簡易檢索 / 詳目顯示

研究生: 吳玫瑩
Wu, Mei-Ying
論文名稱: 大學生拒絕敏感度、敵意與憂鬱之關係研究
The Relation between Rejection Sensitivity, Hostility and Depression in College Students
指導教授: 林家興
Lin, Chia-Hsin
學位類別: 碩士
Master
系所名稱: 教育心理與輔導學系
Department of Educational Psychology and Counseling
論文出版年: 2015
畢業學年度: 103
語文別: 中文
論文頁數: 149
中文關鍵詞: 拒絕敏感度敵意憂鬱
英文關鍵詞: Rejection sensitivity, Hostility, Depression
DOI URL: https://doi.org/10.6345/NTNU202205502
論文種類: 學術論文
相關次數: 點閱:510下載:114
分享至:
查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報
  • 本研究旨在探討大學生絕敏感度對人際關係中敵意和憂鬱的影響,並檢核多向度敵意在拒絕敏感度和憂鬱之間的中介效果。研究以1131名北部一到四年級大學生為對象,採用「基本資料調查表」、「拒絕敏感度量表」、「短式華人敵意量表」和「董氏憂鬱量表(大專版)」為研究工具,並以Person積差相關、單因子多變量變異數、相關差異考驗、階層迴歸和路徑分析等統計方式分析資料。
    研究結果如下:1.目前大學生有明顯憂鬱者約佔全體學生人數的17.5%,其中男性大學生明顯憂鬱的比率較女性高;2.不同的性別和戀愛經驗之大學生,在拒絕敏感度、敵意和憂鬱上皆有顯著差異;3.大學生拒絕敏感度的敵意表現有多向度差異,高拒絕敏感度大學生與敵意認知和壓抑敵意間的關係較高,而與敵意情緒間的關係次之,與表達敵意間的關係最少;4.大學生拒絕敏感度能有效預測敵意和憂鬱變化的程度,且男性大學生的預測能力較女性好,同時大學生敵意也能有效預測憂鬱程度的變化;最後,5.多向度敵意在焦慮程度和憂鬱之間具有部份中介效果,拒絕敏感度中的焦慮程度會透過敵意認知、敵意情緒和壓抑敵意,再進一步影響憂鬱,而表達敵意則與憂鬱程度變化無關。根據以上的發現,本研究結論拒絕敏感度在華人文化脈絡下有獨特表現,高拒絕敏感度者有較高的敵意和憂鬱,且三者間的關係彼此相關並非互斥。研究最後進一步提出實務工作的應用與建議,以及本研究的限制和未來研究的方向。

    The purpose of this study attempted to explore how does rejection sensitivity impact on hostility and depression of college students within an interpersonal context, and to verify the mediating effects of multi-dimensional construct of hostility on rejection sensitivity and depression. A total of 1,131 college students in various grades from northern Taiwan were administered a battery of self- report instruments including personal data form, Chinese version of Rejection Sensitivity Questionnaire, Chinese Hostility Inventory (CHI): Short Form, and Tung’s Depression Inventory for College Students (TDICS). All valid data were analyzed with Pearson correlation, one-way multivariate analysis of variance, correlation comparisons, hierarchical regression and path analysis.
    The study revealed the following results: (a) The prevalence of college students with apparent depressive symptoms was 17.5%, and male had higher rate than female. (b) There were gender and romance status difference on rejection sensitivity, hostility and depression. (c) The relation between rejection sensitivity and hostility exhibited multi-dimensional difference. In relation to level of rejection sensitivity, it is found that hostility cognition and suppression showed the highest correlation, followed by hostility affect and hostility expression showed the weakest correlation. (d) Rejection sensitivity predicted higher hostility and depression, hostility also predicted higher depression. Finally, I rejection anxiety and depression were partially