簡易檢索 / 詳目顯示

回結果列表
研究生： 吳慧珉
Huey-Min Wu
論文名稱： 視覺監控電腦化實作評量之效度化研究以感覺統合臨床觀察為例
The Sensory Integration Clinical Observation Using Visual Surveillance Based Computerized Performance Assessment and Its Validation
指導教授： 林世華
Lin, Sieh-Hwa
學位類別： 博士
Doctor
系所名稱： 教育心理與輔導學系
Department of Educational Psychology and Counseling
論文出版年： 2009
畢業學年度： 97
語文別： 中文
論文頁數： 137
中文關鍵詞： 視覺監控 、感覺統合臨床觀察 、感覺統合功能障礙 、實作評量 、樣式辨識
英文關鍵詞： pattern recognition, performance assessments, sensory integration clinical observation, sensory integration dysfunction, visual surveillance
論文種類： 學術論文
相關次數： 點閱：203  下載：25 
分享至:
查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報

    • 本研究是以「感覺統合臨床觀察」為主要研究領域，從實作評量之觀點，探討使用視覺監控分析人物目標之姿勢動作並結合樣式辨識，應用於診斷受試者感覺統合障礙之有效性。
    研究結論彙整如下：
    一、本研究根據感覺統合臨床觀察電腦計分模式所發展的感覺統合臨床觀察電腦化診斷工具，具有良好之信度與效度，適用於診斷感覺統合臨床觀察之障礙類別。
    二、「趴姿伸直」與「臥姿彎曲」之重要觀測向度（頭部、胸部、手部、腳部、協同性、穩定度）診斷，最大概似分類器之診斷正確率最高。
    三、原始資料型態在「趴姿伸直」與「臥姿彎曲」各重要觀測向度之訊息融合時，具有較高之診斷正確率。
    四、在「趴姿伸直」整體診斷時，選取頭部、手部、腳部之向度在最大概似分類器可以提升診斷正確率；在「臥姿彎曲」整體診斷時，選取頭部、手部、協同性、穩定度之向度在最大概似分類器可以提升診斷正確率。
    五、年齡層不同之受試者在「趴姿伸直」與「臥姿彎曲」之量的表現（持久度）有顯著差異， 5歲的受試者優於4歲的受試者。
    六、在4歲年齡層，不同性別之受試者在「趴姿伸直」之量的表現有顯著差異，女生在「趴姿伸直」之量的表現優於男生；在5歲～6歲之年齡層，性別之不同在「趴姿伸直」與「臥姿彎曲」之量的表現有顯著差異，女生均優於男生。
    七、不同性別受試者在「趴姿伸直」與「臥姿彎曲」之質的表現有顯著性差異，男生感覺統合功能障礙的人數在「趴姿伸直」與「臥姿彎曲」皆多於女生。

    Abstract
    The purpose of this study is to develop a computerized assessment tool for sensory integration clinical observation. Based on the view of performance assessments, the pattern recognition is combined with the visual surveillance procedures to analyze the posture movements (prone extension and supine flexion) and to diagnose the sensory integration dysfunction of subjects in this study.
    The major findings of this study are summarized as follows:
    1. With good properties in both reliability and validity, the computerized assessment tool for sensory integration clinical observation developed in this study has good performances in diagnosing disorder of sensory integration functions of subjects.
    2. The prediction rates for employing the maximum likelihood classifier are best in diagnosing disorder of sensory integration functions in terms of important features of prone extension and supine flexion.
    3. The prediction rates for raw data information are best in diagnosing deficits of sensory integration functions in terms of prone extension and supine flexion.
    4. Selecting the features of head, hands, and feet can improve the prediction rates in the maximum likelihood classifier in terms of prone extension; selecting the features of head, hands, coordination, and stability can improve the prediction rates in the maximum likelihood classifier in terms of supine flexion.
