夏爾˙勒布朗（Charles Le Brun, 1619–90年），身為法國國王路易十四（1654–1715年）的首席畫家及法國皇家繪畫與雕塑學院院長，是法國巴洛克時代早期古典藝術的縮影。本文的研究對象是他的一組聖家畫作，迄今為止受到的學術關注相對較少。這些畫作創作於17世紀中葉左右，勒布朗的學生克洛德三世˙尼維隆（Claude III Nivelon, 1648–1720年）在1690年代撰寫的傳記《勒布朗先生作品描述》中對其進行了記載。這些作品可被視為十七世紀法國廣泛流行聖家這一圖像主題的重要例證。
本研究的目的是運用圖像和風格分析的方法來研究這一特殊題材的風行程度。更廣泛而言，本文會以反宗教改革的背景分析這些作品的圖像，其在16世紀中葉後從羅馬傳播到歐洲的天主教國家。自此之後，為了符合特倫托大公會議（1545–63年）提出的要求，新的圖像題材受到推廣。夏爾˙勒布朗周圍流行的宗教和思想潮流便成了需要探討的對象。接下來，畫家創作靈感的來源也會受到探究。因此，將對文藝復興晚期至巴洛克早期的義大利、法國和佛蘭芒繪畫進行研究。而論文最後的部分將探討勒布朗對圖像學的獨特貢獻。

Charles Le Brun (1619–90), the premier painter to King Louis XIV of France (1654–1715) and the chancellor at the Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture in Paris, epitomized classical art during the early French Baroque era. The target of this thesis is a group of his representations of the Holy Family that have received relatively little scholarly attention to date. These paintings were created around the mid-seventeenth century and documented by Le Brun’s student Claude III Nivelon (1648–1720) in his biography Description des œuvres de Mr Le Brun composed in the 1690s. The works can be considered significant examples of the widespread popularity of the iconographic theme of the Holy Family in seventeenth-century France.
The aim of this study is to examine the popularity of this particular subject matter by applying iconographic and stylistic methods. More broadly, the iconography of the works will be analyzed in the context of the Counter-Reformation, which spread from Rome to the Catholic countries in Europe after the mid-sixteenth century. Since then, new iconographic subjects were promoted to meet the requirements outlined by the Council of Trent (1545–63). It will be necessary to explore the religious and intellectual currents prevalent in the entourage of Charles Le Brun. Next, an inquiry will be made into the sources from which the painter drew inspiration for his creations. To this end, an investigation into Italian, French, and Flemish paintings from the late Renaissance to early Baroque will be conducted. The distinctive contributions of Le Brun to the iconography constitute the final part of the thesis.

Bibliography
Printed Literature
Ainsworth, Maryan Wynn (ed.), Man, Myth, and Sensual Pleasures: Jan Gossart’s Renaissance: The Complete Works, New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2010
Bernardino of Siena, Sancti Bernardini Senensis, Ordinis Seraphici Minorum, Sermones eximii de Christo Domino, augustissimo eucharistiae Sacramento, Deipara Virgine, de tempore, necnon de Sanctis, vol. 4, Lyon: sumptibus Ioannis Antonii Huguetan, & Marci Antonii Ravaud, 1650
Blunt, Anthony, “The Early Work of Charles Lebrun–I,” in: The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs 85, 496, July, 1944, pp. 165–171, 173; and, “The Early Work of Charles Lebrun–II,” in: The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs 85, 497, August, 1944, pp. 186–194
Bonito, Virginia Anne, “The Saint Anne Altar in Sant’Agostino: Restoration and Interpretation,” in: The Burlington Magazine 124, no. 950, May, 1982, pp. 268–276
Brémond, Henri, Histoire littéraire du sentiment religieux en France depuis la fin des guerres de religion jusqu’à nos jours, vol. 2, L’Invasion mystique (1590–1620), Paris: Bloud et Gay, 1916
Brigstocke, Hugh, “Poussin, Nicolas,” in: Oxford Art Online, published in 2003, at: https://doi.org/10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.T069093
Crimando, Thomas I., “Two French Views of the Council of Trent,” in: The Sixteenth Century Journal 19, No. 2, Summer, 1988, pp. 169–186
Cropper, Elizabeth, and Charles Dempsey, Nicolas Poussin: Friendship and the Love of Painting, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996
Cummings, Frederick J., “A Poussin for Roccatagliata,” in: Bulletin of the Detroit Institute of Arts 49, No. 3/4, 1970, pp. 63–69