mediated by hostility cognition, affect and suppression, however, the hostility expression had no mediating effect. These results support the view that within the Chinese society people with high anxiety on other’s rejection would increase cynical view of the world and anger affect but chose to suppress it, which in turn, enhanced the occurrence of depression. The study’s applications in counseling, limitations, and future research directions are also addressed

    致謝詞 i 中文摘要 v 英文摘要 vii 目次 ix 表次 xi 圖次 xiii 第一章 緒論 第一節 研究動機 1 第二節 研究目的與問題 5 第三節 名詞釋義 6 第二章 文獻探討 第一節 大學生拒絕敏感度理論及其相關研究 9 第二節 大學生敵意理論及其相關研究 20 第三節 大學生憂鬱理論及其相關研究 36 第四節 大學生拒絕敏感度、敵意和憂鬱的關係 51 第五節 研究假設 53 第三章 研究方法 第一節 研究架構 55 第二節 研究對象 57 第三節 研究工具 62 第四節 研究程序 76 第五節 資料處理 78 第四章 研究結果 第一節 大學生拒絕敏感度、敵意與憂鬱之現況 81 第二節 不同背景變項之大學生在各變項之差異 84 第三節 拒絕敏感度與敵意、憂鬱之多向度檢定 89 第四節 拒絕敏感度、敵意與憂鬱之預測 93 第五節 拒絕敏感度、敵意和憂鬱之關係 102 第五章 討論與建議 第一節 討論 107 第二節 研究貢獻 111 第三節 實務工作的應用與建議 114 第四節 研究限制與未來研究方向 116 參考文獻 中文部分 119 西文部分 127 附錄 附錄一 正式量表 141 附錄二 研究工具授權同意書 147

    ㄧ、中文部分
    方紫薇(1993)。國中教師氣憤情緖相關因素分析暨氣憤情緖管理策略成效之研究(未出版之博士論文)。國立臺灣師範大學,臺北市。
    王偉信(2004)。親友對憂鬱病患的反應:覺知尋求再保證與關係義務感的機制探討(未出版之碩士論文)。國立臺灣大學,臺北市。
    王嘉齡(2013)。敵意與代謝症候群關係之研究:壓力心理生理反應的中介效果(未出版之碩士論文)。中原大學,桃園縣。
    左佳馨(2013)。代謝症候群與心理因子之關連性(未出版之碩士文)。國立中正大學,嘉義縣。
    甘孟龍(2006)。青少年知覺父母親職型態、敵意、自尊與憤怒之研究(未出版之碩士論文)。大葉大學,彰化縣。
    朱錦鳳、段亞新(2002)。大學生身心適應調查表之編製及學生困擾分析。測驗統計年刊,10,1–38。
    江嘉偉(2008)。布盧斯希亞音樂聆聽法對於大專生憂鬱指數成效探討以台南地區某大學為例(未出版之碩士論文)。立德大學,台南市。
    余民寧、許嘉家、陳柏霖(2010)。中小學教師工作時數與憂鬱的關係:主觀幸福感的觀點。教育心理學報,42(2),229–251。
    余民寧、陳柏霖(2010)。健康促進與憂鬱之關係。高雄師大學報,29,73–99。
    余民寧、陳柏霖、許嘉家(2010)。教師憂鬱傾向的影響因素之研究。輔導與諮商學報,32(2),73–97。
    余民寧、陳柏霖、許嘉家、鐘珮純、趙珮晴(2012)。自覺健康狀態、健康責任、情緒幸福感及憂鬱關係之調查。屏東教育大學學報,38,199–226。
    余民寧、黃馨瑩、劉育如(2011)。「台灣憂鬱症量表」心理計量特質分析報告。測驗學刊,58(3),479–500。
    吳明隆(2011)。SPSS統計應用學習實務:問卷分析與應用統計。新北:易習。
    吳芳萍(1996)。認知行為取向團體輔導對國小高攻擊性兒童輔導效果之研究(未出版之碩士論文)。國立屏東教育大學,屏東縣。
    呂碧鴻、陳秀蓉(2007)。敵意在高血壓的角色探討。臺灣家庭醫學研究,5(3),108–118。
    巫姿嫺(2011)。大學生生活壓力、心理資本與憂鬱之關係(未出版之碩士論文)。國立政治大學,臺北市。
    李青燕(1997)。運用畫人測驗衡兒童敵意攻擊特質之分析研究(未出版之碩士論文)。國立高雄師範大學,高雄市。
    李建德(2001)。敵意特質與自律神經功能之相關性研究(未出版之碩士論文)。國立成功大學,臺南市。
    李家瑋(2014)。幼兒敵意歸因偏誤、情緒調節與攻擊行為之相關研究(未出版之碩士論文)。輔仁大學,新北市。
    李敏龍、楊國樞(1998)。中國人的忍:概念分析與實徵研究。本土心理學研究,10,3–68。
    李瑞玲(1993)。以生物–心理–社會模式探討生氣歷程對血壓心理生理機制之影響(未出版之博士論文)。國立臺灣大學,臺北市。
    李靜如、林邦傑、修慧蘭(2011)。大學生的成人依附、社交自我能力、困擾的自我揭露、寂寞與憂鬱之關係:以有戀愛經驗的大學生為例。教育心理學報,43(1),155–174。
    杜淑芬、葉安華、王建雅(2014)。女性生氣表達與自尊、人際親密及憂鬱的關係-以北部某科大為例。教育心理學報,46(1),73–92。
    社團法人自殺防治學會(2014年04月)。心理健康促進衛教手冊系列:青年期(15-24歲)之心理健康促進。取自衛生福利部網站:http://www.mohw. gov. tw/MOHW_Upload/doc/心理健康促進-青年期_0044922003.pdf,2014年12月25日。
    林侑儒(2010)。大學女生憂鬱預防行為活化團體之成效探討(未出版之碩士論文)。東吳大學,臺北市。
    林宜美(2009)。多向度敵意在冠狀動脈心臟病「心理生理反應模式」之驗證。(未出版之博士論文)。國立中正大學,嘉義縣。