    5. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) indicates that there were statistically significances on year groups in terms of quantity performances of prone extension and supine flexion. The performance of the 5-year olds subjects is better than the 4-year olds subjects.
    6. From the 4-year olds to the 6-year olds , ANOVA indicates that there were statistically significances on gender groups in terms of quantity performances of prone extension and supine flexion. The performance of girls is better than boys.
    7. Chi-square testing indicates that there were statistically significances on gender groups in terms of quality performances of prone extension and supine flexion. The number of boys with sensory integration dysfunction is much more than girls.

    目次 中文摘要 英文摘要 目次.........................................................................................................i 表目次....................................................................................................iii 圖目次....................................................................................................vii 第一章緒論............................................................................................................1 第一節 研究動機與目的...................................................................................1 第二節 待答問題與研究假設...........................................................................7 第三節 名詞界定...............................................................................................9 第四節 研究範圍與限制.................................................................................12 第二章文獻探討................................................................................................13 第一節 實作評量之設計原則與效度議題.....................................................13 第二節 感覺統合理論與姿勢動作.................................................................17 第三節 視覺監控分析之相關文獻.... ............................................................29 第四節 綜合分析.............................................................................................45 第三章 研究設計與實施................................................................................47 第一節 研究架構.............................................................................................47 第二節 研究樣本.............................................................................................49 第三節 研究工具.............................................................................................50 第四節 研究流程.............................................................................................57 第五節 資料收集與分析.................................................................................59 第四章 結果與討論.........................................................................................71 第一節 感覺統合臨床觀察電腦計分模式在趴姿伸直與臥姿彎 曲重要觀測向度之成效分析.........................................................71 第二節 不同資料型態之訊息融合對於診斷趴姿伸直與臥姿彎 曲整體表現診斷正確率之影響....................................................79 第三節 感覺統合臨床觀察電腦化評量工具之信度與效度分析................85 第四節 四~六歲兒童在感覺臨床觀察趴姿伸直與臥姿彎曲之差異 性分析與資料庫建立.......................................................................88 第五章 結論與建議........................................................................................99 第一節 結論...................................................................................................100 第二節 建議...................................................................................................103 參考文獻..........................................................................................................105 中文部分........................................................................................................105 