本研究的主要目的在瞭解影響台灣婦女停經年齡的相關因素。以行政院衛生署於民國82年所進行「第一次國民營養健康狀況變遷調查」之資料，選擇年齡在45-64歲之自然停經婦女共251人為研究對象，進行飲食、生理因素、血脂、生活型態與停經年齡相關性分析。研究結果發現：在飲食方面，停經年齡和攝取的總熱量、總熱量/體重、脂肪攝取量、飽和脂肪酸攝取量、油酸攝取量、纖維質攝取量都有顯著的正相關(r=0.134、0.141、0.142、0.147、0.139、0.171，p<0.05)；和多元不飽和脂肪酸攝取量有邊緣正相關（r=0.106，p=0.09）。在生理因素方面，停經年齡和初經年齡有邊緣正相關(r=0.113，p=0.07)；和身體質量指數(BMI)、腰圍、臀圍、腰臀比(WHR)、體脂肪百分比都呈負相關，但未達顯著水準。在血脂方面，和血中膽固醇及三酸甘油酯的含量都沒有顯著相關。而停經年齡和運動時間呈負相關，和喝酒頻率成正相關，但都未達顯著水準。以多元迴歸分析（multiple regression）探討婦女停經年齡的多元迴歸預測模式，發現預測變項包括年齡、教育程度、初經年齡、BMI、熱量、纖維質、鈣質的模式為最有效的多元迴歸預測模式，其對停經年齡的解釋量(R )為8.8﹪。
關鍵詞：國民營養調查、停經年齡、飲食因素、初經年齡、教育程度

The purpose of this study was to explore the factors that associated with menopausal age for women participated in the Nutrition and Health Survey in Taiwan, 1993-1996 ( NAHSIT, 1993-1996). Two hundred and fifty one postmenopausal women with natural cause aged over 45 were included in analyses. The correlations of diets, physiological factors, blood lipids and life styles with the onset of menopause were analyzed. The results indicated that total calorie intake, calorie intake / weight, fat intake, saturated fatty acid intake, oleic acid intake, fiber intake were significantly positively related to menopausal age (r=0.134, 0.141, 0.142, 0.147, 0.139, 0.171, p<0.05), while polyunsaturated fatty acid has borderly positive relationship (r=0.106,p=0.09). Among physiological factors, age at menarche had a borderly positive correlation with menopausal age (r=0.113, p=0.07). Body mass index (BMI), waist, and hip, circumference, waist-hip ratio (WHR) and percentage of body fat had nonsignificant inverse correlations with menopausal age. No relationship emerged between serum cholesterol, serum triglyceride, the frequency of alcohol consumption, exercise time and menopausal age. The multiple regression models adjusting for age, education, age at menarche, BMI and total calorie intake, indicated that fiber intake had borderly significant effect on age at menopause, and calcium intake had significant effect on age at menopause, this model explained 8.8% variance.
Key word : Nutrition and Health Survey in Taiwan 1993-1996, menopasusal age, dietary factors, menarchial age,
educational level

英文部分:
Adlercreutz H, Hockerstedt K, Bannwart C, Bloigu S, Hamalainen E, Fotsis T, Ollus A. （1987）Effect of dietary components, including lignans and phytoestrogens, on enteroheptic circulation and liver metabolism of estrogens and on sex hormone binding globulin （SHBG）. J Steroid Biochem,27:1135-1144.
Baird DD, Tylavsky FA, Anderson JJB.（1988） Do vegetarians have earlier menopause? Am J Epidemiol ,128:907–908 (abstract).
Barr SI.（1999）Vegetarianism and menstrual cycle disturbances: is there an association ? Am J Clin Nutr ,70(suppl):549s-54s.
Bengtsson C, Lindquist O.（1979） Menopausal effects on risk factors for ischaemic heart disease. Maturitas ,1：L165-170.
Boulet MJ, Oddens BJ, Lehert P, Vemer HM, Visser A.（1994）Climacteric and menopause in seven South-east Asian countries. Maturitas ,19:157-176.
Brambilla DJ, Mckinlay SM.（1989）A prospective study of factors affecting age at menopause. J Clin Epidemiol,42:pp1031-1039.
