許多的運動中，運動員必須在複雜且不斷變化的環境裡，做快速的決策。從刺激到反應所佔的時間是極短的，因此在這類快速的運動項目中，運動員的反應時間是非常重要的決定因素。要如何減少籃球防守者的判斷時間及做出正確決策的時間，唯有先知道防守者視覺線索，哪裡帶給防守者最直接的資訊，因此本研究的研究目的為：1.探討不同技能水準的籃球選手在防守的能力。2.探討不同技能水準的籃球選手在不同情境對籃球防守者眼睛凝視位置的影響。本研究對象為16名國內大專籃球選手為主要受試者，其中8位為現役大專男子甲組選手定為優秀球員組，另外8位為現役大專籃球乙組定為一般球員組。研究時間為2009年11月至12月進行。以實驗參與者配戴眼動儀的方式探討不同技能水準的籃球選手在不同情境對籃球防守者眼睛視覺線索的影響，經結果分析與比較可歸納出以下2點：1.優秀球員組在防守上成功次數較優於一般球員組，有較佳的防守能力。2.不同技能水準的籃球選手眼睛所凝視位置大致相同，但若防守者眼睛凝視「其他」位置時間較長時，導致失敗機率會增加。

A lot of movement, athletes must be in a complex and ever-changing environment, make quick decisions. Response from the stimulus to the share of air time is very short, so fast in such sports, the athlete's reaction time is very important deciding factor. How can I reduce the basketball defender of the time and make the right decisions to determine the time, only the first defender know visual cues, where defenders give the most direct information, so the purpose of this study is as follows: 1. Explore the different skill levels basketball player in the defensive capabilities. 2. To explore different skill levels of basketball players in different situations on the basketball defender impact of eye gaze position. The study enrolled 16 national junior college basketball players as the main subjects, of which 8 were active college men's Group A group of players as good players and another eight for the active college basketball players in Group B as a general group. Research time in November 2009 to 12 monthly basis. Participants in an experimental way to wear eye tracking to explore different skill levels of basketball players in different situations on the basketball defender visual cues of the eye, after analysis and comparison of the results can be summed up the following 2 points: 1. Excellent defensive player group the number of the more successful players than the general group, there is a better defensive capabilities. 2. Different skill levels of basketball players staring eyes roughly the same location, but if the defenders staring eyes, the "other" position when a longer time, resulting in failure probability will increase.

唐大崙、莊賢智 （2005） 由眼球追蹤法探索電子報版面中圖片位置對注意力分佈之影響。廣告學研究， 24，89-104。
唐大崙、張文瑜（2007）利用眼動追蹤法探索傳播研究。中華傳播學刊，12， 165-211。
劉強，鍾宇政，張德照（2000）運動視覺之初探。大專體育，47，53-56。
劉強，王翔星，劉雅甄（2002）棒球運動中的運動視覺。體院論叢，10（2），203-220。
劉魯君（2007）籃球防守技戰術新探。山東體育學院學報，23（3），95-97。
劉澤瓊（2005）。第29屆奧運會男籃比賽中國隊防守技術的比較分析。安徽教育學院學報，23，113-115。
林明聲（1999）運動視覺訓練法。台南：信宏出版社。
朱聲漪（1998）實用籃球教材與戰法。台北：台灣省體育會籃球協會。
陳俊汕（2005）運動視覺與選擇性注意的機轉及其在運動上的應用。大專體育，78，200-209。
鍾瓊瑤（1998）女子壘球運動員打擊視覺線索之研究。未出版之碩士論文，桃園縣，國立體育學院教練研究所。
文建傳、鐘海鷗（2006）從第28屆奧運會看中國女籃與世界強隊的技術差距。體育學刊，13，111-113頁。
Abernethy, B., & Russell, D. G. (1987). The relationship between expertise and visual search strategy in a racquet sport. Human Movement Science, 6, 283-319.
Adams, R. J. (1987). An evaluation of color preference in early infancy. Infant Behavior & Development, 10, 143-150.
Antes, J. R. (1974). The time course of picture viewing. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 103(1), 62-7
Baker, M. A., & Loeb, M. (1973). Implications of measurement of eye fixations for a psychophysics of form perception. Perception & Psychophysics, 13(2), 185-192.
Cooke, L. (2005). Eye tracking: How it works and how it relates to usability. Technical Communication, 52(4), 456-463.
Cooper, R. (1974). The control of eye fixation by the meaning of spoken language: A new methodology for the real-time investigation of speech perception, memory, and language process. Cognitive Psychology, 6, 84-107.
Duchowski, A. T. (2002). Eye Tracking Methodology. Theory &Practice. London, UK: Springer-Verlag (London), Inc.
Fergenson, P. E., & Suzansky, J. W. (1973). An investigation of dynamic and static visual acuity. Perception, 2, 343-356.
Fujishiro, H., Mashimo, I., Ishigaki, H., Edeagawa, H., Endoh, F., Nakazato, K., & Nakajima, H. (1998). visual functionof collegiate american football players in japan. 13th Asian Games Scientific Congress.
Gatz, D. J. (1978). Vision and sports. Journal of the American Optometric Association, 49, 385-388.
Gibson, J.J. (1979) The Ecological Approach to Visual Perception. Houghton Mifflin, New York.
Goulet, C., Bard, D., & Fleury, M. (1989). Expertise differences in preparing to return a tennis serve: A visual information processing approach. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 11 , 382-398.
Harbin, G., Durst, L., & Harbin, D. (1989). Evaluation of oculomotor response in relationship to sports performance. Medicine Science Sports Exercise, 21 (3), 258-262.