    林宜美、翁嘉英(2002)。冠狀動脈心臟病與頭痛患者的敵意型態比較。中華心理學刊,44(2),211–226。
    林家興、陳玉芳、葉雅馨、徐佳玲與孫正大(2008)。「董氏憂鬱量表(大專版)」編製研究。測驗學刊,55(3),509–533。
    邱皓政(2005)量化研究法(一): 研究設計與資料處理。臺北:雙葉。
    邱皓政(2010)。量化研究與統計分析:SPSS(PASW)資料分析範例。臺北:五南。
    侯明玉(2011)。大學生身心困擾與心理健康之關係研究—以師大學生為例(未出版之碩士論文)。國立臺灣師範大學,臺北市。
    姜欣如(2012)。冠心病患者認知行為治療團體自主神經功能療效評估(未出版之碩士論文)。國立中正大學,嘉義縣。
    洪佳琳、劉同雪(2013)。以壓力生成模式與素質壓力模式探討大學生之人際行為、人際困擾與憂鬱症狀。輔仁醫學期刊,11(2),85–99。
    洪榮照(1998)。兒童攻擊行為相關因素與認知行為策略輔導效果之研究(未出版之博士論文)。國立彰化師範大學,彰化縣。
    洪福源(2012)。大學生傷害性情感事件與因應策略關係之調查研究。輔導與諮商學報,34(2),68–85。
    胡鈞凱(2004)。敵意特質與生氣表達方式對心血管自主神經反應的影響(未出版之碩士論文)。國立中正大學,嘉義縣。
    胡嘉琪(2000)。女性大學生在成長過程中憂鬱經驗之研究(未出版之碩士論文)。國立彰化師範大學,彰化縣。
    胡德綸、戴林媛、林宜美、盧怡旭、李智雄、李碩粲(2012)。心跳變異生理回饋對壓抑敵意性格之冠狀動脈心臟病之療效研究:初探性研究。臨床心理學刊,6(1),62–62。
    徐同本(2004)。生氣因應歷程之紮根理論研究(未出版之碩士論文)。國立中正大學,嘉義縣。
    翁嘉英(2009)。台灣臨床心理學在心血管疾病之研究與應用現況。應用心理研究,41,175–184。
    翁嘉英、林宜美、呂碧鴻、陳秀蓉、吳英璋、鄭逸如(2008)。「短式華人敵意量表」之發展與信效度考驗。測驗學刊,55(3),463–487。
    高旻邦(1997)。冠狀動脈行為傾向研究:敵意、生氣歷程與冠狀動脈心臟病之關係(未出版之碩士論文)。中原大學,桃園縣。
    孙晓玲、吴明证(2011)。大学生自尊, 拒绝敏感性, 人际信任与社会焦虑的关系。中国临床心理学杂志,19(4),537–539。
    財團法人董氏基金會(2007年10月02日)。大學生憂鬱情緒與求助行為之相關性調查。取自財團法人董氏基金會網站:http://www.jtf.org.tw/ psyche/melancholia/survey.asp?This=68&Page=1,2014年12月25日。
    財團法人董氏基金會(2008年10月06日)。大學生主觀壓力源與憂鬱情緒之相關性調查。取自財團法人董氏基金會網站:http://www.jtf.org.tw/psyche/melancholia/survey.asp?This=69&Page=1,2014年12月25日。
    財團法人董氏基金會(2013年02月18日)。全國大學生憂鬱情緒與運動習慣之相關性調查。取自財團法人董氏基金會網站:http://www.jtf.org.tw/psyche/melancholia/survey.asp?This=69&Page=1,2014年12月25日。
    康維芬(2006)。大學生家庭功能、父母教養方式與憂鬱傾向之關係研究(未出版之碩士論文)。國立高雄師範大學,高雄市。
    張琦郁、鄭逸如、呂碧鴻、陳秀蓉、洪福建(2009)。身心壓力諮商門診患者之特性分析。臺灣家庭醫學研究,7(2),70–80。
    張本聖、林侑儒(2011)。台灣大學生正負向情感量表的修訂。臨床心理學刊,5(1),14–14。
    张莹瑞、李涛(2013)。拒绝敏感的认知与神经机制。心理科学进展,21(011),1939–1948。
    梁育綺、謝淑蘭、翁嘉英、孫蒨如(2013)。台灣地區華人情緒與相關心理生理資料庫─標準化華語版情緒電影短片材料庫與主觀評量常模。中華心理學刊,55(4),601–621。
    陳心怡(2000)。貝克憂鬱量表第二版指導手冊。臺北:中國行為科學社。
    陳芬憶(2013)。大學生人格特質、作答心向與因應策略對憂鬱配對組型影響之探討(未出版之碩士論文),國立嘉義大學,嘉義市。
    陳芷萱(2013)。應用分類方法於憂鬱量表之研究(未出版之碩士論文)。輔仁大學,新北市。
    陳金定(2008)。依附關係與憂鬱症狀之因果模式探討:罪惡感與羞愧感之中介角色及其與憂鬱症狀之關係。教育心理學報,39(4),491–512。
    陳彥璋(2013)。運用資料探勘預測學業及情緒高關懷群之模型建置(未出版之碩士論文)。雲林科技大學,雲林縣。
    陳思帆(2008)。大學生依附關係、拒絕敏感度與曖昧訊息處理之關係研究(未出版之碩士論文)國立臺灣師範大學,臺北市。
    陳思妤(2011)。憂鬱程度與設計創作的相關性研究(未出版之碩士論文)。南台科技大學,台南市。
    陳昭芬(2012)。冠心病患者認知行為治療團體心理療效評估(未出版之碩士論文)。國立中正大學,嘉義縣。
    陳若璋(1988)。大學生憂鬱症病理發展模式的探討。中華心理衛生學刊,4(1),75–90。
    陳淑玲(2005)。攻擊傾向兒童在讀書治療中之改變歷程研究(未出版之碩士論文)。國立臺南大學,臺南市。
    陳清泉(1990)。大學生生活壓力、認知型態與憂鬱傾向相關之研究(未出版之碩士論文),國立臺灣師範大學,臺北市。
    陳儀蔓(2014)。大學新生運動行為、自覺健康狀況及情緒幸福感對憂鬱傾向影響之關聯研究(未出版之碩士論文)。輔仁大學,新北市。
    陳慧倫(2004)。壓力免疫訓練對國小六年級A型行為兒童之輔導效果研究(未出版之碩士論文)。國立新竹教育大學,新竹縣。
    教育部統計處(2014年01月02日)。102學年度大專院校別學生數。取自教育部統計處網站:https://stats.moe.gov.tw/files/detail/102/102_student.xls,2014年03月16日。
