由波蘭導演利亞˙馬耶斯基(Lech Majewski)所指導的電影 The Mill and The Cross《驚艷布魯哲爾》(2011)改編自藝術評論家(Michael Francis Gibson)所撰寫關於北方文藝復興藝術家布魯哲爾畫作 The Way to Calvary《前往骷髏地的行列》(1564)的研究。導演利亞˙馬耶斯基致力於使用不同媒材創造出新的視覺語彙，尤其是繪畫與電影。像是導演早期的電影 The Garden of Earthly Delight (2004), 《驚艷布魯哲爾》同樣致力於融合繪畫與電影的語言，並嘗試發展圖像中敘事元素，重新賦予繪畫新的生命。有鑒於此，此篇論文將關注解讀導演的視覺敘事手法，分析影像強調表現繪畫《前往骷髏地的行列》多焦點的結構以及藉由人物肢體動作、表情及眼神展開敘述的方式。首先，本論文試圖以分析藝術史脈絡中觀看者主題的角度去理解此電影，因劇中角色對於如何展開新敘事或交織多層次與豐富的故事內涵有著相當重要的作用。許多學者先前亦曾注意到人物的安排在電影敘事發展中的重要性，但並沒有進一步將其置於觀看者的傳統脈絡中討論，再者，也沒有分析電影中人物與場景、鏡頭運動對於觀賞者的引導作用。在接下來章節中，筆者嘗試將電影的主題與觀看者的傳統結合，探討作品中不同型態的觀看者、影像中多重景框所營造的對話與觀者的互動。最後筆者也將嘗試理解導演如何選擇不同圖像中的視覺語言以及象徵來建構一個不論是架構還是意義，都不斷在變動的系統，遊離在所謂的大數據與傳統線性敘事中狀態中。另外，藉由疏理電影中圖像與母題的選擇與詮釋，將進而追溯回圖像淵源以及其背後的意涵。

In 2011, Lech Majewski, a Polish artist and filmmaker released The Mill and the Cross. Like his previous movie The Garden of Earthly Delight (2004), The Mill and the Cross takes a painting as point of departure. Based on Pieter Bruegel the Elder’s The Way to Calvary (1564), it offers the possibility to enter into the highly complex painting of the Flemish master, crossing the boundaries between painting and cinema. If scholars have previously underlined the meticulous arranged movements of the protagonists that weave Majewski’s narrative, they haven’t clarified further all the implications related to such strategy. The thesis aims at enlightening Majewski’s vision on and of Bruegel’s work. One aspect of the study will focus on the figure of the onlooker. It constitutes in the film one of the most important motifs because it is responsible for arousing the curiosity of the spectator, triggering the narrative threads and leading him/her in the meanders of the composition. A second aspect will focus on the way Majewski disperses the spectator’s attention and creates dialogues between different layers of realities through the usage doorsien, a principle which consists of providing a secondary space which dialogue with the primary one. Finally, the thesis will try to make sense of the accumulation of narrative fragments which animate the whole movie by analyzing the different subtexts such strategy may imply. The reordering of some sequences in the context of the video installations Bruegel Suite show indeed that the director integrated personal aspects directly related to Silesia, his homeland. By re-contextualizing the dialectical strategies of diversion and re-focalization at play in the movie, it will be shown that the visual strategies at work are not only influenced by issues and motifs which appear in Bruegel’s work – either in The Way to the Calvary or other of his works. Far from confining his visual references to the Flemish master, Majewski has recourse to a large visual repertoire among different painters and filmmakers which aims at questioning more specifically the issue of sight.

