國立臺灣師範大學博碩士論文全文系統

簡易檢索 / 詳目顯示

回結果列表

研究生：	黃欣然 Hsin-jan Huang
論文名稱：	中文報紙之新聞標題及廣告用語中後設隱喻之語意研究 A Study of Meta-metaphor in the Headlines and Advertisements in Mandarin Chinese Newspapers
指導教授：	魏叔倫 Wei, Shu-Lun
學位類別：	碩士 Master
系所名稱：	英語學系 Department of English
論文出版年：	2005
畢業學年度：	93
語文別：	英文
論文頁數：	128
中文關鍵詞：	隱喻、後設隱喻、雙關語、語境、指涉架構、句法/語意歧義、狀態、新聞標題、廣告
英文關鍵詞：	metaphor, meta-metaphor, pun, context, frame of reference, syntactic/semantic ambiguity, state of affairs, news headline, advertising
論文種類：	學術論文
相關次數：	點閱：206 下載：30
分享至:	分享至facebook 分享至twitter

查詢本校圖書館目錄查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統勘誤回報

本研究依據Flip G. Droste所提出之後設隱喻理論，旨在探討其在中文報紙中新聞標題及廣告用語之語意與語用功能。研究所採用語料來源為中國時報、聯合報、自由時報、及其網站。
研究結果顯示﹐後設隱喻在中文語料中為自然語言的必要之一部分，而非僅是修辭潤飾上的功能。語言是因為需要而產生，以達到某種效果；後設隱喻的功能正符合新聞標題及廣告用語之目的：吸引讀者注意，並在有限的時空內，表達雙重的涵義。在依據內容、結構及觸發之語料分類中，社會新聞、雙字詞及語意歧義分別為各類中出現頻率最高者。中文的語言特性使後設隱喻在相較英文下，有良好的發揮空間且有更多的表現型態。它可以是由下列所觸發：（1）句法歧義；（2）語意歧義；（3）專有名詞之嵌入；（4）音譯。需要強調的是，語料蒐集過程中發現，中文後設隱喻的先決條件為先有隱喻的涵義，再從字面上獲得另一符合語境和指涉架構之用法，尤其字音、字型需一致，才不至於與隱喻、雙關語、假後設隱喻混淆。

My present study explores meta-metaphor in headlines and advertisements in Mandarin Chinese newspapers on the basis of Flip G. Droste’s theory of meta-metaphor. Data consists of the following sources: United Daily News, China Times, Liberty Times, and their websites as well.
The results indicate meta-metaphor is part of natural language, not just a rhetoric device or a decorative function. Language is the consequence of need for gaining certain effects; meta-metaphor exactly conforms to the purposes of news headlines and advertisements: attracting readers’ attention and being informative with a double extensional value within limited time and space.
In the classifications in terms of the content, the structure and the trigger, meta-metaphor of social news, two-character utterances and semantic ambiguity are of the highest occurrence respectively. Compared with English, the characteristics of Mandarin Chinese allow meta-metaphor to have more manifestations. They can be triggered by semantic ambiguity, syntactic ambiguity, name embedding and transliteration. In the process of interpreting Chinese meta-metaphor, the metaphorical interpretation (the states of affair β) is evoked first and then the literal one (the states of affair α) is evoked in maximal compliance with the particular context and the frame of reference (FR). Noteworthily, the homomorphous feature also distinguishes meta-metaphor from pun and pseudo meta-metaphor.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHINESES ABSTRACT ------------------------------------------------------ i
ENGLISH ABSTRACT ------------------------------------------------------- ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --------------------------------------------------- iii
LISTS OF FIGURES ----------------------------------------------------------- iv