Currie, Christina (et al.), eds., Van Eyck Studies, Papers Presented at the Eighteenth Symposium for the Study of Underdrawing and Technology in Painting, Brussels, 19-21 September 2012, Paris, Leuven, Bristol: Peeters, 2017
De Montgolfier, Bernard, “Charles Le Brun et les confréries parisiennes, une œuvre méconnue de la jeunesse du maître: Saint Jean l’Évangéliste à la porte latine,” in: Gazette des Beaux-Arts pér. 6, 55, no. 1096–1097, May-June 1960, pp. 323–342
De Piles, Roger, Abrégé de la vie des peintres, avec des réflexions sur leurs ouvrages, et un traité du peintre parfait; de la connoissance des desseins; de l’utilité des estampes, ed. 2, Paris: Chez Jacques Estienne, 1715
De Saint-Victor, Jean-Baptiste, Tableau historique et pittoresque de Paris: depuis les Gaulois jusqu’à nos jours, vol. 2, part 2, Paris: Lesage, 1822
De Sales, Francis, Spiritual Conferences, Conference 19, “On the Virtue of Saint Joseph.” Here cited from: https://salesianliterature.wixsite.com/spirituality/copy-of-conferences-gasquet-18 (accessed on 2 October 2024)
De Voragine, Jacobus, The Golden Legend, transl. by William Granger Ryan, 2 vols., Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1993
Delapierre, Emmanuelle, Matthieu Gilles, and Hélène Portiglia, Rubens contre Poussin: La querelle du coloris dans la peinture française à la fin de XVIIe siècle, Brussels: Ludion, 2004
Dempsey, Charles G., “Poussin and Egypt,” in: The Art Bulletin 45, no. 2, Jun., 1963, pp. 109–119
Dezallier d’Argenville, Antoine-Joseph, Abrégé de la vie des plus fameux peintres, avec leurs portraits gravés en taille-douce, les indications de leurs principaux ouvrages, quelques réflexions sur leurs caractères, et la manière de connoître les desseins des grands maîtres, part 2, Paris: De Bure l’aîné, 1745
Dezallier d’Argenville, Antoine-Nicolas, Voyage pictoresque de Paris; ou indication de tout ce qu’il y a de plus beau dans cette grande ville en peinture, sculpture, & architecture, 1st edition, Paris: De Bure l’aîné, 1749 (3rd ed. 1757)
Dorival, Bernard, Philippe de Champaigne, 1602– 1674: la vie, l’œuvre, et le catalogue raisonné de l’œuvre, 2 vols., Paris: Laget, 1976
Dussieux, Louis [et al.], eds., Mémoires inédits sur la vie et les ouvrages des membres de l’Académie Royale de Peinture et de Sculpture, vol. 1, Paris: Dumoulin, 1854
Gady, Bénédicte, and Nicolas Milovanovic (eds.), Charles Le Brun (1619–1690), exhibition catalog, Lens: Musée du Louvre-Lens; Paris: Lienart, 2016
Gady, Bénédicte, L’ascension de Charles Le Brun – liens sociaux et production artistique, Paris: MSH Paris; Maison des sciences de l’homme, 2010
Gaisser, Julia Haig, “The Rise and Fall of Goritz’s Feasts,” in: Renaissance Quarterly 48, no. 1, Spring, 1995, pp. 41–57
Gareau, Michel, Charles Le Brun: First Painter to King Louis XIV, New York: H.N. Abrams, 1992
Gaume, Jean-Joseph, Le bénédicité au XIXe siècle, ou la religion dans la famille, Paris: Gaume et compagnie, 1878
Gibieuf, Guillaume, La vie et les grandeurs de la très-saincte vierge Marie, mère de Dieu, Paris: Joseph Cottereau, vol. 1, 1637
Giordano, Silvano, “Isolani, Isidoro,” in: Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani, vol. 62, Rome: Treccani, 2004; available online, https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/isidoro–isolani_(Dizionario–Biografico)/
Huchard, Viviane, “Jouin, Henry(-Auguste),” in: Oxford Art Online, published in 2003, at: https://doi.org/10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.T045231
Iribarren, Isabel, “The Cult of the Marriage of Joseph and Mary: the Shaping of Doctrinal Novelty in Jean Gerson’s Josephina (1414–17),” in: Antonia Fitzpatrick, John Sabapathy (eds.), Individuals and Institutions in Medieval Scholasticism, London: University of London Press, 2020
Isolani, Isidoro, Somme des dons de saint Joseph, 2 vols., 2nd ed., Avignon: Amédée Chaillot Editeur, 1861