Bibliography

Alberti, Leon Battista, Rocco Sinisgalli ed. trans., On Painting, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2011

Alfaro, María Jesús Martínez. “Intertextuality: Origins and Development of the Concept”, Atlantis, Vol. 18, No. 1/2, 1996, pp. 268-285

Allen, Steven, Hubner, Laura, ed., Framing Film: Cinema and the Visual Arts, Bristol: Intellect Ltd, 2012

Altman, Rick, A Theory of Narrative, New York: Columbia University Press, 2008

Antonioni, Michelangelo, dir., Blow-Up, 111 min., MGM, 1966

Arterritory Editors, “Lech Majewski’s Exhibition Open”, in Arterritory, 3 May 2013, http://www.arterritory.com/en/lifestyle/openings/2252-lech_majewskis_exhibition_opens/1/ (accessed November 6, 2017)

Aufderheide, Patricia, Documentary Film: A Very Short Introduction, New York: Oxford University Press, 2007

Bal, Mieke, Looking in the Art of Viewing, London: Psychology Press, 2001

Bailey, John, “Lech Majewski Meets Bruegel on the Way to Calvary”, in American Cinematographer, 16 November 2014, https://theasc.com/blog/johns-bailiwick/lech-majewski-meets-bruegel-on-the-way-to-calvary (accessed November 6, 2017)

Baldwin, Robert, “Peasant Imagery and Bruegel’s ‘Fall of Icarus’”, Journal of Art History, Vol. 55, Issue 3, 1986, pp. 101-114

Balsom, Erika, Exhibiting Cinema in Contemporary Art, Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2013

Belting, Hans, Hieronymus Bosch: Garden of Earthly Delights, New York: Prestel, 2007

Bieczyński, Mateusz, “Lech Majewski. Telemachus”, Centre of Contemporary Art in Torun, 4 January 2013, http://en.csw.torun.pl/2013/01/04/lech-majewski-telemachus/ (accessed November, 6 2017)

Bieczyński, Mateusz, “Lech Majewski. Telemachus” (Exhibition Catalog), Torun, 2013

Big Talk#3: “Lech Majewski”, International Film Festival, Rotterdam, 2011, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3-paVObovPY (accessed October 15, 2017)

Bordwell, David, Narration in the Fiction Film, London: University of Wisconsin Press, 1985

Brandão, Rodrigo, “A talk with Lech Majewski about The Mill and The Cross”, in Vimeo, 2014, https://vimeo.com/115402160 (accessed October 15, 2017)

Bruegel, Pieter, Orenstein, Nadine M., Pieter Bruegel The Elder: Drawings and Prints, New York, Metropolitan Museum of Art; New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001(Exhibition Catalog), 2003

Bruno, Giuliana, Atlas of Emotion: Journeys in Art, Architecture, and Film, New York: Verso, 2002

Buchanan, Iain, “The Collection of Niclaes Jongelinck: II The ‘Months’ by Pieter Bruegel the Elder”, The Burlington Magazine, Vol. 132, No. 1049, 1990, pp. 541-550

di Carlo, Carlo, Tinazzi, Giorgio, Cottino-Jones, Marga, Michelangelo Antonioni: The Architecture of Vision, Writing and Interviews on Cinema, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996

Casaglia, Matilde, “The Wapping Project-Moving Walls by Lech Majewski”, in Positive- Magazine, 14 May 2012, http://www.positive-magazine.com/the-wapping-project-lech-majewski/ (accessed November 6, 2017)

Castro, Colette De, Pfeifer, Moritz, “Michael Francis Gibson on The Mill and the Cross”, East European Film Bulletin, 2011, https://eefb.org/archive/march-2011/michael-gibson-on-the-mill-and-the-cross/ (accessed October 15, 2017)

Chakravorty, Swagato, “Real Bodies in (Un)real Spaces: Space, Movement, and the Installation Sensibility in Lech Majewski’s The Mill and the Cross”, Acta Universitatis Sapientiae, Film and Media Studies, Vol. 11, 2015, pp. 7-27

Chatman, Seymour, Michelangelo Antonioni: The Complete Films, Los Angeles: Taschen GmbH, 2008

