國立臺灣師範大學博碩士論文全文系統

簡易檢索 / 詳目顯示

回結果列表

研究生：	王麗雅 Li-ya Wang
論文名稱：	漢語「好」的多義性及語法化現象 The Polysemy and Grammaticalization of 'Hao' in Mandarin Chinese
指導教授：	李櫻
學位類別：	碩士 Master
系所名稱：	英語學系 Department of English
論文出版年：	2005
畢業學年度：	93
語文別：	英文
論文頁數：	138
中文關鍵詞：	語法化、多義性
英文關鍵詞：	grammaticalization, polysemy
論文種類：	學術論文
相關次數：	點閱：288 下載：101
分享至:	分享至facebook 分享至twitter

查詢本校圖書館目錄查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統勘誤回報

摘要
本研究旨在從語法化的角度探討漢語「好」字的多義性及其語法和言談功能．本研究檢視了「好」在當代及歷代漢語中的分佈現象．當代漢語的語料包括書面語及口語．本文指出「好」當代口語中主要的功能為言談標記(discourse marker)，在書面語中主要的功能為謂語形容詞(predicative adjective)．歷代漢語的語料包含了漢語發展的六個時期的文獻．從文獻的觀察中發現，「好」在上古前期就已具備四種語法功能:及物動詞，名詞，非謂形容詞及謂語形容詞．「好」的其他功能的發展如下:副詞功能出現於中古前期，表同意的言談標記功能出現於中古晚期，作為動詞補語及與感官動詞合併成為複合形容詞的現象則出現在近代漢語.
雖然「好」字在漢語中具有多重意義及諸多語法及言談功能，本文指出這些功能及「好」的多義性均可經由語法化理論獲得解釋．「好」的副詞功能是由非謂形容詞功能經過隱喻(metaphor)，換喻(metonymy)，結構重新分析(structural reanalysis)及頻率效應(frequency effects)而來．「好」的動語補語功能亦是由非謂形容詞功能透過同樣的機制發展而來．除了發展出動詞補詞功能以外，「好」的非謂形容詞功能亦透過上述機制及說話者的主觀化現象(subjectification)發展出言談標記功能．

Abstract
This study aims to investigate hao's polysemy and its various syntactic and discourse functions based on the framework of grammaticalization theory. In this study, hao's meanings and functions in both modern Chinese and diachronic Chinese are examined. Data of synchronic Chinese include hao's distribution in both written and spoken discourse. It is found that in modern Chinese, hao serves mainly as a discourse marker in spoken discourse (37%), and a predicate in written discourse (34%). Other functions of hao observed in modern Chinese include, hao as a transitive verb, a noun, an attribute, an adverb, and a verb complement. For hao's distribution in diachronic Chinese, selected texts from six stages of Chinese are examined. It is found that as early as in Early Old Chinese, hao's exhibited four syntactic uses: transitive verb, noun, attribute, and predicate. Some more functions of hao are found along the development of the Chinese language. Another function of hao, i.e. hao's adverbial use, is observed in Pre-Middle Chinese. In Late Middle Chinese, hao's function as an agreement and acceptance marker is seen. And in Pre-Modern Chinese, two more uses of hao emerge, i.e., hao's use as a verbal complement and its co-occurrence with sense verbs to form stative verb compound.
Despite the seemingly diverse functions and meanings of hao, this study instantiates that these various functions and meanings are related with the account of grammaticalization. The evolved syntactic uses of hao, i.e. the adverbial use and the verbal complement are the collaboration of metaphorization, metonymization, structural reanalysis and frequency effects. The discourse marker functions of hao also develop from hao’s predicate function for pragmatic reason. That is, they are used to serve speaker’s needs for expressing subjectification and intersubjectification.
Our observation of hao’s grammaticalization phenomenon accords with the view that language is dynamic and always in flux. Structures and meanings of a linguistic form are not prerequisites for discourse, but are shaped by discourse in an ongoing process.

