研究生: |
林金錫 |
---|---|
論文名稱: |
針對外籍華語學習者之新詩寫作課程設計與實施 A Study on Writing Modern Chinese Poetry for Teaching Chinese as a Second Language |
指導教授: | 信世昌 |
學位類別: |
碩士 Master |
系所名稱: |
華語文教學系 Department of Chinese as a Second Language |
論文出版年: | 2005 |
畢業學年度: | 93 |
語文別: | 中文 |
論文頁數: | 143 |
中文關鍵詞: | 寫作教學 、華語文教學 、新詩寫作 、教學設計 、寫作歷程 |
英文關鍵詞: | Writing Instruction, Teaching Chinese as a Second Language, Modern Poetry Writing, Instruction Design, The Process Approach |
論文種類: | 學術論文 |
相關次數: | 點閱:353 下載:97 |
分享至: |
查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報 |
寫作課程鮮少在語言中心開設多半是由於不受到重視。然而,寫作能力並非隨著聽說讀的進步而提昇,反而是寫作有助於提昇整體語言能力。基於此,本研究以發展研究法為研究方法,結合理論和實務,以增進寫作能力為主要目的,設計並實施以新詩為內容的寫作教學。在理論方面,結合新詩寫作和文學教學的理論,融入寫作歷程的理念,奠定本研究發展的理論基礎。
在設計方面,本研究在發展課程的步驟採用系統化教學設計的方法,並立基於相關文獻的研究以及前導試驗的成果,以問卷和前導試驗了解學習者需求,依據這些資料分析並設計可於實際教學中使用的教材,並提供相關範例,做為相關研究的基礎。
透過四次的教學實施,提出了五方面的結論。一、在課程方面,設計新詩寫作課程應從課本和學生的經驗出發,而且不能脫離語言教學而獨立。二、在寫作教學方面,學習者不論是用字遣詞和篇章佈局均有明顯進步,結合寫作歷程法的教學使學習者更迅速進入寫作,寫作動機也因而提高。三、在評量方面,評量應重視整體表現,口述作文和最後成品同等重要,教學應重視過程而非結果,所以學習者檔案的建立是教學中不可或缺的重要環節。四、在語言學習方面,此課程不僅提高了學習者的主動性,也在適當的引導下,學習者具有創作新詩的能力。五、在教師方面,教師在寫作時應扮演引導者而非訓練者,並時時提昇自我專業素養,以開放的心胸面對學習者的個別和文化差異。
Writing courses are seldom offered at language centers in Taiwan largely because of their importance is not recognized. Writing ability, however, cannot be expected to improve as quickly as listening, speaking and reading ability. On the other hand, writing can improve overall language ability. This research aims to promote students’ writing ability through teaching Chinese modern poetry writing, and tries to integrate theory and practice in curriculum design. Moreover, this research employs theories of modern poetry writing and literature teaching as theoretical basis and applies the Process Approach in teaching writing.
The research adopts systematic instruction to design one-semester course. Moreover, the research sought to determine learners’ needs via questionnaires and pilot study, which provided the basis of the course curriculum.
The study’s four trials lead to preliminary five conclusions. First, in curriculum design, modern poetry writing course should be associated with the learners’ experiences and textbooks that they have used, and the course should not focus on language rather than literature. Secondly, in writing instruction, learners show good progress in their writing and gain motivation in writing as the course progresses. Thirdly, in evaluating students, teachers should focus on the writing process rather than products. Fourthly, with appropriate guidance, learners can develop the ability to compose modern poetry. Finally, the teacher should be a guider rather than a trainer or an instructor.
中文
中國視聽教育學會 & 中國視聽教育基金會. (1991). 系統化教學設計.台北: 師大書苑.
仇小屏. (2001). 下在我眼眸裡的雪:新詩教學.台北: 萬卷樓.
白靈. (1991). 一首詩的誕生.台北: 九歌.
白靈. (1998). 一首詩的誘惑.台北: 河童.
向明. (1997). 新詩50問.台北: 爾雅.
宋怡南. (2002). 華語文寫作課程之設計與規畫芻議. , 台灣師範大學華語文教學研究所, 台北.
宋筱蕙. (1989). 兒童詩歌的原理與教學.台北: 五南.