Chrostowski, Waldemar, “The Suffering, Chosenness and Mission of the Polish Nation”, Occasional Papers on Religion in Eastern Europe, Vol. 11, Issue. 4, Article 1, 1991, p. 5, http://digitalcommons.georgefox.edu/ree/vol11/iss4/1 (accessed December 15, 2018)

Cultural Pl Editors, “Angelus- Lech J. Majewski”, in Cultural Pl, http://culture.pl/en/work/angelus-lech-j-majewski (accessed November 6, 2017)

Cultural Pl Editors, “Metaphysics- Lech Majewski”, in Cultural Pl, http://culture.pl/en/work/metaphysics-lech-majewski (accessed November 6, 2017)

Cultural Pl Editors, “Lech Majewski: Retrospective”, in Cultural Pl, 2011, http://culture.pl/en/event/lech-majewski-restrospective (accessed November 6, 2017)

Cultural Pl Editors, “A Mine of Culture—The New Silesia Museum”, in Cultural Pl, 2015, https://culture.pl/en/article/a-mine-of-culture-the-new-silesian-museum (accessed December 14, 2018)

Cummings, Basia Lewandowska, “Lech Majewski: Still Life with Movement”, in Sight & Sound Magazine, 2012, http://www.bfi.org.uk/news-opinion/sight-sound-magazine/interviews/lech-majewski-still-life-movement (accessed November 6, 2017)

Cormack, Robin, Icons, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2007

Coleman, Sally Whitman, “Hans Memling’s Scenes from the Advent and Triumph of Christ and the Discourse of Revelation”, Journal of Historians of Netherlandish Art, Volume 5, Issue 1, 2013, pp. 1-23

Dalle Vacche, Angela, Cinema and Painting: How Art Is Used in Film, Austin: University of Texas Press, 1996

Dalle Vacche, Angela, The Visual Turn: Classical Film Theory and Art History, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, 2003

Dalle Vacche, Angela, Film, Art, New Media: Museum Without Walls, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012

Demshuk, Andrew, “Reinscribing Schlesian as Ślask: Memory and Mythology in a Postwar German-Polish Borderland”, History & Memory, Vol. 24, No.1, 2012, pp. 34-86

Ebert, Roger, “The Mill and the Cross”, in RogerEbert. com, 2011, https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/the-mill-and-the-cross-2011 (accessed November 6, 2017)

Eisenstein, Sergei, Gerould, Daniel trans., “Montage of Attractions: For ‘Enough Stupidity in Every Wiseman’”, The Drama Review: TDR, Vol. 18, No. 1, 1974, pp. 77-85

Eisenstein, Sergei, introduced by Yve-Alain Bois and Michael Glenny, “Montage and Architecture”, in Assemblage, Vol. 111, No. 10, 1989, pp. 110-131

Elbert, Monica M., “Striking a Historical Pose: Antebellum Tableaux Vivants, “Godey’s” Illustrations, and Margaret Fuller's Heroines”, The New England Quarterly, Vol. 75, No. 2, 2002, pp. 235-275

Elsaesser, Thomas, “Between Knowing and Believing: The Cinematic Dispositive after Cinema”, in Albera, François and Tortajada, Maria eds., Cine-Dispositives: Essays in Epistemology across Media, Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2015

Felleman, Susan, Art in the Cinematic Imagination, Austin: University of Texas Press, 2006

Fidelis, Malgorzata, Women, Communism, and Industrialization in Postwar Poland, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010

Gandert, Sean, “Lech Majewski: Reaching Beyond the Gallery”, in Pastemagazine, 2011, https://www.pastemagazine.com/articles/2011/09/lech-majewski.html (accessed November 6, 2017)
Garner, Philippe, Mellor, David Alan, Antonioni’s Blow-Up, Göttingen: Steidl, 2010

Gaudreault, André, From Plato to Lumière: Narration and Monstration in Literature and Cinema, translated by Timothy Barnard, London: University of Toronto Press, 1988

