中文摘要
本研究主要以Miunchin結構學派家庭治療理論為基礎，探討婚姻衝突、家庭界限、青少年子女適應三者之間的關係，以台北市七所國中一至三年級學生為研究對象，共計473名。本研究以問卷調查法進行資料蒐集，所使用的工具包括「婚姻衝突量表」、「家庭界限量表」與「柯氏性格量表」。調查所得資料以典型相關分析統計法進行資料分析。本研究的主要發現如下：
一、 婚姻衝突與家庭界限之關係
婚姻衝突各個向度構成的X組變項和家庭界限各向度構成的Y組變項之間有三組顯著的典型相關存在，其相關組型如下：
1. 第一個典型相關結構顯示，當父母婚姻衝突的次數愈多、強度愈強、衝突愈沒有得到解決、衝突的原因愈是穩定，則家人愈傾向不分享彼此的接觸時間、個人空間、情緒空間、訊息空間；代間階層性上，父母愈無法撫育與控制，聯盟與友伴關係愈差。
2. 第二個典型相關結構顯示，當父母婚姻衝突的次數愈多，則家人愈傾向分享彼此的接觸時間、情緒空間、訊息空間、決定空間；父母愈能撫育、控制，形成友伴關係，但愈不傾向聯盟。
3. 第三個典型相關結構顯示，當父母婚姻衝突的原因愈穩定，則家人愈傾向分享彼此的情緒空間；父母愈能撫育。
二、 家庭界限與子女適應之關係
家庭界限各個向度構成的X組變項和子女適應各向度構成的Y組變項之間有三組顯著的典型相關存在，其相關組型如下：
1. 第一個典型相關結構顯示，家人愈傾向分享彼此的接觸時間、個人空間、情緒空間、訊息空間；代間階層性上，父母愈能撫育、控制，愈傾向聯盟與友伴，則子女適應上愈正常、愈親群、愈不會有焦慮、自卑憂鬱及攻擊的不適應癥狀。
2. 第二個典型相關結構顯示，家人愈傾向分享彼此的情緒空間，父母愈能撫育、控制，則子女適應上愈正常、愈親群，但也愈有焦慮、自卑憂鬱的不適應傾向。
3. 第三個典型相關結構顯示，家人愈少分享彼此的決定空間，父母統愈不傾向形成聯盟與友伴的關係，則子女適應上愈正常，攻擊傾向愈強，但也愈不親群。
三、 婚姻衝突、家庭界限與子女適應之關係
婚姻衝突、家庭界限各個向度構成的X組變項和子女適應各向度構成的Y組變項之間有三組顯著的典型相關存在，其相關組型如下：
1. 第一個典型相關結構顯示，父母婚姻衝突次數愈多、強度愈強、衝突愈沒有得到解決、衝突的原因愈穩定；且家人愈少分享彼此的接觸時間、個人空間、情緒空間、訊息空間；父母愈無法撫育、控制，愈不傾向形成聯盟與友伴；則子女在適應上愈不正常、愈不親群、愈有焦慮、自卑憂鬱及攻擊的傾向。
2. 在第二個典型相關結構顯示，父母婚姻衝突結果愈得到解決；且家人愈能分享彼此的接觸時間、情緒空間、訊息空間，父母愈能撫育、控制，愈是友伴；則子女適應上，愈是正常、親群、愈是有焦慮的傾向。
3. 第三個典型相關結構顯示，在父母婚姻衝突愈獲得解決、原因愈穩定；且家人愈能分享彼此的決定空間，父母次系統愈是聯盟與友伴的關係；則子女適應上，愈是親群，並愈少有攻擊傾向。
最後根據本研究之結果進行討論，以作為婚姻與家庭治療、青少年輔導與未來進一步研究的建議。

Relationships among Marital Conflict, Family Boundaries
and Early Adolescent Adjustment
Hui-Wen Chen
Abstract
This study is based on Minuchin Structural approach family theory. The purpose of the study was to investigate the relationships among marital conflict, family boundaries, and early adolescent adjustment. The sample consisted of 473 students from seven junior high schools (ages 13-15) in Taipei. Instruments used in this study include “Marital Conflict Scales”, “Family Boundaries Scales”, and “KMHQ 1998”. Data obtained in this study were analyzed by canonical correlation analysis. The main findings were as follows:
1. The Relationships between Marital Conflict and Family Boundaries
Marital conflict was significantly related to family boundaries.