杜榮琛. (1996). 拜訪童詩花園.台北: 五洲.
林文寶. (1995). 兒童詩歌論集.台北: 富春.
林加春. (1984). 如果童詩教學也是遊戲. In 趙天儀 (Ed.), 兒童詩的創作與教學台北: 金文.
林本源. (1992). 創意童詩教室. (2 ed.). 台北: 小暢.
林瑞景. (1998). 創意作文與新詩教寫.台北: 萬卷樓.
洪中周. (1987). 兒童詩欣賞與創作.台北: 益智.
夏婉雲 (1992). 兒童詩寫作方法舉隅. 研習資訊 9(4), 67-72.
徐守疇. (1979). 兒童詩論.台北: 東益.
秦素娥. (2003). 現代詩教學研究. , 國立高雄師範大學.
張春榮. (1993). 鴨子找人-詞語的藝術(上).台北: 圖文.
張春榮. (1993). 皇帝挨罵-詞語的藝術(下).台北: 圖文.
張春榮. (2001). 修辭新思維.台北: 萬卷樓.
張祖忻, 朱純 & 胡頌華 (Eds.). (1995). 教學設計:基本原理與方法. 台北: 五南.
張清榮. (1991). 兒童文學創作論.台北: 富春文化.
張新仁. (1992). 寫作教學研究 : 過程導向寫作教學的理論及應用.高雄: 復文.
梁欽隆. (2003). 童詩修辭研究. , 臺中師範學院.
陳木城 & 凌俊嫻. (1992). 童詩開門(二)開門篇.台北: 國語日報.
陳正治. (1995). 兒童詩寫作研究.台北: 五南.
傅林統 (1995). 童詩教學的理念. 研習資訊 12(6), 67-69.
黃基博. (1995). 含苞的詩蕾(上).台北: 國語日報.
黃基博. (1995). 含苞的詩蕾(下).台北: 國語日報.
黃維樑. (1998). 中國現代文學導讀.台北: 台灣書店.
黃慶萱. (1975). 修辭學.台北: 三民.
黃靜萩. (2001). 童心話童年---國小低年級兒童詩歌教學歷程之研究. , 台北師範學院課程與教學研究所, 台北.
楊昌年. (1982). 新詩賞析.台北: 文史哲.
楊昌年. (1989). 新詩創作與賞析.台北: 國立台灣師範大學中等教育.
楊昌年. (1991). 現代詩的創作與欣賞.台北: 文史哲.
蓉子 (Ed.) (1990). 青少年詩國之旅. 台北: 業強.
趙天儀 (Ed.) (1984). 兒童詩的創作與教學. 台北: 金文.
潘麗珠. (1997). 現代詩學.台北: 五南.
潘麗珠. (1999). 臺灣現代詩教學研究.台北: 五南.
盧金漳. (2002). 創造性童詩寫作教學之探究-以國小五年級一般為例. , 國立台北師範學院.
蕭蕭. (1989). 青少年詩話.台北: 爾雅.
蕭蕭. (1991). 現代詩創作演練.台北: 爾雅.
蕭蕭. (1997). 現代詩遊戲.台北: 爾雅.
蕭蕭. (1999). 中學生現代詩手冊.台北: 翰林.
蕭蕭. (2001). 蕭蕭教你寫詩、為你解詩.台北: 九歌.
謝錫金 (1984). 高中學生的寫作思維過程. 語文雜誌 12 41-53.
謝錫金 & 岑偉宗. (2000). 中學中國語文科寫作教學設計理論.新加坡: 香港教育署.
西文
Anderson, V., Bereiter, C. & Smart, D. (1980,). Activation of semantic network in writing: Teaching students hou to do it themselves. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Boston.
Andrew, D. & Goodson, L. (1995). A Comparative Analysis of models of Instructional Design. In Anglin, G. (Ed.), technology: Past present and future (2nd ed.). Englewood, Co: Libraries Unlimited.
Applebee, A. N. (1979,). Trends in written composition. Paper presented at the the Midwest School Improvement Forum, Milwaukee.
Applebee, A. N. (1986). Problems in process approaches: Toward a reconceptualization of process instruction. In Petrosky, A. and Bartholomae, D. (Eds.), The teaching of writing (pp. 95-113). Chicago: National Society of the Study of Education.