1.    INTRODUCTION ----------------------------------------------------------- 1
1.1 Motivation and Goals ---------------------------------------------------- 1
1.2 Data Collection and Limitations --------------------------------------- 2
1.3 Organization of the Study ----------------------------------------------- 4
2.    LITERATURE REVIEW --------------------------------------------------- 6
2.1     Flip G. Droste (1986) --------------------------------------------------- 6
2.1.1 A Different View on Metaphor --------------------------------- 6
2.1.1.1 Traditional View on Metaphor ----------------------- 6
2.1.1.2 Cognitive View on Metaphor ------------------------ 7
2.1.1.3 Droste’s View on Metaphor -------------------------- 8
                 2.1.1.3.1 Paradigmatic vs. Syntagmatic Predication - 9
      2.1.1.3.2 Flaw in the Truth Parameter --------------- 10
2.1.2 Definition of Meta-metaphor ----------------------------------- 11
2.1.2.1 Fundamental Components ---------------------------- 12
2.1.2.1.1 State of Affairs (SA) ------------------------- 13
2.1.2.1.2 Frame of Reference (FR) & Context ------ 14
2.1.2.2 Interpretive Process of Meta-metaphor ------------- 16
     2.1.2.2.1 The Five Stages ------------------------------ 16
     2.1.2.2.2 Interpretation of Meta-metaphor ----------- 17
2.1.3 Underlying Conceptions ---------------------------------------- 18
2.1.3.1 Tripartite Conception of Linguistic Functioning -- 18
2.1.3.2 Sentence Meaning vs. Utterance Meaning --------- 19
2.1.3.3 Propositional Representation (PR) vs. SA ---------- 20
2.1.3.4 Utterance vs. PR vs. SA ------------------------------- 21
2.2 Chuan-kao Shan (1994) -------------------------------------------------- 23
       2.2.1 A Comparison Between Metaphor and Meta-metaphor ----- 24
           2.2.1.1 Similarities ----------------------------------------------- 25
           2.2.1.2 Differences ----------------------------------------------- 26
2.2.2 Mandarin Chinese Meta-metaphors --------------------------- 27
           2.2.2.1 Motivation and Method -------------------------------- 27
           2.2.2.2 Classifications of Mandarin Chinese
Meta-metaphors --------------------------------------- 27
  2.3 Summary ------------------------------------------------------------------- 31
3.    THEOREY AND METHODOLOGY ------------------------------------- 33
3.1 Modification of Shan’s Study ------------------------------------------- 33
3.1.1 Analysis of the Data ----------------------------------------------- 34
3.1.2 Discrepancy Between Pun and Metaphor ---------------------- 42
3.1.3 The Solutions of the Problems ----------------------------------- 44
  3.2 Reinterpretation of Droste’s Theory ----------------------------------- 44
     3.2.1 Application of Meta-metaphor Theory ------------------------- 44
     3.2.2 Meta-metaphor in Mandarin Chinese --------------------------- 45
     3.2.3 Classification of Meta-metaphor in Mandarin Chinese ------ 46
  3.3 A Model of Meta-metaphor for Mandarin Chinese ------------------ 47
3.3.1 A Model ------------------------------------------------------------- 47
     3.3.2 Methodology -------------------------------------------------------- 48
3.4 Summary ------------------------------------------------------------------- 52
4. DISCUSSION OF CHINESE META-METAPHOR IN NEWSPAPER’S HEADLINES AND ADVERTISINGS ----------------------------------------- 54
  4.1 Characteristics of News Headlines and Advertising ----------------- 54
  4.2 Meta-metaphoric Examples in Mandarin Chinese ------------------- 55
     4.2.1 Interpretation and Discussion of the Examples ---------------- 55
     4.2.2 Classifications of Meta-metaphoric Expressions -------------- 66
4.2.2.1 In Terms of the Content --------------------------------- 67
                4.2.2.1.1 Politics ------------------------------------------ 67
                4.2.2.1.2 Society ------------------------------------------ 67
                4.2.2.1.3 Life and Leisure ------------------------------- 69
                4.2.2.1.4 Sports ------------------------------------------- 71
                4.2.2.1.5 Advertising ------------------------------------- 71
                4.2.2.1.6 Show Business --------------------------------- 72
                4.2.2.1.7 Medicine ---------------------------------------- 73
                4.2.2.1.8 Business ----------------------------------------- 74
          4.2.2.2 In Terms of the Structure -------------------------------- 75
                4.2.2.2.1 One-Character Utterances ------------------- 76
                4.2.2.2.2 Two-Character Utterances ------------------- 77
                4.2.2.2.3 Three-Character Utterances ----------------- 79
                4.2.2.2.4 Four-Character Proverbs --------------------- 80
                4.2.2.2.5 Utterances With More Than Three
Characters ------------------------------------ 82
    4.2.2.3 In Terms of the Triggers in Meta-metaphor --------- 82
          4.2.2.3.1 Name Embedding ---------------------------- 83
          4.2.2.3.2 Semantic Ambiguity ------------------------- 84
          4.2.2.3.3 Syntactic Ambiguity ------------------------- 88
          4.2.2.3.4 Transliteration --------------------------------- 90
    4.3 Summary ---------------------------------------------------------------- 91
5.  FINDINGS IN MANDARIN CHINESE META-METAPHOR ------ 93
    5.1 The Analysis of the Results ------------------------------------------- 93
       5.1.1 Content Classification ------------------------------------------ 93
       5.1.2 Structure Classification ----------------------------------------- 94
       5.1.3 Trigger Classification ------------------------------------------- 96
            5.1.3.1 Semantic Ambiguity ----------------------------------- 97
            5.1.3.2 Syntactic Ambiguity ----------------------------------- 98
            5.1.3.3 Transliteration ------------------------------------------ 100
    5.2 The Degree of Conventionality -------------------------------------- 102
    5.3 Domination of An Individual Character vs. A Whole Phrase ---- 103
       5.3.1 Domination of An Individual Character --------------------- 103
       5.3.2 Domination of A Whole Phrase ------------------------------- 105
    5.4 Meta-metaphor taken as Pun ---------------------------------------- 106
    5.5 Pseudo Meta-metaphor ----------------------------------------------- 107
    5.6 Summary --------------------------------------------------------------- 110
6.  CONCLUSION ------------------------------------------------------------- 113
6.1 Meta-metaphor As Part of Natural Language --------------------- 113
6.2 Justification of the Study --------------------------------------------- 114
6.3 Implication of the Study ---------------------------------------------- 116
6.4 Suggestions for Further Research ----------------------------------- 117
BIBLIOGRAPHY --------------------------------------------------------------- 119
APPENDIX ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 125
                                