(1) The first canonical function indicated that when marital conflict is more frequent, more intense, more unresolved, and more stable, then the members of the family share less contact time, personal space, emotional space, information space, and the parents show less nurturance, less controlling of their children, and are less in alliance with and peers with each other.
(2) The second canonical function indicated that when marital conflict is more frequent, then the members of the family share more contact time, emotional space, information space, decision space, and the parents show more nurturance, controlling of their children more, and are more peers with but less in alliance with each other.
(3) The third canonical function indicated that when marital conflict is more stable, then the members of the family share more emotional space, and the parents show more nurture with their children.
2. The Relationships between Family Boundaries and Early Adolescent Adjustment
Family boundaries were significantly related to early adolescent adjustment.
(1) The first canonical function indicated that when the members of the family have less contact time, personal space, emotional space, information space, and the parents are less nurturing, control their children, have less in alliance with, peers with each other, then the early adolescent is less normal, less close to peers, but more anxious, depressed, and aggressive.
(2) The second canonical function indicated that when the members of the family share more emotional space, and the parents were more nurturing and more controlling their children, then the early adolescent is more normal, more closed to peers, more anxious, and more depressed.
(3) The third canonical function indicated that when the members of the family share less decision space, and the parents are less in alliance with, peers with each other, then the early adolescent is more normal and aggressive, but less close to peers.
3. The Relationships among Marital Conflict, Family Boundaries and Early Adolescent Adjustment
Marital conflict, family boundaries were significantly related to early adolescent adjustment.
(1) The first canonical function indicated that when marital conflict is more frequent, more intensive, more unresolved, and more stable, as well as the members of the family share less contact time, personal space, emotional space, information space, and the parents are less nurturing, less controlling of their children, and are less in alliance with and peers with each other, then the early adolescent is less normal, less close to peers, but more anxious, depressed, and aggressive.