    曾美菁(2014)。注意力不足過動症兒童的敵意歸因、生氣情緒、與攻擊行為間的關係探討(未出版之碩士論文)。東吳大學,臺北市。
    黃宜貞(2010)。中文版UCLA孤寂量表對大學生適用性之研究(未出版之碩士論文)。國防醫學院,臺北市。
    黃惠貞(2013)。某大專院校學生靈性健康、知覺壓力與憂鬱之相關研究(未出版之碩士論文)。國立臺灣師範大學,臺北市。
    黃惠貞、姜逸群(2005)。大專院校學生靈性健康、知覺壓力與憂鬱之相關研究。衛生教育學報,23,121–143。
    黃惠萱(2008)。與憂鬱狀態者的短暫互動:Coyne憂鬱人際模式再探(未出版之碩士論文)。輔仁大學,新北市。
    黃囇莉(1999)。人際和諧與衝突:本土化的理論與研究。臺北:桂冠。
    楊旻庭(2014)。認知行為團體治療對於冠狀動脈心臟病患者之負向情緒與血管舒張功能療效評估(未出版之碩士論文)。國立中正大學,嘉義縣。
    楊芳彰(1997)。國小六年級學童依附關係與敵意、社交地位之相關研究(未出版之碩士論文)。國立臺灣師範大學,臺北市。
    葉雅馨、林家興(2006)。台灣民眾憂鬱程度與求助行為的調查研究。中華心理衛生學刊,19(2),125–148。
    詹明芬(2013)。大學生親子關係、解釋風格與憂鬱傾向之相關研究(未出版之碩士論文)。國立臺中教育大學,臺中市。
    劉婉如(2010)。藝術治療團體諮商方案對大學生憂鬱傾向之成效研究(未出版之碩士論文)。國立嘉義大學,嘉義縣。
    蔡佳璇(2013)。敵意對原發性高血壓患者心血管與自主神經系統反應之影響(未出版之碩士論文)。高雄醫學大學,高雄市。
    鄭宇喬(2014)。父母親教養態度、自我意識、拒絕敏感度與社交焦慮之相關研究(未出版之碩士論文)。國立臺灣師範大學,臺北市。
    衛生福利部統計處(2014年12月)。青年主要死亡原因。性別統計指標報表一覽表。取自衛生福利部統計處網站:http://www.mohw.gov.tw/cht/DOS/DisplayStatisticFile.aspx?d=12116&s=,2014年12月03日。
    賴秀雯(2011)。連續強暴犯和財產犯於不同情緒刺激下的情緒與決策表現之比較(未出版之碩士論文)。輔仁大學,新北市。
    謝律生(2011)。高雄市青少年線上遊戲霸凌與攻擊敵意行為以及情緒管理之相關研究(未出版之碩士論文)。國立中山大學,高雄市。
    鍾麗靜、林杏麗(2011)。女大學生身體活動量與憂鬱傾向之相關研究。海洋休閒管理學,3,100–116。
    韓宜靜(2011)。大學生負向情緒、後設認知與網路成癮之關係研究(未出版之碩士論文)。國立臺南大學,臺南市。
    顏如佑(2011)。經前不悅症之敵意、衝動、行為抑制與認知缺陷(未出版之博士論文)。高雄醫學大學,高雄市。
    顏姿吟(2007)。高中生自尊.生氣歷程與其憂鬱情緒關係之研究(未出版之碩士論文)。國立高雄師範大學,高雄市。
    譚子文、董旭英、葉雅馨(2010)。社會緊張因素與台灣大學生內化適應問題關聯性之研究。中華輔導與諮商學報,28,143–185。
    王文中、陳承德譯(2008)。心理測驗。臺北:雙葉。Davidshofer C.O. & Murphy, K.R. (1998). Psychological Testing: Principles and Applications. Englewood Cliffes: Prentice Hall

    二、英文部分
    Abramson, L. Y., Metalsky, G. I., & Alloy, L. B. (1989). Hopelessness depression: A theory-based subtype of depression. Psychological review, 96(2), 358-372.
    Abramson, L. Y., Seligman, M. E., & Teasdale, J. D. (1978). Learned helplessness in humans: critique and reformulation. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 87(1), 49-74.
    Akse, J., Hale III, W. W., Engels, R. C., Raaijmakers, Q. A., & Meeus, W. H. (2004). Personality, perceived parental rejection and problem behavior in adolescence. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 39(12), 980-988.
    American College Health Association [ACHA] (2014). Reference Group Executive Summary. Available: http://www.acha-ncha.org/pubs_rpts.html. Accessed: Dec 23, 2014
    Averill, J. R. (1983). Studies on anger and aggression: Implications for theories of emotion. American psychologist, 38(11), 1145-1160.
    Ayduk, O., Downey, G., & Kim, M. (2001). Rejection sensitivity and depressive symptoms in women. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27(7), 868-877.