Gaudreault, André, Lacasse, Germain, “Fonctions et origines du bonimenteur du cinéma des premiers temps”, Cinémas, Vol. 4, No. 1, 1993

Gibson, Michael Francis, The Mill and the Cross: A Commentary on Peter Bruegel's Way to Calvary, Paris: University of Levana Press, 2012

Gibson, Michael Francis, Majewski, Lech, Bruegel: The Mill and the Cross, Rzeszów: Bosz, 2010

Gunning, Tom, “The Cinema of Attraction: Early Film, Its Spectator and the Avant-Garde”, Wide Angle, Vol. 8, No. 3 & 4, 1986, pp. 63-70

Gunning, Tom. 2004. “Phantasmagoria and the Manufacturing of Illusions and Wonder : Towards a Cultural Optics of the Cinematic Apparatus”, in Gaudreault, André, Russell, Catherine and Veronneau, Pierre eds., The Cinema, a New Technology for the 20th Century, Lausanne: Payot, 2004

Guillen, Michael, “Lech Majewski on The Mill and the Cross”, 2011, http://theeveningclass.blogspot.tw/2011/09/lech-majewski-on-mill-cross.html (accessed November 6, 2017)

Gandert, Sean, “The Mill and the Cross Review”, in Pastemagazine. com, 2011, https://www.pastemagazine.com/articles/2011/09/the-mill-and-the-cross.html (accessed November 6, 2017)

Gnanalingam, Brannavan, “A Lech Majewski Interview”, in The Lumière Reader, quoted in http://www.lechmajewski.art.pl/wywiady.php?id=53 (accessed November 6, 2017)

Gold, Daniel M., “Creating a Cinematic Picture of a Flemish Masterpiece”, in The New York Times, 2011, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/14/movies/the-mill-and-the-cross-review.html (accessed October 30, 2017)

Good News Translation (GNT), “Book of Tobit”, American Bible Society, (4:20-12:21), https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Tobit+12&version=GNT (accessed December 13, 2018)

Haltof, Marek, “Film Theory in Poland Before World War II”, Canadian Slavonic Papers, Vol. 40, No. 1/2, pp. 67-78, 1998

Haltof, Marek, Polish National Cinema, New York: Berghahn Books, 2002

Hammond, Joseph, “The Cult and Representation of Archangel Raphael in Sixteenth-Century Venice”, St. Andrew Journal of Art History and Museum Studies, Vol. 15, 2011, pp. 79-88

Hartwich, Dorota, “Lech Majewski. Director “I’m against enforcing the behaviourist approach on film”, in Cineuropa, 28 April 2015, http://cineuropa.org/it.aspx?t=interview&l=en&did=290405 (accessed November 6, 2017)

Helman, Alicja, Osadnik, Wacław M., “Film Studies in Post-War Poland: Tradition & Innovation”, Canadian Slavonic Papers, Vol. 39, No. 1/2, pp. 123-136, 1997

Hess, Karolina Maria, Małgorzata Alicja Dulska, “Rose Cross, Saturn’s Menagerie and Coal Mines of Silesia: Strange Visions of Teofil Ociepka”, The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions, Vol. 19, Issue 4, 2016, pp. 57-79

Hollander, Martha, An Entrance for the Eyes. Space & Meaning in Seventeenth-Century Dutch Art, Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002

Humbert, David, “The Mill and the Cross (2011)”, Journal of Religion & Film, Vol. 15, Issue 2, Article 12, 2012 https://digitalcommons.unomaha.edu/jrf/vol15/iss2/12 (accessed November 6, 2017)

Josephus, Flavius, Antiquities of the Jews-Book I, http://penelope.uchicago.edu/josephus/ant-1.html (accessed November 18, 2017)

Koerner, Joseph Leo, Bosch & Bruegel: From Enemy Painting to Everyday Life, Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2016

Koerner, Joseph Leo, “Everyman in Motion: From Bosch to Bruegel”, Proceedings of the British Academy, Vol. 139, 2005, pp, 297-328