(2) The second canonical function indicated that when marital conflict is more resolved, as well as the members of the family share more contact time, emotional space, and information space, and the parents are more nurturing, less controlling of their children, and are more peers with each other, then the early adolescent is more normal, more close to peers, and more anxious.
(3) The third canonical function indicated that when marital conflict is more resolved and stable, as well as the members of the family share more decision space, and the parents are more in alliance with and peers with each other, then the early adolescent is more close to peers and less aggressive.
Based on the results, implication of the study for marriage and family therapy, counseling and guidance of adolescents and suggestion for the future research were proposed as well.

參考文獻
一、 中文部分
王大維 (民84)：從Minuchin的結構家族治療理論談家庭系統中的權力關係。諮商與輔導，115期，5-10頁。
王大維 (民85)：家庭系統分化與大學生的心理社會發展之關係研究。國立彰化師範大學輔導研究所，碩士論文。
王美芬 (民82)：單親青少年休閒狀況之調查研究。國立彰化師範大學輔導研究所，碩士論文。
王德琳 (民83)：繼親家庭父母管教方式對國中生自我概念與偏差行為影響之比較研究。私立中國文化大學家政研究所，碩士論文。
王鍾和 (民82)：家庭結構、父母管教方式與子女行為表現。國立政治大學教育研究所，博士論文。
王鍾和 (民84)：家庭結構、父母管教方式、子女滿意與青少年行為表現。教育部訓委會八十三年度專案研究計畫。
王嚮蕾 (民83)：原生家庭父母自我分化與青少年自我分化、焦慮之相關研究。國立台灣師範大學教育心理與輔導研究所，碩士論文。
台北市少年輔導委員會 (民89)：少年新聞一二三，安全防線您我他。台北市政府新聞稿，中華民國八十九年四月六日。
朱崑中 (民85)：青少年所知覺的親子溝通與自我觀念、生活適應之相關研究。國立彰化師範大學輔導研究所，碩士論文。
江睿霞 (民83)：父母婚姻衝突對兒童生活適應之影響。國立政治大學教育研究所，碩士論文。
何詠俞 (民82)：不同家庭結構中父母管教方式對子女自尊心與偏差行為之影響研究。私立中國文化大學家政研究所，碩士論文。
余德慧 (民77)：中國人的父母經—黏結與親情。台北：張老師出版社。
余德慧 (民81)：中國人的人際痛苦。中國人中國心。台北：遠流出版社。
余德慧、蔡怡佳 (民85)：親子「離合」關係與離家問題。高師輔導刊，1期，1-29頁。
利翠珊 (民88a)：家庭心理學的系統觀點與研究。應用心理學研究，2期，21-39頁。
利翠珊 (民88b)：理論、研究、實務的對話與反思：再論家庭心理學系統思維觀點。應用心理學研究，3期，23-28頁。
吳永裕 (民85)：單親兒童之親子關係、行為困擾與學習適應之研究。國立台北師範學院國民教育研究所，碩士論文。
吳佳玲 (民84)：家庭結構、親子互動關係與青少年子女行為表現之研究—繼親家庭與生親家庭之比較。私立中國文化大學家政研究所，碩士論文。
吳虹妮 (民88)：單、雙親家庭青少年知覺父母衝突、親子關係與其生活適應之相關研究。國立彰化師範大學輔導研究所，碩士論文。
吳就君 (民80)：家族治療入門。台北：大洋出版社。
吳就君譯 (民81)：如何接觸。台北：時報出版社。
吳麗娟 (民86a)：「個體化」、「自我分化」的另一端—談「共依附」的意義與內涵。諮商與輔導，144期，33-37頁。
吳麗娟 (民86b)：「共依附」的特質與治療。測驗與輔導，145期，3011-3014頁。
吳麗娟 (民86c)：青少年心理發展與適應之整合性研究—父母自我分化、教養態度對青少年子女自我分化、因應策略及適應之影響研究暨親職教育課程效果之實驗研究(I)。國科會研究。
吳麗娟 (民87a)：父母自我分化、教養態度對青少年子女自我分化、因應策略與適應影響之研究。教育心理學報，30卷，1期，91-132頁。
吳麗娟 (民87b)：「共依附」父母特質與其對孩子的影響。諮商與輔導，154期，12-19頁。
吳麗娟 (民87c)：唯有放下他人，才能釋放自己—談「共依附」的治療模式。諮商與輔導，145期，18-23頁。
吳麗娟 (民88)：「共依附」父母的親職教育：放下孩子，釋放自己。諮商與輔導，157期，17-23頁。
吳麗娟 (民89a)：個人諮商理論在親職教育上的應用--「理情U型自尊輔導模式」親職教育課程內涵及其發展之研究。審稿中。
吳麗娟 (民89b)：「理情U型自尊輔導模式」親職教育課程對國中家長教養態度、親子關係及其子女之自我態度、其所知覺之母親教養方式之效果研究。撰稿中。
宋維村、劉可屏 (民76)：家庭類型與家人健康的關係。國科會研究。
李月櫻 (民83)：親子關係與青少年竊盜行為之研究。私立東海大學社會工作研究所，碩士論文。
