell, R. C., Weston, N. J. V., & Greenlees, I. A. (2005). Defining and Understanding Mental Toughness within Soccer. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 17, 326 - 332.

Vitali, F., Bortoli, L., Bertinato, L., Robazza, C., & Schena, F. (2014). Motivational climate, resilience, and burnout in youth sport. Sport Sciences for Health, 11, 103-108.

Weinberg, R. S., & Gould, D. (1999). Burnout and overtraining: Foundations of Sport and Exercise Psychology. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.

Weinberg , R.S. and Gould , D. ( 2003 ) Foundations of Sport and Exercise Psychology , Third Edition , Champaign IL : Human Kinetics.

Ye, L., Wang, B., Ge, Y., Bu, S., and Wang, L. (2016). The effect of athletes’ gratitude on burnout——chain mediating effects of social support and mental toughness. China Sport Sci. 36, 39–49. https://doi: 10.16469/j.css.201611005