Helsen, W., & Pauwels, J. M.(1992). A cognitive approach to visual search in sport. In D. Brogan, A.Gale, & K. Carr(Eds), Visual search .2. 379-388.
Henderson, J. M., Weeks, P. A., & Hollingworth, A. (1999). The effects of semantic consistency on eye movements during complex scene viewing. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception & Performance, 25(1), 210-228.
Hornor, D. G. (1982). Can vision predict baseball players hitting ability? Poster presented at the American Academy ofOptometry Annual Meeting, Abstract available in American Journal Physiology Optometric, 59 , 69.
Janelle,C. M., Hillman, C. H., Apparies, R. J., Murray, N. P., Meili, L., Fallon, E. A., et al. (2000). Expertise differences in control activation and gaze behavior during rifle shooting. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 21, 70-91.
Jerry V. Krause（1991）Basketball skills & drills. Champaign, IL : Human Kinetics
Kirscher, D. W., Berk, M., & Warsh, D. (1988). A comparison of reaction time in athletes and nonathletes. Highlights,4(2), 8-14.
Knight, B. (1982). Let’s play defense. Unpublished manuscript.
Kopp, J. D. (1999). Eye on the ball: An interview with Dr. C. Stephen Johnson and Mark McMwire. Journal of the American Optometric Association, 70 (2), 79-84.
Lee, D. N. (1978). The functions of vision. Modes of Perceiving and Processing Information, , 159-170.
Lee, D. N., & Aronson, E. (1974). Visual proprioceptive control of standing in human infants. Perception & Psychophysics, 15, 529-532.
Lohse, G. L. (1997). Consumer eye movement patterns on yellow pages advertising. Journal of Advertising, 26(1), 61-73.
Loran, D. F., & MacEwen, C. J. (1997). Sports vision. Boston: Butterworth - Heinemann.
MackWorth, N. H., & Morandi, A. J. (1967). The gaze selects informative details within pictures. Perception & Psychophysics, 2(11), 547-552.
Maeda, A., & Tsuruhara, T. (1998). Effect of batting practice by using high speed pitch balls on kinetic visual acuity of baseball players. Training Science, 10(1), 35-40.
Michaels, C. F., & Carello, C. (1981). Direct perception Prentice-Hall.
O’Connor, D., & Crowe, M. (1999). Visual reaction time and peripheral vision in professional rugby league players.Jouanal of Sports Sciences, 17, 830.
Pelz, J. B., Canosa, R., Babcock, J., Kucharczyk, D., Silver, A., & Konno, D. (2000). Portable eyetracking: A study of natural eye movements. Proceedings of the SPIE: Human Vision and Electronic Imaging, 3959, 566-583.
Panchuk, D. & Vickers, J.N. (2006). Gaze behaviours of goaltenders under spatial-temporal constraints. Human Movement Science. 25, 733-752.
Ridini, L., (1968). Relationships between psychological function, test and selected sports skillsof boys in junior high school. Research Quarterly, 39, 674-683.
Rouse, M. W., DeLand, P., Christian, R. & Hawley, J. （1988）. A comparison study of dynamic visual acuity between athletes and nonathletes. Journal of the American Optometric Association, 59（12）, 946-950
Salvucci, D. D., & Anderson, J. R. (1998). Tracing eye movement protocols with cognitive process models. Proceedings of the Twentieth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society .923-928.
Sherman, A. (1983). A method of evaluation eye-hand coordination and visual reaction time in athletes. Journal of the American Optometric Association, 59 (7), 522-526.
Stine, G. D., Arterburn, M. R., & Stern, N. S. (1982). Vision and sports: A review of the literature. Journal of the American Optometric Association, 53 , 627-633.
Stroup, F., (1957). Relationship between measurements of field of motion perception andbasketball ability in college men. Research Quarterly, 28, 72-75.
Vickers, J. N. (1992). Gaze control in putting. Perception. 21. 117-132.
Vickers, J. N. (1996). Control of visual attention during the basketball free throw. American Journal of Sports Medicine. November. Supplement. 3,1, 93-97.
Vickers, J. N., Rodrigues, S. T., & Edworthy, G. (2000).Quite eye and accuracy in the dart throw. International Journal of Sports Vision, 6,30-36.
Vickers, J. N. (2004). The quite eye: It’s the difference between good putter and poor one. Golf Digest, January, 96-101.
Vickers, J. N. (2007). Perception, cognition, and decision training: The quiet eye in action. New York: Human Kinetics.
Volkmann, F. C. (1986). Human visual suppression. Vision Research, 26, 1401-1416.
White, V. W. (1977). Visual acuity versus visual skill in athletic performance. California Optometry, 3, 22-23.
Williams A. M., Davids, K., Burwitz, L., & Williams, J. G. (1994). Visual search strategy of experienced and inexperienced soccer players. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 65, 127-135.
Williams, A. M., Davids, K., & Williams, J. G. (1999). Visual perception and action in sport. London: E & FN Spon.
Williams, A. M., Davids, K., & Williams, J. G. (1999). Visual perception and action in sport . London: E & FN Spon.
Williams, A. M., Singer, R.A., & Frehlich, S.(2002). Quite eye duration, expertise, and task complexity in a near and far aiming task. Journal of Motor Behavior, 34, 197-207.
Wolverton, G. S., & Zola, D. A. (1983). The temporal characteristics of visual information extraction during reading. In K. Rayner (Ed.), Eye movements in reading: Perceptual and language processes .41-51. New York: Academic Press.
Yarbus, A. L. (1967). Eye movements and Vision. New York: Plenum Press.
Young, E. (1984). Visibility achieved by outdoor advertising. Journal of Advertising Research, 24(4), 19-21.