Bromberger JT, Matthews KA, Kuller LH, Wing RR, Meilahn EN, Plantinga P.（1997）Prospective study of the determinants of age at menopause. Am J Epidemiol,145:124-133.
Carda SN, Bilge SA, Ozturk TN, Oya G, Ece O, Hamiyet B.（1998）
The menopausal age, related factors and climacteric symptoms in Turkish women. Maturitas ,30:37-40.
Chompootweep S, Tankeyoon M, Yamarat K, Poomsuwan P, Dusitsin N.（1993）The menopausal age and climacteric complaints in Thai women in Bangkok. Maturitas ,17:63-71.
Cooper GS, Sandler DP.（1998）Age at natural menopause and mortality. Ann Epidemiol 8:229-235.
Cramer DW, Harlow BL, Xu H, Fraer C, Barbieri R.（1995） Cross-sectional and case-controlled analyses of the association between smoking and early menopause. Maturitas ,22:79-87.
Cramer DW, Xu H. Predicting age at menopause. （1996）Maturitas,23:319-326.
Friedenreich CM, Courneya KS, Bryaant HE.（2001）Influence of physical activity in different age and life periods on the risk of breast cancer. Epidemiology,12:604-612.
Garrido-Latorre F, Lazcano-Ponce EC, Lopez-Garrillo L, Hernandez-Avila M.（1996） Age of natural menopause among women in Mexico city. Intnl J Gynecol & Obstetrics ,53:159-166.
Gold EB, Bromberger J, Crawford S, Samuels S, Greendale GA, Harlow SD, Skurnick J.（2001） Factors associated with age at natural menopause in a multiethnic sample of midlife women. Am J Epidemoil ,153:865-874.
Harlow BL, Signorello LB.（2000） Factors associated with early menopause. Maturitas ,35:3-9.
Hirose K, Hamajima N, Takezaki T, Mjiura S, Tajima K.（2003）Physical exercise reduces risk of breast cancer in Japanese women. Cancer Sci,94:193-199.
Ismael NN.（1994）A study on the menopause in Malaysia. Maturitas,19:205-209.
Jacobsen BK, Nilssen S, Heuch I, Kvale G.（1997） Dose age at natural menopause affect mortality from ischaemic heart disease? J Clin Epidemiol ,50:475-479.
Jeune B.（1986） Parity and age at menopause in a Danish sample. Maturitas ,8:359-365.
Kato I, Toniolo P, Akhmedkhanov A, Koenig KL, Shore R, Zeleniuch-Jacquotte A.（1988） Prospective study of factors influencing the onset of natural menopause. J Clin Epidemiol ,51:1271-1276.
Kelsey JL, Gammon MD, John EM.（1993） Reproductive factors and breast cancer. Epidemiol Rev ,15:36-47.
Kono S, Sunagawa Y, Higa H, Sunagawa H.（1990） Age of menopause in Japanese women: trends and recent changes. Matturitas ,12:43-49.
Kritz-Silverstein D, Barrett-Connor E.（1993） Early menopause, number of reproductive years, and Bone mineral density in postmenopausal women. Am J Pub Health ,83:983-988.
Lindquist O, Bengrsson C. （1979）Menopausal age in relation to smoking. Acta Med Scand,205:73-77.
Luoto R, Kaprio J, Uutela A.（1994） Age at natural menopause and sociodemographic status in Finland. Am J Epidemiol,139:64-76.
McKinlay SM, Bifano NL, McKinlay JB.（1985） Smoking and age at menopause in women. Ann Intl Med ,103:350-356.
McKinlay SM, Brambilla DJ, Posner JG.（1992） The normal menopause transition. Maturitas,14:1157-1160.
Meschia M, Pansini F, Modena AB, de Aloysio D, Gambacciani M, Parazzini F, Campagnoli C, Maiocchi G, Peruzzi E,, on behalf of the JCARUS Study Group.（2000） Determinants of age at menopause in Italy; results from a large cross-sectional strdy. Matruitas,34:119-125.
Nagata C, Kawakami N, Shimizu H.（1997） Trends in the incidence rate and risk factors for breast cancer in Japan. Breast cancer Res Treat ,44:75-82.
Nagata C, Tadatsuka N, Inaba S, Kawakami N, Shimizu H.（1998） Association of diet and other lifestyle with onset of menopause in Japanese women. Maturitas ,29:105-113.