李盈萱 (民84)：父母管教態度與青少年自我概念—以台北市國、高中生為例。國立台灣大學社會學研究所，碩士論文。
李雪禎 (民85)：青少年的情緒經驗與父母教養方式之分析研究。國立高雄師範大學輔導學研究所，碩士論文。
李維榕 (民89)：一位諮商師，四種文化—在大中國地區做家庭諮商。結構學派家庭治療家庭希望工程研習手冊。台北：呂旭立文教基金會。
沈彩梅 (民83)：青少年家庭功能、職業自我概念與生涯發展之相關研究。國立台灣師範大學教育心理與輔導研究所，碩士論文。
沈慶鴻 (民86)：婚姻暴力代間傳遞之分析研究。國立彰化師範大學輔導研究所博士論文。
林月琴 (民80)：繼親家庭親子關係與子女生活適應、友伴關係之研究。私立中國文化大學家政研究所，碩士論文。
林美娟 (民87)：兒童知覺雙親婚姻衝突對其生活適應影響之歷程研究。國立政治大學心理研究所，碩士論文。
柯永河 (民86)：修訂後之柯氏性格量表(KMHQ 1996)內容，信效度常模及其使用說明。測驗年刊，44輯，1期，3-28頁。
柯永河 (民87)：柯氏性格量表修訂版(KMHQ 1998)指導手冊。台北：中國行為科學出版社。
孫毓英 (民75)：親子互動模式與青少年社會關係之研究。私立中國文大學兒童福利研究所，碩士論文。
栗珍鳳 (民88)：大學生自我分化與心理社會發展之相關研究。國立台灣師範大學教育心理與輔導研究所，碩士論文。
高明薇 (民85)：高中、職學生自我分化與因應方式、心理健康關係之研究。國立台灣師範大學教育心理與輔導研究所，碩士論文。
張虹雯 (民88)：父母爭吵時的三角關係運作與兒童行為問題之相關研究。國立彰化師範大學輔導研究所，碩士論文。
張娟鳳 (民74)：母親教養方式與兒童勝任及自我能力評估。國立台灣師範大學教育心理與輔導研究所，碩士論文。
張寶珠 (民82)：從家庭治療理論看子女管教問題。諮商與輔導，92期，9-14頁。
許惠瑾 (民73)：家庭內聚型態與兒童自尊、行為困擾及性別角色之相關研究。私立中國文化大學家政研究所，碩士論文。
許瑛玿 (民83)：國小兒童的A型傾向與母親教養方式之相關研究。國立彰化師範大學輔導研究所，碩士論文。
許筱梅 (民84)：青少年知覺父母教養方式與其情緒穩定之相關研究。國立彰化師範大學輔導研究所，碩士論文。
陳一惠 (民87)：父母婚姻關係、兒童性別角色與兒童人際關係之相關研究。私立中國文化大學兒童福利研究所，碩士論文。
陳文卿 (民87)：青少年自殺意念與家庭功能、無望感之相關研究。國立彰化師範大學輔導研究所，碩士論文。
陳麗英 (民84)：家庭功能的評估。中華心理衛生學刊，8卷3期，31-44頁。
曾端真 (民80)：婚姻與家族治療。台北：天馬出版社。
曾端真 (民87)：從家庭結構觀點論親職功能。測驗與輔導，151期，3128-3131頁。
程秀蘭 (民88)：大學生知覺父母權威性與其生氣歷程、憂鬱傾向之相關研究。國立台灣師範大學教育心理與輔導研究所，碩士論文。
黃光國 (民88)：知其短，守其長：論「系統思維」的特色與限制。應用心理研究，3期，1-8頁。
黃宗堅 (民88)：家庭系統的測量與應用。應用心理學研究，2期，83-108頁。
黃慧芬 (民88)：子女知覺父母了解、關係性自我及自尊之相關研究。國立彰化師範大學輔導研究所，碩士論文。
楊金滿 (民84)：家庭互動關係與青少年自我統合發展之研究。私立中國文化大學兒童福利研究所，碩士論文。
楊連謙、董秀珠 (民86)：結構—策略取向家庭治療。台北：心理出版社。
楊雅雯 (民83)：家庭結構、父母教養方式對青少年個人適應、社會適應及異性交友行為影響的比較研究—生親與單親家庭之比較。私立中國文化大學家政研究所，碩士論文。
葉光輝 (民88a)：家庭心理學：系統思維觀點的探討與應用。應用心理研究，2期，19-20頁。
葉光輝 (民88b)：家庭文化類型：以共同親職三角關係的探討為例。中央研究院民族研究所主辦小型專題研究會系列(五)—家庭心理學：系統觀點的探討與應用(II)，宣讀之論文。
葉光輝 (民88c)：家庭中的循環性衝突。應用心理學研究，2期，41-82頁。
葉光輝、孫世維、利翠珊、趙淑珠 (民86)：家庭心理學的開展與研究特點。中華心理衛生學刊，10卷，2期，19-43頁。
葉明華、楊國樞 (民86)：中國人的家族主義：概念分析與實徵衡鑑。中央研究院民族學研究所集刊，83期，169-225頁。
詹美涓 (民81)：父母支持與青少年自我價值之相關研究。國立台灣師範大學家政教育研究所，碩士論文。
賈紅鶯 (民80)：父母自我分化、子女自我分化與子女適應水準關係之研究：Bowen家庭系統理論之驗證。國立台灣師範大學教育心理與輔導研究所，碩士論文。
賈紅鶯 (民84)：青少年的自我分化及其在輔導上的應用—家庭系統取向。諮商與輔導，119期，25-29頁。
賈浩妃 (民87)：祖父母協助托育孫子女的決定過程—運用家族治療中結構學派的分析。國立台灣師範大學教育心理與輔導研究所，碩士論文。
劉惠琴 (民88)：庖丁解牛，道乎?技乎?。應用心理研究，3期，10-15頁。
劉惠琴 (民89)：辯證的歷程觀點看夫妻衝突。本土心理學研究期刊，9期，付印中。
劉蓉果 (民87)：子女知覺父母婚姻衝突對其適應發展的影響。國立台灣大學心理學研究所，碩士論文。
歐陽儀 (民87)：教養方式與依附關係代間傳遞模式之研究。國立台灣師範大學教育心理與輔導研究所，碩士論文。
蔡秀玲 (民86)：大學男女學生依附關係、個體化與適應之相關研究。國立台灣師範大學教育心理與輔導研究所，碩士論文。
蕭舒玉 (民86)：台北市單親家庭國中生同儕人際關係與性別角色態度之研究—與雙親家庭作比較。國立暨南大學社會政策與社會工作研究所，碩士論文。
賴自強 (民87)：兒童知覺雙親衝突對其自我概念影響之研究。私立中國文化大學兒童福利研究所，碩士論文。
羅國英 (民84)：家庭研究中的測量問題：文獻探討。東吳社會工作學報，1卷，37-90頁。
二、 英文部分
Ainsworth, M. D. S. (1989). Attachment beyond infancy. American Psychologist, 44(4), 709-716.
