目的：探討籃球運動中，不同接球腳步在方向變換時膝關節的角度及力矩的差異。方法：分別以KISTLER測力板系統、Vicon Motion System動作分析系統擷取18位高中女子甲組之籃球選手（平均身高167.7±4.96cm， 平均體重60.44±5.55，接觸籃球時間7.09±1.15年）的雙腳急停、單腳急停、原地急停變換方向時，急停腳（右腳）下肢運動學與動力學等資料。實驗以單因子變異數分析 (α＝.05) 做為統計方式。結果：原地急停(0.27±0.02秒) 時，急停腳著地時間顯著比單腳急停(0.32±0.03秒)及雙腳急停(0.30±0.03秒)來的快。雙腳急停(56.39 ±6.67度)時，膝關節屈曲角度顯著大於原地急停(50.30±8.15度)。單腳急停(2.80±0.49 Nm/Kg)時，所受到的伸展力矩顯著大於雙腳急停(2.02±1.04 Nm/Kg)。雙腳急停(9.9±13.9％) 時，膝關節內旋角度發生時間比原地急停(24.6±17.0％)顯著來的小。雙腳急停(20.2±7.7％) 膝關節內翻力矩發生的時間最早，並顯著大於原地急停(36.3±9.5％)。結論與建議：在著地階段，雙腳急停動作有大於原地急停動作的膝關節屈曲角度以及小於單腳急停動作的膝關節屈曲力矩，因此在做切入前急停時，可以盡量採用雙腳急停的動作，以減少較大的膝關節屈曲力矩所可能帶來的傷害。加強急停動作時相關的神經肌肉訓練，對於女性籃球員減低膝關節負荷進而減少非接觸性前十字韌帶的傷害。

Purposes: To investigate the difference between angle and moment of knee joint while changing directions with different steps. Methods: KISTLER System and Vicon Motion System were used to collect the kinematics and kinetics of lower limbs from eighteen high school basketball girl players (height: 167.7±4.96cm, weight: 60.44±5.55 and training time: 7.09±1.15years). One-way ANONVA was used to analyze the data. Results: The ground-touching period of stopping at the original position (0.27±0.02sec) was obviously faster than that of stopping with single leg (0.32±0.03sec) or both legs (0.30±0.03sec). The flexion angle of stopping with both legs (56.39 ±6.67degrees) was bigger than that of stopping at the original position (50.30±8.15degrees). The extension moment of stopping with single leg (2.80±0.49 Nm/Kg) was bigger than that of stopping with both legs (2.02±1.04 Nm/Kg). The timing of peak knee internal rotation of stopping with both legs (9.9±13.9％) was earlier than that of stopping at the original position (24.6±17.0％). The timing of peak knee varus moment of stopping with both legs (20.2±7.7％) was earlier than that of stopping at the original position (36.3±9.5％). Conclusions: While touching the ground, the flexion angle and moment of stopping with both legs were better than that of stopping with single leg and at the original position. So before cutting and stopping, players should stop with both legs as possible, that they may reduce the knee injury. Also players should strengthen their nerve and muscle while stopping, so that they may decrease the injure of Anterior Cruciate Ligament ( ACL) by lessening the load of knee.

參考文獻
一、中文部份
洪啟峰（2003）關節電腦模型之建立及應用。未出版碩士論文，
臺灣大學醫學工程研究所，臺北市。
張大昌（2003）。國小學童赤腳著地動作之生物力學分析。未出版碩士論文，國立體育學院運動科學教練研究所，桃園縣。
鄭誠功、陳詳和（1997）。膝關節之生物力學與其臨床重要性。中華物療誌，22(1)，1-12。

二、英文部份
Arendt, E., & Dick, R. (1995). Knee injury patterns among men and women in collegiate basketball and soccer: NCAA data and review of literature. American Journal of Sports Medicine. 23, 694-701.

Besier, T. F., Lloyd, D. G., Cochrane, J. L., & Ackland, T. R. (2001).
External loading of the knee joint during running and cutting maneuvers.Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 33, 1168-1175.

Besier, T. F., Lloyd, D. G., & Ackland, T. R. (2003). Muscle Activation Strategies at the Kneeduring Running and Cutting Maneuvers. Medicine and science in sports and exercise,35(1), 119–127.

Beynnon, B. D. & Fleming, B. C. (1998). Anterior cruciate ligament
strainin-vivo: a review of previous work. Journal of Biomechanics
31,519-525.

Beynnon, B., Howe, J. G., Pope, M. H., Johnson, R. J., & Flemimg, B. C. (1992). The measurement of anterior cruciate ligament strain in vivo. International Orthopaedics, 16, 1–12.

Boden, B.P., Dean, G.S., Feagin, J.A. Jr., & Garrett, W.E. Jr. (2000). Mechanisms of anterior cruciate ligament injury. Orthopedics, 23, 573-578.

Butler, D. L., Noyes, F. R., & Grood, E. S.（1980）. Ligamentous restraints to anterior-posterior drawer in the human knee. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, 62(A), 259-270.

Cale, J., & Carl, M. (2005). Sex differences in eccentric hip-abductor strength and knee-joint kinematics when landing from a jump. Journal of Sport Rehabilitation. 14(4), 346-355.

Cavanagh, P. R., & LaFortune, M. A. (1980). Ground reaction forces in distance running. Journal of Biomechanics, 13, 397-406.

Chappell, J. D., Herman, D. C., Knight, B. S., Kirkendall, D. T., Garrett, W.E., & Yu, B. (2005). Effect if fatigue on knee kinetics and kinematics instop-jump tasks. American Journal of Sports Medicine, 33, 1022-1029.
Cross, M. J., Gibbs, N. J., & Bryant, G. J. (1989). An analysis of the sidestep cutting manoeuvre. American Journal of Sports Medicine, 17,363-366.