英文部分........................................................................................................106 附錄...................................................................................................................106 附錄一 感覺統合臨床觀察－個案基本資料(工作人員填寫) .................111 附錄二 不同張數為間隔之「趴姿伸直」穩定度診斷正確率................112 附錄三 不同張數為間隔之「臥姿彎曲」穩定度診斷正確率................113 附錄四「趴姿伸直」和「臥姿彎曲」特徵選取之整體診斷正確率......114 表目次 表1-1 專家診斷與本研究評量工具評量的表現等級人數分配.......................10 表2-1趴姿伸直動作表現計分方式....................................................................24 表2-2趴姿伸直表現的修改計分方式................................................................26 表2-3頭部、胸部障礙與正常類別之機率........................................................43 表3-1有效施測樣本基本資料統計....................................................................49 表3-2感覺統合臨床觀察評量施測指導語與注意事項....................................53 表3-3趴姿伸直之專家計分表............................................................................54 表3-4臥姿彎曲之專家計分表............................................................................55 表3-5趴姿伸直評量內容之觀察重點................................................................60 表3-6臥姿彎曲評量內容之觀察重點................................................................60 表3-7趴姿伸直動作觀測之部位........................................................................61 表3-8臥姿彎曲動作觀測之部位........................................................................61 表3-9趴姿伸直側面影像之標記的質心座標....................................................65 表3-10趴姿伸直與臥姿彎曲之電腦計分模式..................................................66 表3-11電腦計分模式資料型態..........................................................................68 表3-12 專家診斷與本研究評量工具評量的表現等級.....................................69 表4-1-1趴姿伸直頭部觀測向度之診斷正確率.................................................72 表4-1-2趴姿伸直胸部觀測向度之診斷正確率.................................................73 表4-1-3趴姿伸直手部觀測向度之診斷正確率.................................................73 表4-1-4趴姿伸直腳部觀測向度之診斷正確率.................................................73 表4-1-5趴姿伸直協同性觀測向度之診斷正確率.............................................74 表4-1-6趴姿伸直穩定度觀測向度之診斷正確率（30張為間隔）................74 表4-1-7臥姿彎曲頭部觀測向度之診斷正確率.................................................75 表4-1-8臥姿彎曲胸部觀測向度之診斷正確率.................................................75 表4-1-9臥姿彎曲手部觀測向度之診斷正確率................................................76 表4-1-10臥姿彎曲腳部觀測向度之診斷正確率..............................................76 表4-1-11臥姿彎曲協同性觀測向度之診斷正確率..........................................76 表4-1-12臥姿彎曲穩定度觀測向度之診斷正確率（30張為間隔）.............77 表4-2-1二元資料之趴姿伸直整體診斷正確率................................................79 表4-2-2後驗機率值之趴姿伸直整體診斷正確率............................................80 表4-2-3原始資料值之趴姿伸直整體診斷正確率............................................80 表4-2-4二元資料之臥姿彎曲整體診斷正確率................................................80 表4-2-5後驗機率值之臥姿彎曲整體診斷正確率............................................81 表4-2-6原始資料值之臥姿彎曲整體診斷正確率............................................81 表4-2-7二元資料趴姿伸直重要觀測向度選取整體最高診斷正確率 （BN分類）.........................................................................................82 表4-2-8後驗機率值趴姿伸直重要觀測向度選取整體最高診斷正確率 （ML分類）........................................................................................82 表4-2-9原始資料趴姿伸直重要觀測向度選取整體最高診斷正確率 （ML分類）........................................................................................83 表4-2-10二元資料臥姿彎曲重要觀測向度選取整體最高診斷正確率 （BN分類器）....................................................................................83 表4-2-11後驗機率值臥姿彎曲重要觀測向度選取整體最高診斷正確率 （ML分類器）....................................................................................83 表4-2-12原始資料臥姿彎曲重要觀測向度選取整體最高診斷正確率 (ML分類器)…..................................................................................83 表4-3-1趴姿伸直重要觀測向度之診斷正確率...............................................87 