    Ayduk, O., Downey, G., Testa, A., Yen, Y., & Shoda, Y. (1999). Does rejection elicit hostility in rejection sensitive women? Social Cognition, 17(2), 245-271.
    Ayduk, O., Gyurak, A., & Luerssen, A. (2008). Individual differences in the rejection-aggression link in the hot sauce paradigm: The case of rejection sensitivity. Journal of experimental social psychology, 44(3), 775-782.
    Bandura, A. (1973). Aggression: A social learning analysis. Oxford: Prentice-Hall.
    Barefoot, J. C., Dahlstrom, G. W., & Williams, R. B. (1983). Hostility, CHD incidence, and total mortality: A 25-year follow-up study of 255 physicians. Psychosomatic
    Medicine, 45(1), 59-63.
    Barefoot, J. C., Dodge, K. A., Peterson, B. L., Dahlstrom, W. G., & Williams, R. B. (1989). The Cook-Medley hostility scale: item content and ability to predict survival. Psychosomatic Medicine, 51(1), 46-57.
    Barefoot, J. C., Williams, R. B., Dahlstrom, W. G., & Dodge, K. A. (1987). Predicting mortality from scores on the cook-medley scale: A follow-up study of 118 lawyers. Psychosomatic Medicine, 49(2), 210-210.
    Bartholomew, K., & Horowitz, L. M. (1991). Attachment styles among young adults: A test of a four-category model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61(2), 226-244.
    Baron, R.M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations, Journal of Personality and social psychology, 51, 1173-1182.
    Baumeister, R. F., & Leary, M. R. (1995). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological bulletin, 117(3), 497-529.
    Beck, A., Steer, R., & Brown, G. (1996). Manual for the Beck Depression Inventory-II. San Antonio: Psychological Corporation.
    Beck, A. T. (1979). Cognitive therapy of depression (Vol. The Guilford clinical psychology and psychotherapy series). New York: Guilford Press.
    Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., Ball, R., & Ranieri, W. F. (1996). Comparison of Beck Depression Inventories-IA and-II in psychiatric outpatients. Journal of Personality Assessment, 67(3), 588-597.
    Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Carbin, M. G. (1988). Psychometric properties of the Beck Depression Inventory: Twenty-five years of evaluation. Clinical psychology review, 8(1), 77-100.
    Beck, A. T., Ward, C. H., Mendelson, M., Mock, J., & Erbaugh, J. (1961). An inventory for measuring depression. Archives of general psychiatry, 4(6), 561-571.
    Benazon, N. R., & Coyne, J. C. (2000). Living with a depressed spouse. Journal of Family Psychology, 14(1), 71.
    Berenson, K. R., Gyurak, A., Ayduk, O., Downey, G., Garner, M. J., Mogg, K., Bradley, B.P., Pine, D. S. (2009). Rejection sensitivity and disruption of attention by social threat cues. Journal of Research in Personality, 43(6), 1064-1072.
    Berkowitz, L. (1989). Frustration-aggression hypothesis: examination and reformulation. Psychological bulletin, 106(1), 59-73.
    Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment amd loss: Vol. 1. Attachment. New York: Basic Books.
    Bowlby, J. (1973). Attachment and loss: Vol.2. Separation. New York: Basic Books.
    Braet, C., Vlierberghe, L. V., Vandevivere, E., Theuwis, L., & Bosmans, G. (2013). Depression in Early, middle and late adolescence: differential evidence for the cognitive diathesis-stress model. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 20(5), 369-383.
    Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The ecology of human development. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
    Burchill, S. L., & Stiles, W. B. (1988). Interactions of depressed college students with their roommates: Not necessarily negative. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55(3), 410-410.
    Buss, A. H. (1961). The psychology of aggression. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons.
    Buss, A. H., & Durkee, A. (1957). An inventory for assessing different kinds of hostility. Journal of consulting psychology, 21(4), 343-349.
    Cantwell, D. P., & Baker, L. (1991). Manifestations of depressive affect in adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 20(2), 121-133.
    Cardi, V., Di Matteo, R., Corfield, F., & Treasure, J. (2013). Social reward and rejection sensitivity in eating disorders: An investigation of attentional bias and early experiences. World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 14(8), 622-633.
    Chan, W., & Mendoza-Denton, R. (2008). Status-based rejection sensitivity among Asian Americans: Implications for psychological distress. Journal of personality, 76(5), 1317-1346.
    Cheung, M.-P., Gilbert, P., & Irons, C. (2004). An exploration of shame, social rank and rumination in relation to depression. Personality and Individual Differences, 36(5), 1143-1153.
    Chow, D. S.-K., Au, E. W. M., & Chiu, C.-Y. (2008). Predicting the psychological health of older adults: Interaction of age-based rejection sensitivity and discriminative facility. Journal of Research in Personality, 42(1), 169-182.
    Cole, D. A. (1989). Psychopathology of adolescent suicide: Hopelessness, coping beliefs, and depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 98(3), 248-255.
    Cook, W. W., & Medley, D. M. (1954). Proposed hostility and pharisaic-virtue scales for the MMPI. Journal of Applied Psychology, 38(6), 414-418.
    Coyne, J. C. (1976a). Depression and the response of others. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 85(2), 186-193.
    Coyne, J. C. (1976b). Toward an interactional description of depression. Psychiatry: Journal for the Study of Interpersonal Processes, 39(1), 28-40.