ENGLISH
Aijmer, Karin. (1996). Conversational Routines in English: Convention and Creativity. London: Longman.
Apte, Mahadev. (1985). Humor and Laughter: An Anthropological Approach. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Barcelona, Antonio. (2003). Metaphor and metonymy at the crossroads : a cognitive perspective. Berlin ; New York : Mouton de Gruyter.
Berg, Jonathan. (1988). “Metaphor, meaning, and interpretation.” Journal of Pragmatics 12: 695-709.
Chang, Hsu-yin. (2004). Chinese English Code Mixing--A Case Study of Hong Kong International School. MA Thesis of Graduate Institute of TCSL. Taipei: National Taiwan Normal University.
Chen, Kuan-ya. (2004). The Mixing of Southern Min Dialect in Newspaper Advertisements in Taiwan. MA Thesis of Graduate Institute of English. Taipei: National Taiwan Normal University.
Culler, Jonathan D. (1988). On puns : the foundation of letters. New York, NY, USA : B. Blackwell.
Danesi, Marcel. (1993). Vico, Metaphor, and The Origin of Language. Bloomington & Indianapolis: Indiana University Press.
Davis, Wayne A. (1998). Implicature: Intention, Convention, and Principle in The Failure of Gricean Theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Deane, Paul D. (1988). “Polysemy and cognition.” Lingua 75: 325-361.
Denham, Robert D. (1990). Myth and Metaphor: Selected Essays 1974-1988. Virginia: The University of Virginia.
Dirksen, Charles J. and Arthur Kroeger. (1986). Advertising principles and problems. Homewood: R. D. Irwin.
Droste, Flip G. (1975). “Identifying metaphors.” Foundations of Language 12: 315-388.
________ (1982). “Metaphory as a paradigmatic function.” Poetics 11: 203-211.
_______ (1983). “Reflections on metalanguage and object language.” Linguistics 21: 675-699.
_______ (1985). “Language, thought and mental model.” Semiotica 56: 31-98.
(1986). “On metaphor and meta-metaphor.” Linguistics 24: 755-771.
_______ (1989). “Possible worlds in linguistic semantics.” Semiotica 73: 1-24.
_______ (1989). “Symbols, icons, and sign processes.” Linguistics 27: 921-938.
Geis, Michael L. (1982). The Language of Television Advertising. NY: Academic Press.
Gibbs, Jr. Raymond W. and Gerard J. Steen. (1999). Metaphor in Cognitive Linguistics. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Goatly, Andrew. (1997). The Language of Metaphors. London: Routledge.
Grundy, Peter. (1995). Doing Pragmatics. London: Edward Arnold.
Huang, Da-fu. (1986). A Functional Analysis of Chinese and English Advertising Language. MA Thesis of Graduate Institute of English. Taipei: National Taiwan Normal University.
Hong, Hui-Ru. (2002). A Linguistic Analysis of Mandarin Cold Jokes. MA Thesis of Graduate Institute of English. Taipei: National Taiwan Normal University.
Hu, Yu-ying. (1999). A Study of Question Evasion in Mandarin Political Discourse. MA Thesis of Graduate Institute of English. Taipei: National Taiwan Normal University.
Johnson, Thomas H. (1960). The Complete Poems of Emily Dickinson. Boston: Back Bay Books.
Kittay, Eva Feder. (1987). Metaphor : its cognitive force and linguistic structure. New York : Clarendon Press : Oxford University Press.
Koestler, Arthur. (1974). The Heel of Achilles: Essays 1968-1973. New York: Random House.
Kovecses, Zoltan. (2002). Metaphor : a practical introduction. New York: Oxford University Press.
Lappin, Shalom. (1981). Sorts, Ontology, and Metaphor: The Semantics of Sortal Structure. Berlin: de Gruyter.