表4-3-2臥姿彎曲重要觀測向度之診斷正確率...............................................87 表4-3-3趴姿伸直專家診斷與本研究評量工具評量的表現類別之人數分配...........................................................................................................87 表4-3-4臥姿彎曲專家診斷與本研究評量工具評量的表現類別之人數分配.........................................................................................................87 表4-4-1年齡層在趴姿伸直量的表現之描述統計量.....................................89 表4-4-2年齡層在趴姿伸直量的表現之單因子變異數分析摘要表.............89 表4-4-3年齡層在臥姿彎曲量的表現之描述統計量.....................................89 表4-4-4年齡層在臥姿彎曲量的表現之單因子變異數分析摘要表.............89 表4-4-5性別在趴姿伸直量的表現之描述統計量（4歲）..........................90 表4-4-6性別在趴姿伸直量的表現之單因子變異數分析摘要表（4歲）..90 表4-4-7性別在臥姿彎曲量的表現之描述統計量（4歲）..........................90 表4-4-8性別在臥姿彎曲量的表現之單因子變異數分析摘要表（4歲）..90 表4-4-9性別在趴姿伸直量的表現之描述統計量（5~6歲）......................91 表4-4-10性別在趴姿伸直量的表現之單因子變異數分析摘要表（5~6歲）..................................................................................................91 表4-4-11 性別在臥姿彎曲量的表現之描述統計量（5~6歲）...................91 表4-4-12 性別在臥姿彎曲量的表現之單因子變異數分析摘要表 （5~6歲）......................................................................................91 表4-4-13幼稚園所在地區在趴姿伸直量的表現之描述統計量（4歲）...92 表4-4-14地區在趴姿伸直量的表現之單因子變異數分析摘要表 （4歲）..........................................................................................92 表4-4-15幼稚園所在地區在臥姿彎曲量的表現之描述統計量（4歲）...92 表4-4-16地區在臥姿彎曲量的表現之單因子變異數分析摘要表 （4歲）..........................................................................................92 表4-4-17幼稚園所在地區在趴姿伸直量的表現之描述統計量 （5~6歲）......................................................................................92 表4-4-18地區在趴姿伸直量的表現之單因子變異數分析摘要表 （5~6歲）......................................................................................93 表4-4-19幼稚園所在地區在臥姿彎曲量的表現之描述統計量 （5~6歲）.....................................................................................93 表4-4-20地區在臥姿彎曲量的表現之單因子變異數分析摘要表 （5~6歲）.....................................................................................93 表4-4-21感覺統合功能表現類別在趴姿伸直量的表現之描述統計量 （4歲）.........................................................................................94 表4-4-22感覺統合功能表現類別在趴姿伸直之量的表現之之單因子 變異數分析摘要表（4歲）.........................................................94 表4-4-23感覺統合功能表現類別在臥姿彎曲量的表現之描述統計量 （4歲）.........................................................................................94 表4-4-24感覺統合功能表現類別在臥姿彎曲之量的表現之之單因子 變異數分析摘要表（4歲）.........................................................94 表4-4-25感覺統合功能表現類別在趴姿伸直量的表現之描述統計量 （5~6歲）.....................................................................................95 表4-4-26感覺統合功能表現類別在趴姿伸直之量的表現之之單因子 變異數分析摘要表（5~6歲）.....................................................95 表4-4-27感覺統合功能表現類別在臥姿彎曲量的表現之描述統計量 （5~6歲）.....................................................................................95 表4-4-28感覺統合功能表現類別在臥姿彎曲之量的表現之之單因子 變異數分析摘要表（5~6歲）.....................................................95 表4-4-29不同性別受試者在趴姿伸直之質的表現之卡方考驗摘要表.....96 表4-4-30不同性別受試者在臥姿彎曲之質的表現之卡方考驗摘要表.....96 表4-4-31不同地區受試者在趴姿伸直之質的表現之卡方考驗摘要表.....97 表4-4-32不同地區受試者在臥姿彎曲之質的表現之卡方考驗摘要表.....97 表4-4-33 4~6歲兒童之趴姿伸直資料庫......................................................98 表4-4-34 4~6歲兒童之臥姿彎曲資料庫......................................................98 圖目次 圖1-1使用電腦視覺監控系統，從不同角度分析受試者姿勢動作...............4 圖1-2本研究使用之電腦視覺監控人物分析架構 .........................................5 圖2-1感覺統合理論架構模式圖-重要變項間的因果關係...........................18 圖2-2動作分析的一般架構............................................................................30 圖2-3彩色模型................................................................................................32 圖2-4標準化亮度失真直方圖........................................................................35 圖2-5標準化色彩失真之直方圖....................................................................35 