Anderson, S. A., & Sabatelli, R. M. (1990). Differentiating differ-intiation and individuation: Conceptual and operation challenges. Special Issues: Marital and family measurement. American Journal of Family Therapy, 18(1), 32-50.
Baumrind, D. (1971). Current patterns of parental authority. Developmental Psychology Monographs, 4, 1-103.
Baumrind, D. (1989). Rearing competent children. In W. Damon (Ed.), Child development today and tomorrow. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Beavers, W. R., Hampson, R. B., & Hulgus, Y. F. (1985). Commentary: The Beavers Systems Approach to Family Assessment. Family Process, 24,398-408.
Bell, L. G., & Bell, D. C. (1982). Triangulation: Pitfall for the developing child. Psychodrama & Sociometry, 32, 150-155.
Bloom, B. L. (1985). A factor analysis of self-report measures of family functioning. Family Process, 24, 225-239.
Bowen, M. (1978). Family therapy in clinical practice. New York: Basic Books.
Brody, G. H., Pillegrini, A. D., & Sigel, I. E. (1986). Marital quality and mother-child and father-child interactions with school-aged children. Developmental Psychology, 22, 291-296.
Brown, B. B., Mounts, N., Lamborn, S. D., & Steinberg, L. (1993). Parenting practices and peer group affiliation in adolescence. Child Development, 64, 467-482.
Buri, J. R. (1991). Parental authority questionnaire. Journal of Personality Assessment, 57(1), 110-119.
Camasso, M. J., & Geismar, L. L. (1992). A multivariate approach to construct reliability and validity assessment: The case of family functioning. Social Work Research and Abstracts, 28(4), 16-26.
Carter, B., & McGoldrick, M. (1989). The changing family life cycle: A framework for family therapy(2nd ed.). MA: Allyn and Bacon.
Chao, R. (1994). Beyond parental control and authoritarian parenting style: Understanding Chinese parenting through the cultural notion of training. Child Development, 65, 1111-1119.
Christensen, A., & Heavey, C. (1990). Gender and social structure in the demand/withdraw pattern of marital conflict. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59(1), 73-81.
Csikszentmibhlyi, M., & Larson, R. (1984). Being adolescent. New York: Basic Books.
Cummings, E. M., Ballard, M., El-Sheikh, M., & Lake, M. (1991). Resolution and children’s responses to interadult anger. Developmental Psychology, 27(3), 462-470.
Cummings, E. M., Simpson, K. S., & Wilson, A. (1993). Children’s responses to interadult anger as a function of information about resolution. Developmental Psychology, 29(6), 978-985.
Davies, P.T., & Cummings, E. M. (1994). Marital conflict and child adjustment: an emotional security hypothesis. Psychological Bulletin,116 (3), 387-411.
Dobson, J. E., & Dobson, R. L. (1985). The sandwich generation: Dealing with aging parents. Journal of Consulting and Development, 63, 572-574.
Easterbrooks, M. A., & Emde, R. N. (1988). Marital and parent-child relationships: The role of affect in the family system. In R. A. Hinde & J. S. Hinde (Eds.), Relationships with in families: Mutual influences(PP.83-103). NY: Oxford University Press.
Emery, R. E., & Fincham, F. D., & Cummings, E. M. (1992). Parenting in context: Systemic thinking about parental conflict and its influence on children. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 60(6), 909-912.