Nagata C, Tadatsuka N, Kawakami N, Shimizu H.（2000）Association of diet with the onset of menopause in Japanese women. Am J Epidemiol,152:863-867.
Neri A, Bider D, Lidor Y, Ovadia J.（1982） Menopausal age in various ethnic groups in Israel. Maturitas ,4:341-348.
Palmer JR, Rosenberg L, Wise LA, Horton, Adams-Campbell LL. （2003） Onset of natural menopause in African American women. Am J Public Health,93:299-306.
Parazzini F, Negri E, La Vecchia C.（1992） Reproductive and general lifestyle determinants of age at menopause. Maturitas ,15:141-149.
Pedersen AB, Bartholomex MJ, Dolence LA, Aljadir LP, KL Netteburg, Lloyd T.（1991） Menstrual differences due to vegetarian and nonvegetarian diets. Am J Clin Nutr ,53:879-885.
Pedro AO, Pinto Neto AM, Paiva LH, Osis MJ, Hardy E.（2003）Aage at natural menopause among Brazilian womwn: results from a population-based survey. Cad Saude Publica,19:7-25.
Phipps WR, Martini MC, Lampe JW, Slavin JL, Kurzer MS.（1993）Effect of flax seed ingestion on the menstrual cycle. J Clin Endocrinol Metab,77:1215-1219.
Poehlman ET.（2002）Menopause, energy expenditure, and body composition. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand,81:603-611.
Slemenda C, Hui SL, Longcope C, Johnston CC.（1987） Sex steroids and bone mass. A study of changes about the time of menopause. J Clin Invest ,80:1261-1269.
Stanford JL, Hartge P , Brinton LA, Hoover RN, Brookmeyer R. （1987） Factors influencing the age at natural menopause.
J Chronic Dis,40:995-1002.
Tamada T, Iwasake H.（1995）Age at natural menopause in Japanese women. Nippon Sanka Fujinka Gakkai Zasshi,47:947-952.
Thompson LU, Robb P, Serraino M, Cheung F.（1991） Mammalian lignan production from various foods. Nutr Cancer,16:43-52.
Torgerson DJ, Avenell A, Rusell IT, Reid DM.（1994） Factors associated with onset of menopause in women aged 45-49. Maturitas,19:83-92.
Torgerson DJ, Thomas RE, Campbell MK, Reid DM.（1997） Alcohol consumption and age of maternal menopause are associated with menopause onset. Maturitas ,26:21-25.
Van der Schouw YT, Van der Grsaf Y, Steyerberg EW, Eijkemans MJC, Banga JD.（1996） Age at menopause as a risk factor for a cardiovascular mortality. Lancet ,347:714-718.
Whelan EA, Sandler DP, McConnaughey R, Weinberg CR.（1990） Menstrual and reproductive characteristics and age at natural menopause. Am J Epidemiol ,131:623-632.
Willett W, Stampfer MJ , Bain C, Lipnick R, Speizer FE, Rosner B, Cramer D, Hennekens CH.（1983） Cigarette smoking, relative weight, and menopause. Am J Epidemiol,117:651-658.
中文部分：
李隆安（1999）。取樣設計與樣本特徵。國民營養現況：1993-1996國民營養健康狀況變遷調查結果（修訂版）。行政院衛生署。
高美丁，曾明淑，葉文婷，張瑛韶，潘文涵（1999）。台灣地區居民體位及肥胖狀況。國民營養現況：1993-1996國民營養健康狀況變遷調查結果（修訂版）。 行政院衛生署。
曾明淑，葉文婷，潘文涵（1999）。台灣地區居民之飲食特性。國民營養現況：1993-1996國民營養健康狀況變遷調查結果（修訂版）。 行政院衛生署。
潘文涵，章雅惠，陳正義，吳幸娟，曾明淑，高美丁（1999）。以二十四小時飲食回顧法評估國人膳食營養狀況。國民營養現況：1993-1996國民營養健康狀況變遷調查結果（修訂版）。行政院衛生署。
潘文涵，高美丁，曾明淑，李蘭，洪永泰，李隆安，蕭信雲，葉文婷，黃伯超（1999）。調查設計、執行方式及內容。國民營養現況：1993-1996國民營養健康狀況變遷調查結果（修訂版）。行政院衛生署。