Koza, Patricia (ed.), Monika Miziniak (trans.), “The Mill and the Cross- New Film by Lech Majewski”, 2008, http://en.pisf.pl/news/the-mill-and-the-cross-new-film-by-lech-majewski (accessed November 6, 2017)

Kupfer, Marcia, The Passion Story: From Visual Representation to Social Drama, Philadelphia: Penn State University Press, 2008

Kuc, Kamila, “The time of Kings is Over’: Heterogeneity in Contemporary Polish Cinema”, Studies in Eastern European Cinema, Vol. 1, No. 1, 2014, pp. 109-113

Kilinski II, Karl, “Bruegel on Icarus: Inversions of the Fall”, Zeitschrift für Kunstgeschichte, Vol. 67, No. 1, 2004, pp. 91-114

Kaminska, Barbara A., “Come, let us make a city and a tower”: Pieter Bruegel the Elder’s Tower of Babel and the Creation of a Harmonious Community in Antwerp”, Journal of Historians of Netherlandish Art, Vol. 6, No. 1, 2014, pp. 1-24

Kirkland-Ives, Mitzi, In the Footsteps of Christ: Hans Memling’s Passion Narratives and the Devotional Imagination in the Early Modern Netherlands, Turnhout: Brepols Publishers, 2013

Kirschbaum, Engelbert, Günter Bandmann, and Wolfgang Braunfels, Lexikon Der Christlichen Ikonographie, Rom: Verlag Herder, 1990

K., R. A., “A Rediscovered Painting, ‘The Road to Calvary,’ by Herri Met De Bles”, Record of the Art Museum, Princeton University, vol. 14, no. 2, 1955, pp. 31–51

Lala, Kiša, “Reimagining Bruegel: Lech Majewski’s Film- The Mill and the Cross”, in HUFFPOST, 9 December 2013 (updated 6 December 2017), https://www.huffingtonpost.com/kisa-lala/reimagining-bruegel-lech-_b_955960.html (accessed November 6, 2017)

Lane, Barbara G., Hans Memling: Master Painter in Fifteenth-Century Bruges, Turnhout: Brepols, 2009

Laskey, Jack, ‘Last Supper’, Salem Press Encyclopedia, 2017, http://eds.b.ebscohost.com/eds/detail/detail?vid=3&sid=0da34fd0-50fa-4950-9f4f-9fac8c9f4b48%40sessionmgr103&bdata=Jmxhbmc9emgtdHcmc2l0ZT1lZHMtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#AN=87323187&db=ers (accessed December 13, 2018)

Lebecka, Magdalena, “Glass Lips”, KINO Polish Cinema, pp. 73-74, 2008, http://kino.org.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=160&Itemid=5 (accessed November 10, 2017)

Lee, Kevin B., “Lech Majewski’s Stillness in Motion”, 2012, https://vimeo.com/198459804 (accessed November 6, 2017)

Le Nart, Agnieszka, Majewski’s Moving Walls at the Wapping Project, in Cultural Pl, 2012, http://culture.pl/en/event/majewskis-moving-walls-at-the-wapping-project (accessed November 6, 2017)

Manovich, Lev, The Language of New Media, Massachusetts: The MIT Press, 2001

Mansbach, S.A.,“Pieter Bruegel's Towers of Babel”, Zeitschrift für Kunstgeschichte, Vol. 45, No. 1, 1982, p. 43-56

Majewski, Lech, Bus to Golgotha, Kraków, 1997

Majewski, Lech, dir., Gospel According to Harry, 82 min., Kino Lorber, 1994

Majewski, Lech, dir., The Roe’s Room, 90 min., Kino Lorber, 1997

Majewski, Lech, dir., Angelus, 110 min., Kino Lorber, 2000

Majewski, Lech, dir., The Garden of Earthly Delight, 103 min., Kino Lorber, 2004

Majewski, Lech, dir., Blood of a Poet, 100 min., Kino Lorber, 2007

Majewski, Lech, dir., The Mill and the Cross, 92 min., Kino Lorber, 2011

Majewski, Lech, “Lech Majewski: Hidden Language of Symbols in Art”, Boris and Inara Teterev Arts Programme, Feb. 5. 2013, http://tat.lv/en/video-lectures/190116-lech-majewski-hidden-language-of-symbols-in-art/ (accessed November 6, 2017)