Bartlett. (1982). Learning to revise: Some component process. In Nystrand, M. (Ed.), What writers knowNew York: Academic Press.
Bartlett, E. J. (1981). Learning to write: Some cognitive and linguistic components.Washington, D. C.: Center for Applied Linguistics.
Bereiter, C. & Scardamalia, M. (1987). The Psychology of Written Composition.NJ: L. Erlbaum.
Bereiter, C. & Scardamalia, M. (1982). From conversation to composition: The role of instruction in a developmental process. In Glaser, R. (Ed.), Advances in instructional psychology ( Vol. 2, ). Hillsdale, NJ.: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Britton, J. (1978). The composing process and the functions of writing. In C. R. Cooper and Odell, L. (Eds.), Research on composing: Points of depatureUrbana, Ill.: National Council of Teachers of English.
Brufee, L. (1972). The way out. College English 33 457-470.
Brumfit, C. J. & Carter, R. A. (1986). Literature and Language Teaching. (five ed.). New York: Oxford.
Canale, M. & Swain, M. (1980). Approaches to Communicative competence.Singapore: SEANEO Regional Language Centre.
Clifford, J. (1981). Composing in stages: The effects of a collaborative pedagogy. Research in the Teaching of English 15 27-53.
Draper, V. (1979). Formative writing: Writing to assist learning in all subject area (Curriculum Publication No.3).Berkeley: Bay Area Writing Project, University of California.
Dupuis, M. M., Lee, J. W., Badiali, B. J. & Askov, E. N. (1989). Teaching reading and writing in the content areas.Glenview, Illinos: Scott, Foresman and Company.
Edelsky, C. (1982). Writing in a bilingual program: The relation of L1 and L2 texts. TESOL Quarterly 16 211-228.
Elbow, P. (1974). Writing without teachers.New York: Oxford University Press.
Emig, J. (1977). Writing as a Mode of Learning. College Composition and Communication 28(2), 122-128.
Englert, C. & Raphael, T. E. (1988). Constructing well-formed prose: Process, structure, and metacognitive knowledge. Exceptional Children 54 513-520.
Fitzgerlad, J. & Teasley, A. B. (1986). Effects of instruction in narrative structure on children's writing. Journal of Educational Psychology 80 143-151.
Flower, L. S. & Hayes, J. R. (1981). A cognitive process of writing. College Composition and Communication 32 365-387.
Flower, L. S. & Hayes, J. R. (1983). Uncovering cognitive processes in writing: An introduction to protocal analysis. In P. Mosenthal, L. Tamor and Walmsley, S.A. (Eds.), Research on writing: Principles and methodsNew York: Longman.
Flower, L. S. & Hayes, J. R. (1977). Problem-solving stragegies and writing process. College English 39(4), 449-461.
Frye. (1964). The Educated Imagination.Bloomington, Ind: Indiana University Press.
Gagne, R. M., Briggs, L. J. & Wager, W. W. (1979). Principles of instructional design. (陳正昌, Trans. 4 ed.). 台北: 五南.
Gaskill, W. (1986). Revising in Spanish and English as a second language: A process oriented study of composition. , University of California, Los Angeles.
Glynn, S. M., Britton, B. K., Muth, K. D. & Dogan, N. (1982). Writing and revising persuasive documents: Cognitive demands. Journal of Educational Psychology 74 557-567.
Grabe, W. & Kaplan, R. (1996). Theory and Practice of Writing.New York: Longman.
Hayes, J. R. & Flower, L. S. (1986). Writing research and the writer. American Psychologist 41 1106-1113.
Hillocks, G. (1984). What works in teaching composition: A meta-analysis of experimental treatment studies. American Journal of Education 93 133-170.
Hillocks, G. (1987). Synthesis of research on teaching writing. Educational Leadership May 71-82.
Hull, G. (1984). The editing process in writing: A performance study of experts and novices. , Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Pittsburgh, PA.
Jacobs, S. (1982). Composing and coherence: The writing of eleven pre-medical students.Washington: Center for Applied Linguistics.
Jones, S. (1982). Attention to rhetorical form while composing in a second language. In Campbell, C., Flashner, V., Hudson, T. and Lubin, J. (Eds.), Proceedings of the Los Angeles Second Language Research Forum ( Vol. 2, pp. 130-43 University of California at Los Angeles.