Engfer, A. (1988). The interrelatedness of marriage and the mother-child relationship. In R. A. Hinde & J. S. Hinde (Eds.), Relationships with in families: Mutual influences(PP.83-103). NY: Oxford University Press.
Epstein, N., Baldwin, L., & Bishop, S.(1983). The McMaster family assessment device. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 9,171-180.
Erel, O., & Burman, B. (1995). Interrelatedness of marital relations and parent-child relations: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 118, 108-132.
Fauber, R., & Long, N. (1991). Children in context: The role of the family in child psychotherapy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 59, 813-820.
Fauber, R., Forehand, R. Thomas, A. M., & Wierson, M. (1990). A mediational model of the impact of marital conflict on adolescent adjustment in intact and divorced families: The role of disrupted parenting. Child Development, 61, 1112-1123.
Feldman, S. S., Gowen, L. K., & Fisher, L. (1998). Family relationships and gender as predictors of romantic intimacy in young adults: A longitudinal study. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 8 (2), 263-286.
Fincham, F. D. (1994). Understanding the association between marital conflict and child adjustment: An overview. Journal of Family Psychology, 8, 123-127.
Fincham, F. D. (1998). Child development and marital relations. Child Development, 69(2), 543-574.
Fleming , W. M. & Anderson, S. A. (1986). Individuation from the family of origin and personal adjustment in late adolescence. Journal of marital and Family Therapy, 9(1), 89-99.
Fredman, N., & Sherman, R. (1987). Handbook of measurements for marriage and family therapy. New York: Brunner/ Mazel.
Gavazzi, S. M. (1993). The relation between family differentiation levels in families with adolescents and the severity of presenting problems. Family Relations, 42, 463-468.
Gavazzi, S. M., Anderson, S. A., & Sabatelli, M. (1993). Family differentiation, peer differentiation, and adolescent adjustment in a clinical sample. Journal of Adolescent Research, 8(2), 205-225.
Gjerde, P. F. (1986). The interpersonal structure of family interaction settings: Parent-adolescent relations in dyads and triads. Developmental Psychology, 22(3), 297-304.
Goldberg, W. A., & Easterbrooks, M. A. (1984). The role of marital quality in toddler development. Developmental Psychology, 20, 504-514.
Goldenberg, I., & Goldenberg, H. (1996). Family therapy: An overview. (4th ed.). New York: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company.翁樹澍/王大維(譯)(民88):家族治療理論與技術。台北：揚智出版社。
Gottman, J. M., & Krokoff, L. J. (1989). Marital interaction and satisfaction: A longitudinal view. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 57, 47-52.
Green, R. G., Harris, R. N., Forte, J. A. & Robinson, M. (1991). Evaluating FACES III and the Circumplex Modle: 2,440 Families. Family Process, 30, 55-73.
Green. R. G., & Vosler, N. R. (1992). Issues in the assessment of family practice: An empirical study. Journal of Social Serverice Reserarch, 15, 1-19.
Grych, J. H., & Fincham, F. D. (1990). Marital conflict and children’s adjustment: A cognitive-contextual framework. Psychology Bulletin, 108(2), 267-290.
Grych, J. H., & Fincham, F. D. (1993). Children’s appraisals of martial conflict: Initial investigations of the cognitive-contextual framework. Child Development, 64, 215-230.
Grych, J. H., Seid, M., & Fincham, F. D. (1992). Assessing Marital Conflict from the Child’s Perspective: The Children’s Perception of Inerparental Conflict Scale. Child Development, 63,558-572.
Handel, G. (1996). Family worlds and qualitatives family research: Emergence and prospects of whole-family methodology. Marriage and Family Review, 24, 335-348.
Harold, G. T., Fincham, F. D., Osborne, L., & Conger, R. D. (1997). Mom and Dad are at it again: Adolescent perceptions of marital conflict and adolescent psychological distress. Developmental Psychology, 33(2), 333-350.
Hayden, L. C., Schiller, M., Dickstein, S., Seifer. R., Sameroff, A., Miller, I., Keitner, G., & Rasmussen, S. (1998). Levels of family assessment: I. Family, marital and parent-child interaction. Journal of Family Psychology, 12(1), 7-22.
Henry, C. S., Sager, D. W., & Plunkett, S. W. (1996). Adolescents’ perceptions of family system characteristics, parent-adolescent dyadic behaviors, adolescent qualities, and adolescent empathy. Family Relations, 45, 283-292.