Majewski, Lech, in Lech Majewski’s personal site, http://www.lechmajewski.com/html/art.html (accessed October 29, 2017)

Marks, Laura, “Atlas of Emotion: Journeys in Art, Architecture, and Film” (review), Vol. 44, Issue, 3, 2003, pp. 337-342

Majmurek, Jakub, “The Restart of Polish Cinema, Studies in Eastern European Cinema”, Vol. 2, No. 2, 2017, pp. 253-256

Mayers, Judy Gelman, “The Interview of Lech Majewski”, in Director Talk, 24 November 2012, http://earthwize.org/wordpress/directortalk/2012/11/24/the-mill-and-the-crosslech-majewski/ (accessed November 6, 2017)

Meacham, Alec, “Double Sword-Edge: Lech Majewski”, in Bomb Magazine, 14 September 2011, https://bombmagazine.org/articles/double-sword-edge-lech-majewski/ (accessed May 30, 2019)

Mazierska, Ewa, Polish Postcommunist Cinema: From Pavement Level, New York: Peter Lang, 2007

Marrow, James H., Passion Iconography in Northern European Art of the Late Middle Ages and Early Renaissance, Kortrijk: Van Ghemmert Publishing Company, 1979

Mulvey, Laura, Citizen Kane, London: Bloomsbury Academic, 1992

Nawój, Ewa, “Life and Work of Lech J. Majewski”, in Cultural Pl, edit in 2004, revised in 2016, http://culture.pl/en/artist/lech-j-majewski (accessed October 29, 2017)

Nawój, Ewa, “Lech J. Majewski”, in Cultural Pl, 2004, http://culture.pl/en/artist/lech-j-majewski (accessed November 6, 2017)

Nelson, Victoria, “An Artist of the Golden Mean”, Raritan, Vol. 29, No. 3, 2010, pp. 98-102

Oliveira, Nicolas de, Nicola Oxley, Michael Petry, Installation Art, London: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1994

Ovid, Metamorphoses, London, 1998, https://archive.org/details/metamorphoses00ovid_1 (accessed November 17, 2017)

Palumbo, Antonella, “Saint James the Greater and Saint Michael Archangel: Historical, Anthropologycal and Artistic Features in their Routes”, Almatourism: Journal of Tourism, Culture and Territorial Development, Issue 8, No. 6, 2017, pp. 65-88

Pericolo, Lorenzo, “What is Metapainting? The Self-Aware Image Twenty Years Later”, in Victor Stoichita, The Self-Aware Image: An Insight into Early Modern Metapainting, New, Improved and Updated Edition with an Introduction by Lorenzo Pericolo, London, 2015

Pethö, Ágnes ed., The Cinema of Sensations, New Castle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2015

Pethó, Ágnes, “The Vertigo of the Single Image: From the Classic Narrative “Glitch” to the Post-Cinematic Adaptations of Paintings”, Acta Universitatis Sapientiae, Film and Media Studies, Vol. 6, Issue 1, 2013, pp. 65-90

Pethó, Ágnes, “The Garden of Intermedial Delights: Cinematic ‘Adaptions’ of Bosch, from modernism to the postmedia age”, Oxford University Press on behalf of Screen, Vol. 55, No. 4, 2014, pp. 471-489, https://academic.oup.com/screen/article/55/4/471/17285372014 (accessed November 6, 2017)

Petkov, Kiril, “Relics and Society in Late Medieval and Renaissance Venice: The Miracles of the True Cross at the Bridges of San Lorenzo and San Lio”, Cahiers de recherches médiévales et humaniste, Vol. 19, 2010, pp. 267-282