圖2-6迴旋處理示意圖....................................................................................35 圖2-7擴張的效果............................................................................................36 圖2-8侵蝕的效果............................................................................................37 圖2-9斷開的效果............................................................................................37 圖2-10閉合的效果..........................................................................................38 圖2-11 ML分類器辨識示意圖.......................................................................39 圖2-12 kNN(k=1)示意圖.................................................................................40 圖2-13 SVM示意圖........................................................................................41 圖2-14 非循環的有向圖................................................................................42 圖2-15 趴姿伸直整體診斷的貝氏網路架構................................................43 圖3-1 本研究之研究架構............................................................................48 圖3-2實驗環境設計.......................................................................................50 圖3-3本研究規劃之攝影棚實景景...............................................................51 圖3-4本研究規劃之監控設備實景...............................................................51 圖3-5預試之標記實驗衣...............................................................................52 圖3-6正式施測之標記實驗衣.......................................................................52 圖3-7研究流程圖...........................................................................................58 圖3-8電腦計分模式演算流程.......................................................................62 圖3-9原始影像...............................................................................................63 圖3-10側面攝影機擷取進來紅色與藍色標記影像.....................................63 圖3-11圖3-9經修補後之標記影像.............................................................64 圖3-12三位受試者之頭部抬起角度.............................................................68

    中文部份
    吳昇光、林冠宏、蔡志權、蔡輔仁（2004）。我國七至八歲發展協調障礙學童與健全學童體適能之比較研究。台灣適應體育運動學刊，1，1-14。
    周威廷（2003）。設計三維震動平臺以探討對腦性麻痺兒童肌肉張力平衡協調的影響。碩士論文，國立成功大學。
    林巾凱、林仲慧、林明慧、莊孟宜、簡錦蓉、李勇璋、林侑萱（2004）。感覺統合功能評量表。台北：心理。
    林巾凱、曾美惠（2001）。小兒職能治療評估工具使用調查。台灣醫學，5， 636-644。
    林冠州（1997）。利用肌電訊號探討坐姿擺位對痙攣型腦性麻痺兒童肌肉張力的影響。碩士論文，國立成功大學。
    姚開屏（1997）。另一點不同的聲音：再談感覺統合治療。職能治療學會雜誌， 15，45-50。
    胡名霞（2001）。動作控制與動作學習。 台北：金名圖書有限公司。
    胡名霞、林慧芬（1994）。 成年人站立平衡之研究-感覺整合與年齡效應之分析。 中華民國物理治療雜誌，19，66-77。
    紀明宏(2007)。適用於高維度資料分類之階層式辨識系統。國立臺中教育大學教育測驗統計研究所碩士論文，未出版，台中市。
    周家得(2006)。以支向機為基礎並結合特徵擷取之語者辨識系統。國立台灣科技大學資訊工程系碩士論文，未出版，台中市。
    張延弘、周適偉、陳柔賢、陸清松、鄧復旦、黃美涓（2003）。股四頭肌主動收縮之伸張反射在具不同肌肉張力成人受測者之動態表現。復健醫學會雜誌，31（1），21-29。
    陳佩鈴（2004）。肌電圖生物回饋協助放鬆訓練於癌症末期疼痛控制之成效。碩士論文，台北醫學大學。
    曾美惠（1998）。感覺處理功能篩檢量表之發展。行政院國家科學委員會專題研究計畫成果報告NSC 87-2314-B-002-046。
    黃妙玲、蔡長海、李政淳（1998）。均一性第一型肌纖維過多及第二型肌生長不良之先天性肌病變：一病例報告。中華民國小兒科醫學會雜誌，39（1）， 62-74。
    黃智明（2001）。坐姿擺位支撐對重度腦性麻痺患者肌肉張力之影響。碩士論文， 國立成功大學。
    廖華芳（2004）。小兒物理治療學。台北： 禾楓書局有限公司。
    鄧復旦（2000）。腦性麻痺足踝輔具設計製作。鞋技（通訊），102，51-53。
    鄭裕達(2004)。人臉追蹤與辨識。臺灣大學機械工程學研究所碩士論文，未出版，台北市。
    謝芳伶(2004)。支援向量機於指紋辨識之應用。靜宜大學資訊管理學系碩士論文，未出版，台中縣。
    劉芳遠(2006)。使用支持向量機於本國專利自動分類之研究。輔仁大學資訊管理學系碩士論文，未出版，台北縣。

    英文部份
    Arendt, R. E., Maclean, W. E. & Jr., B., A. A. (1988). A Critique of sensory integration therapy and its application in mental retardation. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 92(5), pp. 401-411.
    Ayres, A. J. (1972). Sensory integration and learning disorders. Los Angeles: Western Psychological Services.
    Ayres, A. J. (1977). Cluster analyses of measure of sensory integration. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 31, pp. 362-366.