Holedn, G. W., & Ritchie, K. L. (1991). Linking extreme marital discord, child rearing, and behavior problems: Evidence from battered women. Child Development, 62, 311-327.
Howes, P., & Markman, H. (1989). Marital quality and child functioning: A longitudinal investigation. Child Development, 60, 1044-1051.
Huang, T. C. (1996). The relationship between Taiwanese early adolescents’ perceptions of family environment and their internalizing / externalizing problem: A test of a mediational model. University of Texas at Austin, Doctoral dissertation.
Jacobvitz, D. B., & Bush, N. F. (1996). Reconstructions of family relationship: Parent-child alliances, personal distress, and self-esteem. Developmental Psychology, 32(4), 732-743.
Johnston, J. R. (1990). Role diffusion and role reversal: Structural variations in divorced families and children’s functioning. Family Relations, 39, 405-413.
Jouriles, E. N., Murphy, C. M., Farries, A. M., Smith, D. A., Richters, J. E., & Waters, E. (1991). Marital adjustment, parental disagreements about child rearing, and behavior problems in boys ; Increasing the specificity of marital assessment. Child Development, 62, 1424-1433.
Katz, L. F., & Gottman, J. M. (1993). Patterns of marital conflict predict children’s internalizing and externalizing behaviors. Developmental Psychology, 29(6), 940-950.
Kerig, P. K. (1995). Triangles in the family circle: Effects of family structure on marriage, parenting, and child adjustment. Journal of Family Psychology, 9(1), 28-43.
Kerig, P. K. (1996). Assessing the links between interparental conflict and child adjustment: The conflicts and problem-solving scales. Journal of Family Psychology, 10(4), 454-473.
Kerig, P. K., Cowan, P. A., & Cowan, C. P. (1993). Marital quality ad gender differences in parent-child interaction. Developmental Psychology, 29, 931-939.
Kerr, M. E., & Bowen, M. (1988). Family evaluation: An approach based on Bowen theory. New York: W. W. Norton.
Koestner, R., Franz. C., & Weinberger, J. (1990). The family origins of empathic concern: A 26-year longitudinal study. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 709-717.
Kuhn, T. (1970). The structure of scientific revolutions. Chicago: the University of Chicago Press.程樹人、傅大為、王道還、錢永祥(譯)(民80)：科學革命的結構。台北：遠流出版社。
L’Abate, L. (1992). Family psychology and family therapy: comparisons and contrasts. The American Journal of Family Therapy, Vol.20, No.1.
Lamborn, S. D., Mounts, N. S., Steinberg, L., & Dornbusch, S. M. (1991). Patterns of competence and adjustment from authoritative, authoritarian, indulgent, and neglectful families. Child Development, 62, 1049-1065.
Liddle, H. A. (1992). Is there life for family psychology after family therapy ? Kaslow, F. W.(Ed.), Voices is family psychology, Vols 1 and 2. Contemporary Psychology, 37(9):917.
Lopez, L. F. G., Campbell, L. V. L., & Watkins, C. E. (1989). Effects of Martial Conflict and Family Coalition Patterns on College Student Adjustment. Journal of College Student Development, 30, 46-52.
Maccoby, E. E., & Martin, J. (1983). Socializaiton in the context of the family: Parent-child interaction. In P. H. Mussen & M. E. Heatherington (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology. Ny: John Wiley & Sons.
Margolies, P., & Weintraub, S. (1977). The revised 56-item CRPBI as a research instrument: Reliability and factor structure. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 33, 472-476.
Margolin, G. (1981). The reciprocal relationship between marital and child problems. In Vincent, J. P. (Ed.), Advances in Family Intervention, Assessment, and Theory (pp131-182). Greenwich, CT: JAI press.
Micucci, J. A. (1998). The adolescent in family therapy: Breaking the cycle of conflict and control. New York: The Guilford Press.
Minuchin, P. (1985). Families and individual development: provocations from the field of family therapy. Child Development, 56, 289-302.
Minuchin, P., Colapinto, J., & Minuchin, S. (1998). Working with families of the poor. NY: The Guilford Press.
Minuchin, S. (1974). Families and family therapy. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.劉瓊瑛(譯)(民85)：結構派家族治療入門，台北：心理出版社。
Minuchin, S., Rosman, B. L., & Baker, L. (1978). Psychosomatic families: Anorexia nervosa in context. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Nichols, M. P., & Schwartz, R. C. (1998). Family therapy: Concepts and methods. Boston: Ally & Bacon.