Pfeifer, Moritz, “Bruegel on Screen: Lech Majewski’ The Mill and The Cross (2010)”, East European Film Bulletin, 2011, https://eefb.org/archive/february/the-mill-and-the-cross/ (accessed November 6, 2017)

Philippe, Roberts-Jones, Françoise, Pieter Bruegel, New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1997

Potter, Nicole, “Interview: Lech Majewski”, in Films in Review, 2011, http://filmsinreview .com/2011/09/28/interview-lech-majewski/ (accessed November 6, 2017)

Reed, Victoria S. “Rogier Van Der Weyden's ‘Saint John Triptych’ for Miraflores and a Reconsideration of Salome.” Oud Holland, Vol. 115, No. 1, 2001, pp. 1-14

Saunders, Venelina Dali, The Churches of Venice: Sacred Places or Museum Spaces?, Kindle ed., Amazon Digital Services LLC, 2013

Schier, Rudolf, “Giorgione’s Tempesta: a Virgilian Pastoral”, Renaissance Studies, Vol. 22, No. 4, 2008, p. 476-506

Settis, Salvatore, Ellen Bianchini trans., Giorgione’s Tempest: Interpreting the Hidden Subject, Oxford: University of Chicago Press, 1990

Sellink, Manfred, Bruegel: The Complete Paintings, Drawings and Prints, New York: Harry N. Abrams, 2007

Sicinski, Michael, “Going inside the metaphysics of Bruegel’s art in The Mill and the Cross: The Wheel in the Sky”, in Nashvillescene. com, 2011, http://www.nashvillescene.com/arts-culture/film/article/13041140/going-inside-the-metaphysics-of-bruegels-art-in-the-mill-and-the-cross (accessed November 6, 2017)

Silesia Museum Website, ‘Architecture and Space’, https://muzeumslaskie.pl/en/architecture-and-space/ (accessed October 15, 2018)

Silver, Larry, Review: Mirror of the Earth: The World Landscape in Sixteenth-Century Flemish Painting, Renaissance Quarterly, vol. 43, no. 3, 1990, pp. 618-620

Skakov, Nariman, The Cinema of Tarkovsky: Labyrinths of Space and Time, New York: I.B.Taruris, 2012

Smith, David M., and Enid Wistrich, Regional Identity and Diversity in Europe : Experience in Wales, Silesia and Flanders, London: The Federal Trust, 2007

Stoichita, Victor I., Anne-Marie Glasheen trans., The Self-Aware Image: An Insight into Early Modern Metapainting, revised version, London: Harvey Miller Publisher, 2015

Sullivan, Margaret, “Bruegel’s Proverbs: Art and Audience in the Northern Renaissance”, The Art Bulletin, Vol. 73, 1991, No. 3, pp. 431-466

Sullivan, Margaret A, “Peasant and Nestrobber: Bruegel as Witness of His Times,” Journal of Historians of Netherlandish Art, Vol. 7, No. 2, 2015, pp. 1-26

Sybesma, Jetske, “The reception of Bruegel’s Beekeepers: A Matter of Choice”, The Art Bulletin, Vol. 73, Issue 3, 1991, p. 467-478

Tarkovsky, Andrei, Solaris, 169 min., Mosfil’m, 1972

Therani, Bijan, “Interview with Lech Majewski, director of The Mill and the Cross”, in Cinema Without Borders, 30 September 2012, http://www.cinemawithoutborders.com/3187-pieter-bruegel-lech-majewski-the-mill-and-the-cross/ (accessed November 6, 2017)

Thompson, Kristin, Bordwell, David, Film History: An Introduction, New York: McGreaw-Hill, 2003

Thomson, Patricia, “Entering Bruegel's World”, in American Cinematographer, Vol. 92, No. 6, pp. 16-20, 2011, http://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ac/ac0611/?ap=1#/18 (accessed November 6, 2017)