Levin, Samuel R. (1977). The Semantics of Metaphor. Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
Liu, I-M. (1999). “Character and Word Recognition in Chinese.” Reading Chinese Script: A Cognitive Analysis. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Liu, Shui-mei. (1992). An Analysis of Four-Character Proverbs in Mandarin Chinese. MA Thesis of Graduate Institute of English. Taipei: National Taiwan Normal University.
Marks, Lawrence E., Robin J. Hammeal, Marc H. Bornstein. (1987). Perceiving Similarity and Comprehending Metaphor. Illinois: The University of Chicago Press.
Mooij, J. J. A. (1976). A Study of Metaphor. Amsterdam: North-Holland.
Nogales, Patti D. (1999). Metaphorically Speaking. Stanford, Calif.: CSLI Publications.
Nolan, Carroll Anthony and Roman F Warmke. (1965). Marketing, sales promotion, and advertising. Cincinnati, South-western Pub. Co.
Paprotte, Wolf and Rene Dirven. (1985). The Ubiquity of Metaphor. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Redfern, W. D. (1986). Puns. Oxford, UK ; New York, NY, USA : Blackwell.
Sacks, Sheldon. (1979). On Metaphor. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press.
Saeed, John I. (1997). Semantics. Oxford: Blackwell.
Searle, J. R. (1979). Expression and Meaning: Studies in the Theory of Speech Acts. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Shan, Chuan-Kuo. (1994). The Meta-metaphor Theory and Its Practicum in Mandarin Chinese Advertisement, Newspaper and Magazines. MA Thesis of Graduate Institute of English. Taipei: National Taiwan Normal University.
Shapiro, Michael. (1984). Language and Politics. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
Sherzer, Joe. (2002). Speech Play and Verbal Art. Austin: University of Texas Press.
Thomas, Jenny. (1995). Meaning in Interaction: An Introduction to Pragmatics. NY: Longman.
Tsai, Shu-muh. (1997). A linguistic Analysis of Chinese Sexual Punning Jokes. MA Thesis of Graduate Institute of English. Taipei: National Taiwan Normal University.
Vestergaard, Torben, and Kim Schrder. (1985). The Language of Advertising. Oxford: Blackwell.
Wang, Chih-yuan. (1998). Did you get it? : A Linguistic analysis of Chinese students’ comprehension and appreciation of jokes in English. MA Thesis of Graduate Institute of English. Taipei: National Taiwan Normal University.
Wilson, John. (1990). Politically Speaking. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
Wodak, Ruth. (1989). Language, Power and Ideology. Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Wright, Roger. (1980). Semantic Theory. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
Yeh, Wei-shih. (1993). Communication View of Ad Language: An Actantial Analysis of Chinese Print Ad Slogans As Headlines. MA Thesis of Graduate Institute of English. Taipei: National Taiwan Normal University.
Yu, Ning. (1998). The Contemporary Theory of Metaphor: A Perspective from Chinese. Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
CHINESE
Kuo, Po-yi (郭伯佾). (1986). Hsin wen piao t’i chih yen chiu (A Study of News Headlines, 新聞標題之研究). Taipei : Chinese Culture University (台北市:文化大學).
Ma, Hsi-p’ing (馬西屏). (1998). Piao ti piao ti (Elaboration on Headlines, 標題飆題). Taipei : San Ming (台北市:三民).
Wang, Hsiao-han (王曉寒). (1992). Hsin wen yung yu pien hua tuo (The Variety of the Register of News, 新聞用語變化多). Taipei : Cheng Chung (台北市:正中).

簡易檢索 / 詳目顯示

相關論文