    Coyne, J. C., & Gotlib, I. H. (1983). The role of cognition in depression: A critical appraisal. Psychological bulletin, 94(3), 472-505.
    Coyne, J. C., Kessler, R. C., Tal, M., Turnbull, J., Wortman, C. B., & Greden, J. F. (1987). Living with a depressed person. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology, 55(3), 347-352.
    DeLongis, A., Coyne, J. C., Dakof, G., Folkman, S., & Lazarus, R. S. (1982). Relationship of daily hassles, uplifts, and major life events to health status. Health Psychology, 1(2), 119-136.
    Dembroski, T. M., MacDougall, J. M., Williams, R. B., Haney, T. L., & Blumenthal, J. A. (1985). Components of Type A, hostility, and anger-in: Relationship to angiographic findings. Psychosomatic Medicine, 47(3), 219-233.
    Dollard, J., Miller, N. E., Doob, L. W., Mowrer, O. H., & Sears, R. R. (1939). Frustration and aggression. New Haven: Yale University Press
    Downey, G., & Feldman, S. (1996). Implications of rejection sensitivity for intimate relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70(6), 1327-1343.
    Downey, G., Feldman, S., & Ayduk, O. (2000). Rejection sensitivity and male violence in romantic relationships. Personal Relationships, 7(1), 45-61.
    Downey, G., Freitas, A. L., Michaelis, B., & Khouri, H. (1998). The self-fulfilling prophecy in close relationships: Rejection sensitivity and rejection by romantic partners. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75(2), 545-560.
    Downey, G., Lebolt, A., Rincón, C., & Freitas, A. L. (1998). Rejection sensitivity and children's interpersonal difficulties. Child Development, 69(4), 1074-1091.
    Downey, G., Mougios, V., Ayduk, O., London, B. E., & Shoda, Y. (2004). Rejection sensitivity and the defensive motivational system - Insights from the startle response to rejection cues. Psychological Science, 15(10), 668-673.
    Dozois, D. J., Dobson, K. S., & Ahnberg, J. L. (1998). A psychometric evaluation of the Beck Depression Inventory-II. Psychological assessment, 10(2), 83-89.
    Eberhart, N. K., & Hammen, C. L. (2010). Interpersonal style, stress, and depression: An examination of transactional and diathesis-stress models. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 29(1), 23-38.
    Ehnvall, A., Mitchell, P. B., Hadzi-Pavlovic, D., Loo, C., Breakspear, M., Wright, A., Roberts, G., Frankalnd, A., Corry, J. (2011). Pain and rejection sensitivity in bipolar depression. Bipolar Disorders, 13(1), 59-66.
    Ehnvall, A., Mitchell, P. B., Hadzi-Pavlovic, D., Parker, G., Frankland, A., Loo, C., Breaksper, M., Wright, A., Roberts, G., Lau, P., Perich, T. (2014). Rejection sensitivity and pain in bipolar versus unipolar depression. Bipolar Disorders, 16(2), 190-198.
    Everson-Rose, S. A., Roetker, N. S., Lutsey, P. L., Kershaw, K. N., Longstreth, W., Sacco, R. L., Roux, V.D., Alonso, A. (2014). Chronic stress, depressive symptoms, anger, hostility, and risk of stroke and transient ischemic attack in the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. Stroke, 45(8), 2318-2323.
    Fang, A., Asnaani, A., Gutner, C., Cook, C., Wilhelm, S., & Hofmann, S. G. (2011). Rejection sensitivity mediates the relationship between social anxiety and body dysmorphic concerns. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 25(7), 946-949.
    Feldman, S., & Downey, G. (1994). Rejection sensitivity as a mediator of the impact of childhood exposure to family violence on adult attachment behavior. Development and Psychopathology, 6(1), 231-247.
    Freud, S. (1917). Mourning and melancholia. Standard edition, 14(239), 1957-1961.
    Hammen, C. (1991). Generation of stress in the course of unipolar depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100(4), 555-561.
    Hardy, J. D., & Smith, T. W. (1988). Cynical hostility and vulnerability to disease: Social support, life stress, and physiological response to conflict. Health Psychology, 7(5), 447-459.
    Harper, M. S., Dickson, J. W., & Welsh, D. P. (2006). Self-silencing and rejection sensitivity in adolescent romantic relationships. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 35(3), 435-443. Hawkley, L. C., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2010). Loneliness matters: a theoretical and empirical review of consequences and mechanisms. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 40(2), 218-227.
    Hazan, C., & Shaver, P. (1987). Romantic love conceptualized as an attachment process. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52(3), 511-524.
    Hearn, M. D., Murray, D. M., & Luepker, R. V. (1989). Hostility, coronary heart disease, and total mortality: a 33-year follow-up study of university students. Journal of behavioral medicine, 12(2), 105-121.
    Horney, K. (1937). The neurotic personality of our time. New York: WW Norton & Company.
    James, W. (1950). The principles of psychology. New York: Dover Publications.
    Joiner, T. E., Alfano, M. S., & Metalsky, G. I. (1992). When depression breeds contempt: reassurance seeking, self-esteem, and rejection of depressed college students by their roommates. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 101(1), 165-173.
    Joiner, T. E., & Metalsky, G. I. (1995). A prospective test of an integrative interpersonal theory of depression: A naturalistic study of college roommates. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69(4), 778-788.