    Ayres, A. J. (1979). Sensory integration and the child. Los Angeles: Western Psychological Services.
    Breland, H.M., Bridgeman, B. & Fowles, M.E.(1999).Writing assessment in admission to higher education:Review and framework(College Board Report N0.99-3).New York:College Entrance Examination Board.
    Bowman, O. J. & Katz, B. (1984). Hand strength and prone extension in right-dominant, 6 to 9 year olds.American Journal Occupation Therapy, 38(6), pp. 367-376.
    Bundy, A. & Murray, E. (2002). Sensory integration theory: A. Jean Ayres' Theory revisited. In A. Bundy, S. Lane and E. Murray(Eds.), Sensory integration theroy and practice, pp. 3-34. Philadelphia: F. A. Davis.
    Bundy, A. C. & Fisher, A. G. (1981). The relationship of prone extension to other vestibular functions.American Journal Occupation Therapy, 35(12), pp. 782-787.
    Bundy, A. C., Lane, S. J. & Murray, E. A. (2002). Sensory Integration theory and practice(2nd ed.). Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Davis Company.
    Chang, C.-C. & Lin, C.-J. (2004). LIBSVM: a library for support vector machines. Software available at http://www.csie.ntu.edu.tw/ ~cjlin/libsvm.
    Dietz, V. & Berger, W. (1983). Normal and impaired regulation of muscle stiffness in gait. A new hypothesis about muscle hypertonia. Expetimental Neurology, 79, pp. 680-687.
    Dunn, W. (1994). Performance of typical children on the Sensory Profile: an item analysis. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 48(11), pp. 967-974.
    Dunn, W. & Brown, C.(1997). Factor analysis on the Sensory Profile from a national sample of children without disabilities. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 51(7), pp. 490-495.
    Dunn, W., Myles, B. S. & Orr, S. (2002). Sensory processing issues associated with Asperger syndrome: a preliminary investigation. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 56(1), pp. 97-102.
    Dvir, Z. & Panturin, E. (1993). Measurement of spasticity and associated reactions in stroke patients before and after physiotherapeutic intervention. Clinical Rehabilitation, 7, pp. 5-12.
    Fisher, A., Murray, E. & Bundy, A. (1991). Sensoy Integration theory and practice. Philadelphia: F. A. Davis.
    Fisher, A. G., Mixon, J., & Herman, R. (1986). The validity of the clinical diagnosis of vestibular dysfunction. Occupational Therapy Journal of Research.
    Fisher D. (July 1987). Improving inference through conceptual clustering. In Proc. 1987 AAAI Conf., Seattle, Washingtion, pp. 461-465.
    Frank, J. S., & Earl, M.(1990). Coordination of Posture and Movement. Physical Therapy, 70(12), pp. 855/109-863/117.
    Frey, M., Jenny, A., Giovanoli, P.& Stussi, E. (1994). Development of a new documentation system for facial movements as a basis for the international registry for neuromuscular reconstruction in the face. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgey, 93(7), pp. 1334-1349.
    Friedman J.H. (1989). Regularized Discriminant Analysis, Journal of the American Statistical Association, vol. 84, pp. 165-175.
    Fukunaga, K. (1984). Nonparametric discriminant analysis, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol. 5, pp. 671-678.
    Fukunaga, K. (1990). Introduction to Statistical Pattern Recognition. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, 2nd edition.
    Gardiner, M. (1979). The principles of exercise therapy (3rd ed.). Nnew York: MacMillan.
    Gennari J., Langlry P., & Fisher D. (1989). Models of incremenral concept formation. Artificial Intelligence, pp. 40:11-61.
    Gesell, A. (1946). The ontogenesis of infant behaviour. In L. Carmichae(Ed.), Manual of child psychology, pp. 335-373. Wiley: New York.
    Granata, K. P., & England, S. A. (2006). Stability of dynamic trunk movement. Spine, 31(10), 271-276.