Dufek, J. S., & Bates, B. T. (1990). The evaluation and prediction of impact force during landing. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 22, 370-377.

Dufek, J. S., & Bates, B. T. (1991). Biomechanical factor associated with injury during landing in jump sports. Sports Medicine, 12(5), 326-337.

Devita, P., & Skelly, W. A. (1992). Effect of landing stiffness on joint kinetics and energetic in the lower eternity. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 24(1), 108-115.

Durselen, L., Clase, L., & Kiefer, H. (1995). The influence of muscle forces and external loads on cruciate ligament strain. American Journal of Sports Medicine, 23, 129-136.

Fleck, S. J., & Kraemer, W. J. (1997). Designing resistance training programs. Champaign: Human Kinetics.

Gheluwe, B. V., Hebbelinck, M., & Brussel, V. U. (1986). Muscle action sand ground reaction force sin tennis. International Journal of Sport Biomechanics, 2, 88-99.

Govett, J. R. (1996). The relative importance of proprioception, ligament laxity and strength on functional performance in the ACL deficient and ACL reconstruction knee. Microform publications, University of Oregon.

Gross, T. S., & Nelson, R. C. (1987) . The shoch attenuation role of the ankle during landing from avertical jump. North reading: Converse, Inc.

Hewett, T.E., Stroupe, A.L., Nance, T.A., & Noyes, F.R. (1996). Plyometric training in female athletes: decreased impact forces and increased hamstring torques. American Journal of Sports Medicine, 24, 765-773.

Irrgang, J. J. (1993). Modern trends in anterior craciate ligament
rehabilitation: Nonoperative and postoperative management. Clinics in
Sports Medicine, 12(4), 797-813.

John, M. U., Glenn, N. W., & Patrick, S. P. (2003). Risk factors associated with noncontact injury of the anterior cruciate ligament: A prospective four-year evaluation of 859 west point cadets. American Journal of Sports Medicine, 31(6), 831-842.

Johnson, D. L., & Wanmer, J. P. (1993). Diagnosis for anterior cruciate
ligament surgery. Clinics in Sports Medicine, 12(4), 671-684.

Lloyd, D.G., & Buchanan, T.S. (1996). A model of load sharing between muscles and soft issues at the human knee during static tasks. Journal of Biomechanical Engineer, 118,367–376.
Lutz, G. E., Stuart, M. J., & Sim, F. H. (1990). Rehabilitative techniques for athletics after reconstuction of the anterior cruciate ligament. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 65,1322-1329.

Lynn, S. M. (1996). Scientific rationale and physiological basis for the use of closed kinetic chain exercise in the lower extremity. Journal of Sport Rehabilitation, 5, 2-12.

Marsden, C. D., Obeso, J. A., & Rothwell, J. C. (1983). The function of antagonist muscle during fast limb movement in man. Physiol, 335, 1 - 13.

McLean, S. G., Huang, X., Su, A., & Bogert, A. J. (2004). Sagittal plane biomechanics cannot injure the ACL during sidestep cutting. Clinical Biomechanics, 19, 828-838.

McNitt-Gray, J. L. (1991). Landing strategy adjustments made by female gymnasts in response to drop height and mat composition. Journal of Applied Biomechanics, 9, 173-190.

Moore, K. L., & Dalley, A. F. (1999). Clinical oriented anatomy. Philadelphia: Lipponcott Williams & Wilkins.

Myklebust, G., Maehlum, S., Holm, I., & Bahr, R. (1998). A prospective cohort study of anterior crucate ligament injuries in elite Norwegian team handball. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 8, 149-153.

Nicolas, J. A. (1970). Injuries to knee ligaments: Relationship to looseness and tightness in football players. Journal of the American Medical Association, 212, 2236-2239.

Nigg, B. M. (1985). Biomechanics load analysis and sport injuries in the lower extremities. Sports Medicine, 2, 367-379.

Nigg, B. M. (1999). Biomechanics of the musculo – skeletal system. New York: Wiley .

Olsen, O.E., Myklebust, G., Engebretsen, L.,& Bahr, R. (2004). Injury mechanisms for anterior cruciate ligament injuries in team handball: a systematic video analysis. American Journal of Sports Medicine, 32, 1002-1012.

Paul Corey. (1997). Human Anatomy (International Edition 2nd ed.). New Jersey: Paul Corey.

Simonsen, E. B., Magnusson, S. P., Bencke, J., Naesborg, H., Havkrog, M., Ebstrup, J. F., & Sorensen, H. (2000). Can the hamstring muscles protect the anterior cruciate ligament during a side-cutting maneuver? Scand J Med Sci Sports, 10 (2), 78-84.

Valiant, G. A., & Cavanagh, P. R. (1983). A study of landing from a jump. Champaign IL : Human Kinetics.

Valiant, G.A., & Cavanagh, P.R. (1985). A study of landing from a jump. In B. D. A. Winter., R. W. Norman., R. P. Wells., & K. C. Hayes (Eds.) Biomechanics IX(pp. 117-122). Champaign: Human Kinetics.

Winter, D. A. (1979). Biomechanics of Human Movement. John Wiely & Sons, Inc.

Yu, B., Herman, D., Preston, J., Lu, W., Kirkendall, D. T., & Garrett, W. E. (2004). Immediate effects of a knee brace with a constraint to knee extension on knee kinematics and ground reaction forces in a stop-jump task. American Journal of Sports Medicine, 32(5), 1136-1143.