    Kang, S. K., & Chasteen, A. L. (2009). The development and validation of the Age-Based Rejection Sensitivity Questionnaire. The Gerontologist, 49(3), 303-316.
    King, D. A., & Heller, K. (1984). Depression and the response of others: A re-evaluation. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 93(4), 477-480.
    Kross, E., Egner, T., Ochsner, K., Hirsch, J., & Downey, G. (2007). Neural dynamics of rejection sensitivity. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 19(6), 945-956.
    Lang, P. J., Bradley, M. M., & Cuthbert, B. N. (1990). Emotion, attention, and the startle reflex. Psychological review, 97(3), 377-395.
    Leary, M. R., Koch, E. J., & Hechenbleikner, N. R. (2001). Emotional responses to interpersonal rejection. In M. R. Leary (Ed.), Interpersonal rejection (pp. 145-166). New York: Oxford University Press
    Leary, M. R., Twenge, J. M., & Quinlivan, E. (2006). Interpersonal rejection as a determinant of anger and aggression. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 10(2), 111-132.
    Leon, G. R., Finn, S. E., Murray, D., & Bailey, J. M. (1988). Inability to predict cardiovascular disease from hostility scores or MMPI items related to type A behavior. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology, 56(4), 597-600.
    Levy, S., Aydck, O., & Downey, G. (2001). The Role of Rejection Sensitivity in People's Relationships with Significant. In M. R. Leary (Ed.), Interpersonal rejection (pp. 251-289). New York: Oxford University Press
    Lewinsohn, P. M., Duncan, E. M., Stanton, A. K., & Hautzinger, M. (1986). Age at first onset for nonbipolar depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 95(4), 378-383.
    Liu, R. T., Kraines, M. A., Massing-Schaffer, M., & Alloy, L. B. (2014). Rejection Sensitivity and Depression: Mediation by Stress Generation. Psychiatry-Interpersonal and Biological Processes, 77(1), 86-97.
    London, B., Downey, G., Romero-Canyas, R., Rattan, A., & Tyson, D. (2012). Gender-based rejection sensitivity and academic self-silencing in women. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 102(5), 961-979.
    Magaro, M. M., & Weisz, J. R. (2006). Perceived control mediates the relation between parental rejection and youth depression. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 34(6), 863-872.
    McCranie, E. W., Watkins, L. O., Brandsma, J. M., & Sisson, B. D. (1986). Hostility, coronary heart disease (CHD) incidence, and total mortality: lack of association in a 25-year follow-up study of 478 physicians. Journal of behavioral medicine, 9(2), 119-125.
    McNiel, D. E., Arkowitz, H. S., & Pritchard, B. E. (1987). The response of others to face-to-face interaction with depressed patients. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 96(4), 341-344.
    Mellin, E. A. (2008). Rejection sensitivity and college student depression: Findings and implications for counseling. Journal of College Counseling, 11(1), 32-41.
    Mendoza-Denton, R., Downey, G., Purdie, V. J., Davis, A., & Pietrzak, J. (2002). Sensitivity to status-based rejection: Implications for African American students' college experience. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83(4), 896-918.
    Meng, X. L., Rosenthal, R., & Rubin, D. B. (1992). Comparing correlated correlation coefficients. Psychological bulletin, 111(1), 172-175.
    Merton, R. K. (1948). The self-fulfilling prophecy. The Antioch Review, 8(2), 193-210.
    Miano, A., Fertuck, E. A., Arntz, A., & Stanley, B. (2013). Rejection sensitivity is a mediator between borderline personality disorder features and facial trust appraisal. Journal of Personality Disorders, 27(4), 442-456.
    Mischel, W., & Shoda, Y. (1995). A cognitive-affective system theory of personality: reconceptualizing situations, dispositions, dynamics, and invariance in personality structure. Psychological review, 102(2), 246-268.
    National Institute of Mental Halth [NIMH] (2012). Major Depression Among Adults. Available: http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/major-depression-among-adults.shtml. Accessed: Dec 22, 2014
    Nesdale, D., Zimmer‐Gembeck, M. J., & Roxburgh, N. (2014). Peer group rejection in childhood: Effects of rejection ambiguity, rejection sensitivity, and social acumen. Journal of Social Issues, 70(1), 12-28.
    Ng, T. H., & Johnson, S. L. (2013). Rejection sensitivity is associated with quality of life, psychosocial outcome, and the course of depression in euthymic patients with bipolar I disorder. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 37(6), 1169-1178.
    Nolan, S. A., Flynn, C., & Garber, J. (2003). Prospective relations between rejection and depression in young adolescents. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85(4), 745-755.
    Pope, M. K., Smith, T. W., & Rhodewalt, F. (1990). Cognitive, behavioral, and affective correlates of the Cook and Medley Hostility Scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 54(3-4), 501-514.
    Powch, I. G., & Houston, B. K. (1996). Hostility, anger-in, and cardiovascular reactivity in White women. Health Psychology, 15(3), 200-208.
    Ramirez, J. M., & Andreu, J. M. (2008). The main symptoms of the AHA-syndrome: relationships between anger, hostility, and aggression in a normal population. In S. Y. Bhave & S. Saini (Ed.), The AHA-syndrome and cardiovascular diseases (pp. 16-29). New Delhi: Anamaya Publishers.
    Romero-Canyas, R., Downey, G., Berenson, K., Ayduk, O., & Kang, N. J. (2010). Rejection Sensitivity and the Rejection-Hostility Link in Romantic Relationships. Journal of Personality, 78(1), 119-148.