Jouanny, Charles, Correspondance de Nicolas Poussin, publiés d’après les originaux, in: Archives de l’art français, recueil de documents inédits, nouvelle période, vol. 5, Paris: Jean Schemit, Libraire de la société de l’histoire de l’art français, 1911
Jouin, Henry, Charles Le Brun et les arts sous Louis XIV, 2 vols., Paris: Henri Laurens, 1889
Lavin, Marilyn Aronberg, Seventeenth-Century Barberini Documents and Inventories of Art, New York: New York University Press, 1975
Le Comte, Florent, Cabinet des singularitez d’architecture, peinture, sculpture, et gravure. Ou introduction à la connoissance des plus beaux arts, figurez sous les tableaux, les statues, & les estampes, vol. 3, ed. 1, Paris: Etienne Picart, Nicolas Le Clerc, 1700 (2nd ed., Bruxellles: Lambert Marchant, 1702)
Lenoir, Albert, Inventaire général des richesses d’art de la France. Archives du musée des monuments français, part 1, Paris: Librairie Plon, 1883
Lichtenstein, Jacqueline, and Christian Michel (eds.), Les Conférences au temps d’Henry Testelin, 1648–1681, Conférences de l’Académie royale de Peinture et de Sculpture, vol. 1, Paris: École Nationale Supérieure des Beaux-Arts, 2006
---, Les Conférences au temps de Guillet de Saint Georges 1682–1699, Conférences de l’Académie royale de Peinture et de Sculpture, vol. 2, Paris: École Nationale Supérieure des Beaux-Arts, 2008
Mâle, Émile, L’art religieux après le concile de Trente: étude sur l’iconographie de la fin du XVIe siècle, du XVIIe, du XVIIIe siècle: Italie, France, Espagne, Flandres, Paris: Librairie Armand Colin, 1932
McGrath, Anthony Charles Ormond, Books in Art: The Meaning and Significance of Images of Books in Italian Religious Painting 1250–1400, doctoral thesis, the University of Sussex, 2012
McGuire, Brian Patrick, Review of “Josephina by Jean Gerson and G. Matteo Roccati,” in: Speculum 79, no. 1, Jan., 2004, pp. 185–187
Melion, Walter S., and Lee Palmer Wandel (eds.), Image and Incarnation: the Early Modern Doctrine of the Pictorial Image, Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2015
Meyer zur Capellen, Jürg, Raphael—A Critical Catalogue of His Paintings, vol. 2: The Roman Religious Paintings, ca. 1508–1520, Landshut: Arcos, 2005
Migne, Jacques-Paul (ed.), Œuvres complètes de de Bérulle, cardinal de l’église romaine, fondateur et premier supérieur de l’Oratoire, augmentées de plusieurs opuscules inédits et d’un grand nombre de pièces recueillies dans divers ouvrages, disposées dans un ordre logique, tome unique, Paris: Jacques-Paul Migne, 1856
Milovanovic, Nicolas, and Alexandre Maral (eds.), La Galerie des Glaces: Charles e Brun maître d’œuvre, Paris: Réunion des Musées Nationaux, 2007
Newkirk, Terrye, The Mantle of Elijah: the Martyrs of Compiègne as Prophets of the Modern Age, Washington D.C.: Institute of Carmelite Studies, 1995
Nexon, Yannick, Le Chancelier Séguier (1588–1672) ministre, dévot et mécène au Grand Siècle, Ceyzérieu: Champ Vallon, 2015
Nivelon, Claude, Description des œuvres de Mr. Le Brun, Biblioteca Laurenziana, Florence, Ms. Cod. Laur. Ashb. 1723
---, Vie de Charles Le Brun et description détaillée de ses ouvrages, ed. by Lorenzo Pericolo, Geneva: Librairie Droz S.A., 2004
Payan, Paul, “La sanctification in utero de Joseph: une proposition gersonienne,” in: L’Atelier du Centre de recherches historiques [online], October 2012, 6 April 2012, at: http://journals.openedition.org/acrh/4246; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4000/acrh.4246
Roux, Marcel, Inventaire du Fonds Français. Graveurs du XVIIIe siècle, vol. 7, Paris: Bibliotèque Nationale, 1951
Russell, Francis, “Sassoferrato and His Sources: A Study of Seicento Allegiance,” in: The Burlington Magazine 119, 895, October, 1977, pp. 694–700
Saracino, Francesco, “Le profezie di Charles Le Brun,” in: Storia dell’arte 121, 2008, pp. 93–122
---, “Le Silence de Joseph”, in: Dix-septième siècle 268, March 2015
Sarrazin, Béatrice, Catalogue raisonné des peintures italiennes du Musée des beaux-arts de Nantes: 13e-18e siècle, Nantes: Musée des Beaux-Arts, 1994