Table of Contents
Chinese Abstract………………………………………………………i
English Abstract………………………………………………………ii
Acknowledgements………………………………………………………iv
Table of Contents……………………………………………………vi
List of Tables and Figures………………………………………viii
Key to Transcription Conventions and Abbreviations…………ix
Chapter One        Introduction………………………1
1.1    Motivation and Goals……………………………………1
1.2    Data and Methodology……………………………………3
1.3    Organization of the Thesis……………………………4
Chapter Two        Literature Review…………………6
    2.1 Dictionaries…………………………………………7
        2.1.1    Zhengzhong Xing Yin Yi Da Zidian (1974)……………………………………7
        2.1.2    Hanyu Da Zidian (1987)………………………………………..13
        2.1.3    Gu Jin Hanyu Cidian (1994)……………………………………16
    2.2    Studies on diachronic development of Hao………………………………20
        2.2.1     Ota (1985)……………………………………………………21
        2.2.2    Wang (1993)……………………………………………………24
        2.2.3    Liu (1995)………………………………………………………25
    2.3    Studies on Hao's functions in modern Chinese…………………………….28
        2.3.1    Chao (1968)……………………………………………………28
        2.3.2    L (1980)……………………………………………………31
        2.3.3    X (1998)……………………………………………………35
    2.4    Studies on Hao's uses in spoken interaction………………………………36
        2.4.1    Miracle (1991)……………………………………………………37
        2.4.2    Tsai (1992)………………………………………………………39
        2.4.3    Hu (2002)………………………………………………………41
        2.4.4    Biq (2004)………………………………………………………42
        2.4.5    Wang (2005)……………………………………………………46
    2.5    Summary…………………………………………………………………47
Chapter Three    Functions of Hao in Modern Chinese……………………………49
    3.1  Hao as a noun and as a transitive verb……………………………………51
    3.2    Hao as an attribute…………………………………………………………….53
    3.3  Hao as an adverb……………………………………………………………55
        3.3.1    Meaning 'feeling good when doing something'……………………56
        3.3.2    Meaning 'suitable, convenient, easy'……………………………56
        3.3.3    Meaning 'putting efforts in an action'…..………………………58
        3.3.4    Hao as an intensifier……………………………………………59
    3.4    Hao as a verb complement………………………………………………60
    3.5    Subject NP + Predicate Hao……………………………………………61
    3.6    Sentential Subject + Predicate Hao………………………………………63
        3.6.1    Hao as speaker's judgment………………………………………63
        3.6.2    Hao in mitigater 'Hao le/ Hao ma/ Hao-bu-hao'…..……………66
3.6.3    Hao in rebuttal marker 'Hao ma/ Hao-bu-hao'………………….71
    3.7    Hao as a discourse marker………………………………………………74
        3.7.1    Hao as an agreement and acceptance marker…………………74
            3.7.1.1    Degree adverb + Hao……………………………………75
        3.7.1.2    Hao (a) as an independent IU………………………………77
        3.7.2    Hao as a pre-closing marker……………………………………80
        3.7.3    Hao as a topic transition marker………………………………84
    3.8  Summary………………………………………………………………88
Chapter Four        Functions of Hao in Diachronic Chinese………………………91
    4.1    Early Old Chinese and Late Old Chinese…………………………………91
    4.2  Pre-Middle Chinese………………………………………………………96
    4.3    Early Middle Chinese……………………………………………………98
    4.4  Late Middle Chinese……………………………………………………99
    4.5  Pre-Modern Chinese……………………………………………………104
    4.6  Summary………………………………………………………………107
Chapter Five        Grammaticalization of Hao…………………………………110
    5.1    Previous Researches on Grammaticalization……………………………110
        5.1.1    Metaphor and Metonymy……………………………………111
        5.1.2    Semantic Bleaching and Pragmatic Strengthening……………113
5.1.3    Subjectification and Intersubjection…………………………113
        5.1.4    Frequency…………………………………………………115
        5.1.5    Unidirectionality………………………………………………117
    5.2    Grammaticalization of Hao……………………………………………… 119
        5.2.1    From attribute to adverb Hao…………………………………120
        5.2.2    The polysemy of adverb Hao…………………………………121
        5.2.3    From predicate to verb complement Hao ……………………125
        5.2.4    From predicate to discourse marker Hao……………………127
        5.2.5    A poly-grammaticalization chain of Hao……………………129
    5.3    Summary…………………………………………………………………131
Chapter Six     Conclusion…………………………………………………………133
References…………………………………………………………………………135
                                