    Sallis, J. F., Johnson, C. C., Trevorrow, T. R., Kaplan, R. M., & Hovell, M. F. (1987). The relationship between cynical hostility and blood pressure reactivity. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 31(1), 111-116.
    Schachter, S., & Singer, J. (1962). Cognitive, social, and physiological determinants of emotional state. Psychological review, 69(5), 379-399.
    Scharf, M., Oshri, A., Eshkol, V., & Pilowsky, T. (2014). Adolescents’ ADHD symptoms and adjustment: The role of attachment and rejection sensitivity. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 84(2), 209-217.
    Shekelle, R. B., Gale, M., Ostfeld, A. M., & Paul, O. (1983). Hostility, risk of coronary heart disease, and mortality. Psychosomatic Medicine, 45(2), 109-114.
    Silk, J. S., Siegle, G. J., Lee, K. H., Nelson, E. E., Stroud, L. R., & Dahl, R. E. (2013). Increased neural response to peer rejection associated with adolescent depression and pubertal development. Social cognitive and affective neuroscience, 9(11), 1798-1897.
    Smith, M. A., & Houston, B. K. (1987). Hostility, anger expression, cardiovascular responsivity, and social support. Biological Psychology, 24(1), 39-48.
    Smith, T. W., & Allred, K. D. (1989). Blood-pressure responses during social interaction in high-and low-cynically hostile males. Journal of behavioral medicine, 12(2), 135-143.
    Smith, T. W., & Frohm, K. D. (1985). What's so unhealthy about hostility? Construct validity and psychosocial correlates of the Cook and Medley Ho scale. Health Psychology, 4(6), 503-520.
    Smith, T. W., & Gallo, L. G. (1999). Hostility and cardiovascular reactivity during marital interaction. Psychosomatic Medicine, 61(4), 436-445.
    Smith, T. W., Pope, M. K., Sanders, J. D., Allred, K. D., & O'Keeffe, J. L. (1988). Cynical hostility at home and work: Psychosocial vulnerability across domains. Journal of Research in Personality, 22(4), 525-548.
    Smith, T. W., Sanders, J. D., & Alexander, J. F. (1990). What does the Cook and Medley Hostility scale measure? Affect, behavior, and attributions in the marital context. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58(4), 699-708.
    Sorenson, S. B., Rutter, C. M., & Aneshensel, C. S. (1991). Depression in the community: An investigation into age of onset. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology, 59(4), 541-546.
    Spielberger, C. D., Johnson, E. H., Russell, S. F., Crane, R. J., Jacobs, G. A., & Worden, T. J. (1985). The experience and expression of anger: Construction and validation of an anger expression scale. In M. A. Chesney & R. H. Rosenman (Ed.), Anger and hostility in cardiovascular and behavioral disorders (pp. 5-30). Washington: Hemisphere.
    Sprinkle, S. D., Lurie, D., Insko, S. L., Atkinson, G., Jones, G. L., Logan, A. R., & Bissada, N. N. (2002). Criterion validity, severity cut scores, and test-retest reliability of the Beck Depression Inventory-II in a university counseling center sample. Journal of counseling psychology, 49(3), 381-385.
    Staebler, K., Helbing, E., Rosenbach, C., & Renneberg, B. (2011). Rejection Sensitivity and Borderline Personality Disorder. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 18(4), 275-283.
    Suarez, E. C., Harlan, E., Peoples, M. C., & Williams, R. B. (1993). Cardiovascular and emotional responses in women: The role of hostility and harassment. Health Psychology, 12(6), 459-468.
    Suarez, E. C., & Williams, R. B. (1989). Situational determinants of cardiovascular and emotional reactivity in high and low hostile men. Psychosomatic Medicine, 51(4), 404-418.
    Vacha-Haase, T., & Thompson, B. (2004). How to estimate and interpret various effect sizes. Journal of counseling psychology, 51(4), 473-481.
    Wang, J., McDonald, K. L., Rubin, K. H., & Laursen, B. (2012). Peer rejection as a social antecedent to rejection sensitivity in youth: The role of relational valuation. Personality and Individual Differences, 53(7), 939-942.
    Watson, J., & Nesdale, D. (2012). Rejection sensitivity, social withdrawal, and loneliness in young adults. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 42(8), 1984-2005.
    Wei, M., Russell, D. W., & Zakalik, R. A. (2005). Adult attachment, social self-efficacy, self-disclosure, loneliness, and subsequent depression for freshman college students: A longitudinal study. Journal of counseling psychology, 52(4), 602-614.
    Williams, R. B., Haney, T. L., Lee, K. L., Blumenthal, J. A., & Whalen, R. E. (1980). Type A behavior, hostility, and coronary atherosclerosis. Psychosomatic Medicine, 42(6), 539-549.
    World Health Organization [WHO] (2001). Chapter 2: Burden of metal and behavioral disorders. The world health report 2001 - Mental Health: New Understanding, New Hope. Avaolable: http://www.who.int/whr/2001/chapter2/en/index4.html. Accessed: Nov 26, 2014
    Zimmer-Gembeck, M. J., & Nesdale, D. (2013). Anxious and angry rejection sensitivity, social withdrawal, and retribution in high and low ambiguous situations. Journal of personality, 81(1), 29-38.

    下載圖示
    QR CODE