Skliar-Piguet, Alexandra, “Piles, Roger de,” in: Oxford Art Online, published in 2003, at: https://doi.org/10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.T067651
Šroněk, Michal, “Comput Digital and Jan Hus as Defender of the Faith,” in: Članki Articles, Umění Art 61, 2013, pp. 2–22
Teresa of Ávila, The Autobiography of St. Teresa of Avila, The Life of St. Teresa of Jesus Written by Herself, Including the Relations or Manifestations of Her Spiritual State which St. Teresa Submitted to Her Confessor, transl. by Davis Lewis, Charlotte: TAN Books, 2012
---, The Interior Castle or The Mansions, ed. by Benedict Zimmerman, 3rd ed., London: Thomas Baker, 1921
Thompson, William M. (ed.), Bérulle and the French School: Selected Writings, New York: Paulist Press, 1989
Thuillier, Jacques (with Jennifer Montagu), Charles Le Brun, 1619–1690: peintre et dessinateur, exhibition catalog, Paris: Château de Versailles, 1963
Tinagli, Paola, Women in Italian Renaissance Art. Gender Representation Identity, Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press, 1997
Trémolières, François, “Monsieur Olier et ses peintres,” in: Revue de l’histoire des religions [online], 1 | 2020, at: http://journals.openedition.org/rhr/10262; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4000/rhr.10262
Tunstall, Kate E., Review of Vie de Charles Le Brun et description détaillée de ses ouvrages, in: French Studies: A Quarterly Review 61, no. 3, July, 2007, p. 369
Vasari, Giorgio, Le Vite de più eccellenti architetti, pittori, et scultori italiani, da Cimabue insino à tempi nostril, 1550, 1568, transl. by Gaston du C. de Vere, 1913
Vlieghe, Hans, “Rubens, Peter Paul,” in: Oxford Art Online, published in 2003, at: https://doi.org/10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.T074324
Waterworth, James, ed. and trans., The Canons and Decrees of the Sacred and Oecumenical Council of Trent, London: Dolman, 1848

Online Sources
“Étienne Jahandier Desrochers (1668–1741),” at: https://data.bnf.fr/12329318/etienne_jahandier_desrochers/, accessed on 3 October 2024
“Giovanni Francesco Romanelli,” in the website of the British Museum, at: https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/term/BIOG44078, accessed on 10 September 2024
“Holy Family,” ID: 700001299, 2004, in: Cultural Objects Names Authority® Full Record Display, Getty Research Institute, at: https://www.getty.edu/cona/CONAFullSubject.aspx?subid=700001299, accessed on 23 March 2024
“L’histoire du Carmel de Pontoise. Second Carmel fondé en France,” in: Carmel of Pontoise, at: https://carmelites0.wixsite.com/carmelpontoise/carmel–de–pontoise, accessed on 25 February 2024
“La Vierge et l’Enfant Jésus avec saint Jean, dit aussi Le Silence, ou encore Le Silence du Carrache,” in: the website of Louvre Museum, at: https://collections.louvre.fr/en/ark:/53355/cl010062404, accessed on 25 October 2024
“Le Retour d’Egypte, Dyck, Antoon van,” in: the website of Louvre Museum, 24 September 2024, at: https://collections.louvre.fr/en/ark:/53355/cl020110480, accessed on 4 October 2024
“Le Sommeil de l’Enfant Jésus ou Le Silence,” 1655, in: website of Musée du Louvre collections, 14 March 2022, at: https://collections.louvre.fr/en/ark:/53355/cl010060588, accessed on 31 March 2023
“Nicolas Poussin, The Baptism of Christ, 1641/1642,” in: the website of National Gallery of London, at: https://www.nga.gov/collection/art-object-page.32692.html#provenance, accessed on 18 November 2024
“Print, R, 3.50,” in: the website of the British Museum, at: https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/P_R-3-50, accessed 3 October 2024
“Rubens, studio of, The Return of the Holy Family from Egypt,” in: the website of Lempertz auction house, at: https://www.lempertz.com/en/catalogues/lot/987-1/1239-peter-paul-rubens-studio-of.html0, accessed on 4 October 2024