Jones, S. & Tetroe, J. (1987). Composing in a second language. In Matsuhashi, A. (Ed.), Writing in real time: Modelling production processes (pp. 34-57). Norwood, N.J.: Ables.
Kaplan (1967). Contrastive rhetoric and the teaching of composition. TESOL Quarterly 1 10-16.
Krashen, S. D. (1984). Writing: Research, theory, and applications.Oxford: Pergamon Institute of English.
Kroll, B. (1990). Second Language Writing: Research insights for the classroom.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Langer, J. A. (1984). The effects of available information on responses to school writing task. Research in the Teaching of English 18 27-44.
Legum, S. E. & Krashen, S. D. (1972). Conceptural framework for the desigh of a composition program.Los Alamitors, Cal.: Southwest Regional Laboratory for Educational Research and Development.
Littlewood, W. T. (1986). Literature in the School Foreign-Language Course. In Brumfit, C.J. and Carter, R.A. (Eds.), Literature and Language Teaching (pp. 177-83). New York: Oxford.
Marshall (1979). Love and death in Eden: teaching English literature to ESL students. TESOL Quarterly 13(3), 331-340.
McKay, S. (1986). Literature in the ESL Classroom. In Brumfit, C.J. and Carter, R.A. (Eds.), Literature and Language Teaching (pp. 191-8). New York: Oxford.
Long, M. (1986). A Feeling for Language: The multiple values of teaching literature. In Brumfit, C.J. and Carter, R.A. (Eds.), Literature and Language Teaching (pp. 42-59). New York: Oxford.
Nolan, N. (1988,). Caution: Process writing in progress. Paper presented at the the annual meeting of the International Reading Association, Toronto, Canada.
Nold, E. W. (1981). Revising. In C. H. Fredericksen and Dominic, J.F. (Eds.), Writing: The nature, development, and teaching of written communicationHillsdale, N.Y.: Erlbaum.
Perl, S. (1979). The composing process of unskilled college writers. Research in the Teaching of English 13 5-22.
Pincas, A. (1962). Structural linguistics and systematic composition teaching to students of English as a second language. Language Learning 12 185-194.
Povey, J. (1972). Literature in TESL programs: the language and the culture. In Allen, H. and Campbell, R. (Eds.), Teaching English as a Second LanguageNew York: McGraw Hill.
Raimes, A. (1983). Techniques in Teaching Writing.England: OXFORD.
Raimes, A. (1983). Anguish as a second language? Remedies for composition teachers. In Freedman, I.P. and Yalden, J. (Eds.), Learning to write: First language/second language (pp. 258-72). London: Longman.
Raphael, T. E., Englert, C. S. & Kirschner, B. W. (1988,). Acquisition of expository writing skills. Paper presented at the the conference on Reading and Writing Connection, Urbana-Champaign.
Richards, J. C. & Rogers, T. S. (1986). Approaches and Methods in Language Teaching.New York: Cambridge University Press.
Rohman, D. G. (1965). Prewriting, the stage of discovery in the writing process. College Composition and Communication 16 106-112.
Scardamalia, M., Bereiter, C. & Goelman (1982). Assimilative processes in composition planning. Educational psychologist 17 165-171.
Scardamalia & Bereiter, C. (1986). Research on written composition. In Wittrock, M. (Ed.), Handbook of research on teaching (3rd ed.pp. 778-803). New York: Macmillan Education Ltd.
Silva, T. (1990). Second language composition instruction: developments, issues, and directions in ESL. In Kroll, B. (Ed.), Second Language Writing: Research insights for the classroom (pp. 11-23). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Voss, J. F., Vesonder, G. T. & Spilich, G. J. (1980). Text generation and low-knowledge individuals. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 19 651-667.
Widdowson, H. G. (1978). Teaching Language as Communication.Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Widdowson, H. G. (1979). Explorations in Applied Linguistics.Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Zamel, V. (1982). Writing: The process of discovering meaning. TESOL Quarterly 16 195-209.
Zamel, V. (1976). Teaching composition in the ESL Classroom: What we can learn from research in the teaching of English. TESOL Quarterly 10 67-76.