Tiffany, Tanya J., “Visualizing Devotion in Early Modern Seville: Velazquez’s Christ in the House of Martha and Mary”, Sixteenth Century Journal, Vol.36, No. 2, 2005, p. 433-453

Toepplitz, Krzysztof-Teodor, “The Films of Wojciech Has”, Film Quarterly, Vol. 18, No. 2, 1964, pp. 2-6

Toro, Gabe, “Review: “The Mill and the Cross” is a Sumptuous Visual Feast”, in IndieWire. com, 2011, https://www.indiewire.com/2011/09/review-the-mill-and-the-cross-is-a-sumptuous-visual-feast-116165/ (accessed November 6, 2017)

Twardoch, Ewelina, “The various faces of intermediality in Lech Majewski’s works”, International Journal of Humanities and Cultural Studies, Vol. 1, No. 4, 2015

Ufberg, Ross, “A Real Gentleman Does the Impossible: An Interview with Lech Majewski”, in Movies & TV, 2011, http://www.galomagazine.com/movies-tv/a-real-gentleman-does-the-impossible-an-interview-with-lech-majewski/#.WgAVrUxW4dU (accessed November 6, 2017)

Ungvarsky, Janine, “Silesia”, Salem Press Encyclopedia, 2017, http://eds.a.ebscohost.com/eds/detail/detail?vid=1&sid=4bab9589-4e9f-462a-9855-d6d58293dc2d%40sdc-v-sessmgr02&bdata=Jmxhbmc9emgtdHcmc2l0ZT1lZHMtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#AN=87997318&db=ers (accessed October 17, 2018)

Verrone, William E. B., The Avant-Grand Feature Film: A Critical History, North Carolina: McFarland, 2011

Verstraten, Peter, Film Narratology, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2009

Voragine, Jacobus de, Caxton, William trans., The Golden Legend or Lives of the Saints, Vol. 6, London: Andesite Press, 1900-39

Waiboer, Adriaan E., Gabriel Metsu Life and Work: A Catalog Raisonné, New Haven: Yale University Press, 2012

Welles, Orson, dir., Citizen Kane, 119 min., Mercury, 1941

Watts, Barbara, “Pietà”, Grove Art Online, 2014, http://www.oxfordartonline.com/groveart/view/10.1093/gao/9781884446054.001.0001/oao-9781884446054-e-7000067518?rskey=QcgWk0&result=4 (accessed Feburary 1, 2018)

Watt, J. van der, “The Meaning of Jesus Washing the Feet of His Disciples”, Noetestamentica, Vol. 51, No. 1, 2017, pp. 25-39

Weemans, Michel, “Herri met de Bles’s The Way to Calvary: A Silenic Landscape”, Art Historian, Vol. 32, No.2, 2009, pp. 307-331

Zarębski, Konrad J., Jaworski, Mateusz, trans., “The Mill and the Cross- Lech Majewski”, in Culture Pl, 2011, http://culture.pl/en/work/the-mill-and-the-cross-lech-j-majewski (accessed November 6, 2017)

Zarębski, Konrad J., Agnieszka Le Nart, trans., “From the Tree of Life to the Tree of Death- Interview with Lech Majewski”, in Culture Pl, Mar. 15. 2011, http://culture.pl/en/article/from-the-tree-of-life-to-the-tree-of-death-interview-with-lech-majewski (accessed November 6, 2017)

Zuzãne, Elina, “In Opposition to Contemporary Art”, in Arterritory. com, 30 November 2012, http://www.arterritory.com/en/texts/interviews/1787-in_opposition_to_contemporary_art/ (accessed November 6, 2017)

Zawojski, Piotr, “A Transmedia Journey Through the World of Lech Majewski’s Art”, Cyber Empathy Issue 2, 2012, p. 3, https://cyberempathy.pl/CyberEmpathy_Issue_02 (accessed October 29, 2017)