References
中文部份
I. 工具書
正中形音義大字典 (Zhengzhong Xing Yin Yi Da Zidian) 1974. 台北: 正中書局.
漢語大字典 (Hanyu Da Zidian) 1987. 武漢: 湖北辭書出版社.
古今漢語詞典 (Gu Jin Hanyu Cidian) 1994. 太原: 山西人民出版社.
丁福保編纂 (Ding, Fu-bao) 1974. 台北: 天華出版社.
葛兆光釋譯 (Ge, Zhao-guang) 2000. 祖堂集. 台北: 佛光文化事業有限公司.
郭建勳注譯 (Guo, Jian-xun). 2005. 尚書讀本. 台北: 三民書局.
劉正浩等編譯 (Liu et al.) 2004. 世說新語. 台北: 三民書局.
呂叔湘 (L, Shu-xiang). 1980. 現代漢語八百詞. 北京: 商務印書館.
王鳳陽 (Wang, Feng-yang) 1993. 古辭辨. 長春: 吉林文史出版社.
王利器, 張烈等注譯 (Wang et al.) 2003. 史記. 台北: 台灣古籍出版有限公司.
謝冰瑩等注譯 (Xie et al.). 2004. 四書讀本. 台北: 三民書局.
余培林 (Yu, Pei-lin). 2005. 詩經正詁. 台北: 三民書局.
II. 期刊,論文或專書
畢永峨 (Biq, Yung-O) 1992. “來”跟”去”的語意探討，第三屆世界華語文教學研討會論文集，語文分析組，73-79，台北：世界華文教育協進會。
邱智銘等 (Chiu et al.) 2004 現代漢語複合動詞之詞首詞尾研究, 第十六屆計算語言學研討會論文集，131-139，台灣，台北 (金山)。
王力 (Wang, Li) 2000. 漢語語法史. 北京: 商務印書館.
許言 (Xu, Yen) 1998. 現代漢語目的句關聯詞語及教學語法初探. 碩士論文. 台北: 臺灣師範大學.
張伯江&方梅 (Zhang, Bojiang and Mei Fang) 1996. 漢語功能語法研究. 南昌: 江西教育出版社.