    Granlund G.H. (Febr 1972). Fourier Preprocessing for hand print character recognition, IEEE Trans. Computers, Vol C-21, pp. 195-201.
    Gregory-Flock, J. L., &Yerxa, E. J. (1984). Standardization of the prone extension postural test on children ages 4 through 8. The American journal of occupational therapy, 38(3), pp. 187-194.
    Gonzalez-Alvarez, C., Subramanian, A., & Pardhan, S.(2007). Reaching and grasping with restricted peripheral vision. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt, 27(3), pp. 265-274.
    Gonzalez, R. C. &Woods, R. E. (2002). Digital Image Processing, 2nd Ed., Prentice Hall.
    Gopinath R. A. (1998). Maximum likelihood modeling with Gaussian distributions for classification, In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conferenceon Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, pp. 661-664.
    Gurfinkel, V., Cacciatore, T. W., Cordo, P., Horak, F., Nutt, J.& Skoss, R. (2006). Postural muscle tone in the body axis of healthy humans. Journal Neurophysiol, 96(5), pp. 2678-2687.
    Gustavo Camps-Valls & Lorenzo Bruzzone. (June 2005). Kernel-based methods for hyperspectral image classification, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., vol. 43, no. 6, pp. 1351-1362.
    Han J. & Kamber M. (2000). Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques., Morgan Kaufmann.
    Haritaoglu I., Harwood D., & Davis L. S. (Aug. 2000). W : Real-time surveillance of people and their activities, IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Machine Intell., vol. 22, pp. 809–830.
    Harris, N. P. (1981). Duration and quality of the prone extension position in four-, six-, and eight-year-old normal children. The American journal of occupational therapy , 35(1), 26-30.
    Heckerman, D., Mamdani, A., & Wellman, M. P.（1995）. Real-world applications of Bayesian networks. Communications of the ACM, 38.
    Horak, F. B., Shumway-Cook, A., Crowe, T., & Black, F. O. (1988). Vestibular function and motor proficiency in children with impaired hearing or with learning disability and motor impairments. Developmental Medicine and Children Neurology, 30, pp. 64-79.
    Horprasert,T., Harwood,D. & Davis, L. S. (2000). A robust background subtraction and shadow detection,4th Asian Conf. on Computer Vision, Taipei, Taiwan, pp. 983-988.
    Hutton, J. L. & Pharoah, P. O. (2002). Effects of cognitive, motor, and sensory disabilities on survival in cerebral palsy. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 86(2), pp. 84-89.
    Kane,M.,Crooks,T. & Cohen,A.(1999).Validating measures of performance.Educational Measurement :Issues and Practice,18(2),5-17.
    Kuncheva L.I. (2004), Combining Pattern Classifiers: Methods and Algorithms , Wiley and Sons, New Jersey.
    Lee, H.-M., Chen, J.-J. J., Ju, M.-S., Lin, C.-C. K. & Poon, P. P. W. (2004). Valida¬tion of portable muscle tone measurement device for quantifying veloc¬ity-dependent properties in elbow spasticity. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology, 14(5), pp. 577-589.
    Mangeot, S. D., Miller, L. J., McIntosh, D. N., McGrath-Clarke, J., Simon, J.& Hager¬man, R. J., et al. (2001). Sensory modulation dysfunction in children with atten¬tion-deficit-hyperactivity disorder. Developmental Medicine and Child Neu¬rology, 43(6), pp. 399-406.
    McKenna, S., Jabri, S., Duric, Z., Rosenfeld, A., & Wechsler, H. (2000) Tracking groups of people, Comput. Vis. Image Understanding, vol. 80, no. 1, pp. 42–56.
    Messick,S.(1989).Validity .In R.L.Linn(Ed.),Educational measurement(3rd ed.,pp13-104).New York:American Council on Educational and Macmillan.
    Pearl, J.（1988）. Probabilistic Reasoning in Intelligent Systems: Networks of Plausible Inference. Morgan Kaufmann, San Mateo CA.