Noller, P., & Callan, B. (1986). Adolescent and parent perceptions of family cohesion and adaptability. Journal of Adolescence, 9, 97-106.
Olson, D. H. (1986). Circumplex model VII: Validation studies and FACES III. Family Process, 25, 337-351.
Olson, D. H. (1991). Three-dimensional circumplex model and revised scoring of FACES III. Family Process, 30, 74-79.
Olson, D. H., Russell, C. S., & Sprenkle, D. H. (1983). Circumplex model of marital and family Systems: VI. Theoretical update. Family Process, 22, 69-83.
Osborne, L. N., & Fincham, F. D. (1996). Marital conflict, parent-child relationships, and child adjustment: Does gender matter? Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 42, 48-75.
Papero, D. V. (1990). Bowen family systems theory. MA: Allyn and Bacon.
Perosa, L. M., & Perosa, S. L. (1990). The use of a bipolar item format for FACES III: A reconsideraton. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 16(2), 187-199.
Phillips, M. R., West, C. L., Shen, Q., & Zheng, Y. (1998). Comparision of schizophrenic patients’ families and normal families in China. Family Process, 37(1), 95-106.
Pinsof, W. M. (1992). Toward a scientific paradigm for family psychology: The integrative process systems perspective. Journal of Family Psychology, 5, 432-447.
Rubin, K. H., Bukowski, W., & Parken, J. G. (1998). Peer interactions, relationship, and groups. In W. Damon & N. Eisenberg (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology, Vol 3: Social, emotion, and personality development(PP619-700). New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Sabatelli, R. M., & Anderson, S. A. (1991). Family system dynamics, peer relationships, and adolescents’ psychological adjustment. Family Relations, 40, 363-369.
Satir, V., Banmen, J., Gerber, J., & Gomori, M. (1991). The Satir Model: Family Therapy and Beyond. CA: Science & Behavior Book, Inc.林沈明瑩、陳登義、楊蓓(譯)(民87)：薩提爾的家庭治療模式。台北：張老師出版社。
Sauber, S. R., L’Abate, L., Weeks, G. R., & Buchanan, W.L. (1993). The Dictionary of family psychology and family therapy (2nd ed.). CA: SAGE Publications, Inc.
Shifflett-Simpson, K., & Cummings, E. M. (1996). Mixed message resolution and children’s responses to interadult conflict. Child Deveolpment, 67, 437-448.
Small, S. A., & Eastman, G. (1991). Rearing adolescents in contemporary society: A conceptual framework for understanding the responsibilities and needs of parents. Family Relations, 40, 455-462.
Smith, D. A., Vivian, D., & O’Leary, K. D. (1990). Longitudinal prediction of marital discord from premarital expressions of affect. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 58, 790-798.
Steinberg, L., & Silverberg, S. (1986). The vicissitudes of autonomy in early adolescence. Child Development, 57, 841-851.
Steinberg, L., Mounts, N. S., Lamborn, S. D., & Dornbusch, S. M. (1990). Authoritative parenting and adolescent adjustment across varied ecological niches. (ERIC No. ED 324558).
Straus, M. A. (1979). Measuring intrafamily conflict and violence: The Conflict Tactics(CT) Scales. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 41, 75-85.
Teyber E. (1983b). Effects of the parental coalition on adolescent emancipation from the family. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 9(3), 305-310.
Teyber, E. (1983a). Structural familations: primary dyadic alliances and adolescent adjustment. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 9(1), 89-99.
Teyber, E. (2000). Interpersonal Process in Psychotherapy. Brooks/Cole Publishing Company.
Wilson, R. J., & Rohrbaugh, M. (1985). Family triangles and college student adjustment. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Eastern Psychological Association. (ERIC No. ED 262360).
Wood, B. (1981). Proximity and Hierarchy as Dimensions of Family Enmeshment. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Pennsylvania.
Wood, B. (1985). Proximity and Hierarchy: Orthogonal Dimensions of Family Interconnectedness. Family Process, 24, 487-507.
Wood, B. (1993). Beyond the “Psychosomatic Family”: A Biobehavioral family model of pediatric illness. Family Process, 32, 261-278.
Wood, B., & Talmon, M. (1983). Family boundaries in transition: A search for alternatives. Family Process, 22, 347-357.