“Sacra Famiglia e Trinità,” in: the website of Catalogo generale dei Beni Culturali, at: https://catalogo.beniculturali.it/detail/HistoricOrArtisticProperty/0300208612, accessed on 19 November
“Saint Charles Borromeo’s Church, Peter Paul Rubens (1577–1640), The Return of the Holy Family,” at: https://www.flemishmastersinsitu.com/en/locaties/sint-carolus-borromeuskerk-antwerpen#:~:text=The%20former%20mayor%20and%20friend,to%20become%20a%20Jesuit%20church, accessed on 4 October 2024
“Saint-Paul,” in: website of the Paroisse Saint-Paul-Saint-Louis du Marais, Diocèse de Paris, 2023, at: https://www.spsl.fr/saint–paul, accessed on 1 December 2023
“St. Joseph and the Carmelite Order,” 15 March 2023, in: Ordo Fratrum Beatae Virginis Mariae de Monte Carmelo, at: https://ocarm.org/en/item/6050st–joseph–and–the–carmelite–order, accessed on 24 February 2024
“Sulpician History, Centuries of Service, In the Beginning (1641),” in: Society of St. Sulpice, Province of the United States, at: http://sulpicians.org/who–we–are/history/, accessed on 26 March 2024
“The Holy Family in Egypt with the Infant Christ Reading a Hebrew Script (oil on canvas,” in: the website of Bridgeman Images, at: https://www.bridgemanimages.com/en/le–brun/the–holy–family–in–egypt–with–the–infant–christ–reading–a–hebrew–script–oil–on–canvas/oil–on–canvas/asset/6201786, accessed on 30 March 2024
“The Madonna and Sleeping Child with the Infant St John the Baptist (“Il Silenzio”),” in the website of the Royal Collection Trust, 2007, at: https://www.rct.uk/collection/search#/1/collection/404762/the-madonna-and-sleeping-child-with-the-infant-st-john-the-baptist-il-silenzio, accessed on 23 February, 2024
Contini, Roberto, “Giovanni Francesco Romanelli, Return from the Flight into Egypt,” in: the website of the Museo Nacional Thyssen-Bornemisza, at: https://www.museothyssen.org/en/collection/artists/romanelli-giovanni-francesco/return-flight-egypt, accessed on 12 April 2024
Dujardin, Jean, “The Incarnation: Madame Acarie’s spirituality,” in: Blessed Madame Acarie Official Site, 25 March 2000, at: https://www.madame–acarie.org/en/the–incarnation–madame–acaries–spirituality/, accessed on 29 January 2024
Elbelová, Gabriela, “Sebastiano Luciani detto Sebastiano del Piombo (around 1485 Venice -1547 Rome), Madonna with Veil, (around 1520),” in: the website of Muzeum umění Olomouc, at: https://www.olmuart.cz/test/en/collections/paintings--44/luciani-sebastiano-detto-sebastiano-del-piombo--255/, accessed on 13 June 2024
Evrard, Isabelle, Dossier [Sainte Famille] Retour d’Egypte ou Jesus Maria Joseph, in: Archives Nicéphore Niépce, at: https://www.archivesniepce.com/index.php/les-dossiers/Les-gravures-utilisees-par-Niepce, accessed on 3 October 2024
Gady, Bénédicte, “Le manuscrit original de Nivelon,” in: website of Le Brun—Lab, Actualités de la recherche sur Charles Le Brun et son milieu, 17 July 2021, at: https://lebrunlab.hypotheses.org/le–manuscrit–original–de–nivelon, accessed on 19 January 2024
Hardy, Rebecca, “Artists, Michelangelo,” in: the website of Harley Foundation, at: https://harleyfoundation.org.uk/explore/entry/michelangelo/, accessed on 25 October 2024
Lemma “mezuzah,” in: Encyclopedia Britannica, 16 August 2024, at: https://www.britannica.com/topic/mezuzah, accessed on 11 September 2024
Paprocki, Joe, “What Are the Spiritual Exercises of Saint Ignatius?,” in: Loyola Press, at: https://www.loyolapress.com/catholic–resources/ignatian–spirituality/examen–and–ignatian–prayer/what–are–the–spiritual–exercises–of–saint–ignatius/, accessed on 30 January 2024
Picard, Michel, “The Life of Madame Acarie,” in: Blessed Madame Acarie Official Site, 8 April 2021, at: https://www.madame–acarie.org/en/the–life–of–madame–acarie/#5_THE_INTRODUCTION_OF_THE_CARMELITE_ORDER_INTO_FRANCE, accessed on 29 January 2024
Statutes 4.1 “Chapter 4: The Keeping of Cell and Silence, Book 1: The Cloister Monks,” in: Carthusian Order, at: https://chartreux.org/moines/en/statutes/book–1/, accessed on 29 January 2024