    Powers,D.E. & Bennett,R.E.(1999).Effects of allowing examinees to select questions on a test of divergent thinking.Applied Measurement in Educa¬tion,12(3),257-279.
    Sakemiller, L. M. & Nelson, D. L. (1998). Eliciting functional extension in prone through the use of a game.American Journal Occupation Therapy, 52(2), pp. 150-157.
    Scott-Warley, J., Bennett, W., Miller, G., Miller. M, Walker, S. & C, H.(1991). Reliabil¬ity of three clinical measures of muscle tone in the shoulders and wrists of post-stroke patients. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 45, 1.
    Sherrington, C. (1898). Decerebrate rigidity and reflex coordination of movements. J Physiol 22, pp. 319-332.
    Sherrington, C. (1909). On plastic tonus and proprioceptive reflexes. Quart J Exper Physiol 2, pp. 109-156.
    Sherrington, C. (1915). Postural activity of muscle and nerve 1915. Brain 38, pp. 191-234.
    Shumway-Cook, A., & Woollacott, M. (2001). Motor control theory and practical applications. Baltimore, Maryland: Loppincott, Williams and Wilkins.
    Stauffer, C. & Grimson, W. (1999).Adaptive background mixture models for real-time tracking, in Proc. IEEE Conf. Computer Vision and Pattern Recogni¬tion, vol. 2, pp. 246–252.
    Stephenson, R. (1993). A review of neuroplasticity: Some implications for physiother¬apy in the treatment of the brain. Physiotherapy, 79, 10.
    Suzanne Lane & Clement A.Stone(2006).Performance Assessment.In Robert L. Bren¬nan(Ed.)Educational Measurement(4rd ed., pp. 387-431).New York:National Council on Measurement in Education and American Council on Education.
    Taylor, B., Ellis, E., & Haran, D.(1995). The Reliability of measurement of postural alignment to assess muscle tone change. Physiotherapy, 81(8), pp. 485-490.
    Torkkola K. & Campbell W. M. (2000). Mutual information in learning feature transformations, In Proceedings of the seventeenth International Conference on Machine Learning, Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco, CA, pp. 1015-1022.
    Touwen, B. C. L. (1976). Neurological development in infancy. London: Cambridge.
    Trombly, C. (1995). Occupational therapy for physical dysfunction.(Vol. 4th）. Balti¬more: Williams and Wilkins.
    Tyson, S., & Selley, A. (2006). A content analysis of physiotherapy for postural con¬trol in people with stroke: an observational study. Disability Rehabilitation 15-30(28(13-14)), pp. 865-872.
    Wade, D. (1992). Measurement in neurological rehabilitation. Oxford: University Press.
    Wainer,H.,&Thissen,D.(1994).On examinee choice in educational testing .Review of Educational Research,64,159-195.
    Watling, R. L., Deitz, J., & White, O. (2001). Comparison of Sensory Profile scores of young children with and without autism spectrum disorders. American Jour¬nal of Occupational Therapy, 55(4), pp. 416-423.
    Weiming Hu, Tieniu Tan, Liang Wang, & Steve Maybank.(2004). A Survey on Vis¬ual Surveillance of Object Motion and Behaviors. IEEE Transactions on Sys¬tems, mans, and Cybernetics-Parts: Applications and Reviews, Vol.34, no.3.
    Westcott, S. L., Lowes, L. P., & Richardson, P. K. (1997). Evaluation of postural stability in children :Current theories and assessment tools. Physical Therapy, 77(6), pp. 629-645.
    Wu, Y.N., Huang, S.-c., Chen, J. J.-j., Wang, Y.-l., & Piotrkiewicz, M. (2004). Spastic¬ity evaluation of hemiparetic limbs in stroke patients before Interven¬tion by using portable stretching device and EMG. Journal of Medical and Biologi¬cal Engineering, 24(1), pp. 29-35.

    下載圖示
    QR CODE