英文部份
Biq, Yung-O. 1990. Conversation, continuation, and connectives. Text. 10.3: 187-208.
Biq, Yung-O. 2004. From collocation to idiomatic expression: The grammaticalization of hao phrases/constructions in Mandarin Chinese. Journal of Chinese Language and Computing. 14.2: 79-101.
Brown, Penelope and Levinson, Stephen C. 1987. Politeness: Some Universals in Language Usage. Cambridge University Press.
Bybee, Joan. 2003. Mechanisms of change in grammaticization: the role of
frequency. In Handbook of Historical Linguistics, ed. By Richard Janda & Brian Joseph, 602-623. Oxford: Blackwell.
Bybee, Joan and Sandra Thompson. 2000. Three frequency effects in syntax. BLS 23: 65-85.
Chao, Yuen Ren. 1968. A Grammar of Spoken Chinese. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Chu, Chauncey. 1999. A Cognitive-Functional Grammar of Mandarin Chinese. Taipei: The Crane Publishing Co.
Erman, Britt, & Beatrice Warren. 2000. The idiom principle and the open choice principle. Text 20.1: 29-62.
Fischer, Olga and Anette Rosenbach. 2000. Introduction. In Pathways of Change: Grammaticalization in English, e. by Olga Fischer, Anette Rosenbach, and Dieter Stein, 1-36. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Geis, Michael L. 1991. Speech acts and social actions. Manuscript, Ohio State University Department of Linguistics.
Givon, T. 1990. Syntax: a functional-typological introduction. Vol. 2. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Haiman, John. 1994. Ritualization and the development of language. In Perspectives on Grammaticalization, ed. by William Pagliuca, 3-28. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Halliday, M. A. K. 1994. An Introduction to Functional Grammar. J.W. Arrowsmith Ltd., Bristol.
Heine, Bernd, Ulrike Claudi, and Friederike Hnnemeyer. 1991. Grammaticalization: A Conceptual Framework. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Heine, Bernd, and Mechtild Reh. 1984. Grammaticalization and reanalysis in African languages. Hamburg: Helmut Buske.
Hopper, Paul J. 1991. On some principles of grammaticalization. In Approaches to Grammaticalization, Vol. I ed. By Elizabeth C. Traugott and Bernd Heine, 17-35. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Hopper, Paul J., and Elizabeth Traugott. 1993. Grammaticalization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Hu, Ching-chi. 2002. Question Tags in Taiwan Mandarin: Discourse Functions and Grammaticalization. M.A.Thesis. Taipei: National Taiwan Normal University.
Huang, Shuan-fan. 1982 . Space, time and the semantics of lai and qu. Papers in Chinese Syntax, ed. by Shuan-fan, Huang, 145-164. Taipei: The Crane Publishing Co.
Huang, Shuan-fan. 1999. The emergence of a grammatical category definite article in spoken Chinese. Journal of Pragmatics. 31.1: 77-94.
Lakoff, George and Mark Johnson. 1980. Metaphors We Live By. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Levinson, Stephen. 1983. Pragmatics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Li, Charles and Sandra Thompson. 1981. Mandarin Chinese: A Functional Reference Grammar. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Liu, Mei-chun. 1993. Discourse, Grammar, and Grammaticalization: synchronic and diachronic analyses of the adverbial markers jiu and cai in Mandarin. Ph.D. dissertation. University of Colorado, Boulder.
Liu, Shu-mei. 1995. Between Tough and Middle: On Mandarin Rongyi, Hao, and Nan. M.A. Thesis. Taipei: Cheng-chi University.
Meillet, A. 1912. L’volution des Formes Grammaticales In: Linguistique
Historique et Linguistique Gnrale, 130-148, Paris: Librairie Ancienne Honor
Champion Moreno Cabrera.
Miracle, Charles. 1991. Discourse Markers in Mandarin Chinese. Columbus, OH: Ohio State University.
Ota, Tatsuo. 1985. Zongguoyu Lishi Wen Fa, translated by Jian, Shaoyu and Xu, Changhua. Beijing: Beijing University Press.
Pagliuca, William, ed. 1994. Perspectives on grammaticalization. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
Sacks, Harvey, Emanuel A. Schegloff, and Gail Jefferson. 1974. A simplest systematics for the organization of turn-taking for conversation. Language. 50.4: 696-735.
Schiffrin, D. 1987. Discourse markers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Schourup, L. C. 1985. Common discourse particles in English Conversation. New York: Garland.
Sinclair, John. 1991. Corpus, Concordance, Collocation. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Sperber, Dan and Deirdre Wilson. 1986. Relevance: Communication and Cognition. Oxford: Blackwell.
Sperber, Dan and Deirdre Wilson. 1995. Relevance: Communication and Cognition. 2nd edition. Oxford: Blackwell.
Su, Lily I-wen. 1998. Conversation Coherence: the use of ranhou in Chinese spoken discourse. Selected Papers from the Second International Symposium on Languages in Taiwan, ed. by Shuan-fan, Huang, 167-182. Taipei: The Crane Publishing Co.
Sweetser, Eve Eliot. 1988. Grammaticalization and semantic bleaching. Berkeley Linguistics Society 14: 389-405.
Traugott, Elizabeth C. 1982. From propositional to textual and expressive meanings: Some semantic-pragmatic aspects of grammaticalization. In Perspectives on Historical Linguistics, e. by Winfred P. Lehmann & Yakov Malkiel, 245-71. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Traugott, Elizabeth C. 1988. Pragmatic Strengthening and Grammaticalization. Berkeley Linguistics Society 14: 406-416.
Traugott, Elizabeth C. 1989. On the rise of epistemic meanings in English: An example of subjectification in semantic change. Language 57:36-65.
Traugott, Elizabeth C. 1995. The role of discourse markers in the theory of grammaticalization. Paper presented at the Twelfth International Conference on Historical Linguistics, Manchester, UK, August 1995.
(http://www.stanford.edu/~traugott/ect-papersonline.html)
Traugott, Elizabeth C. and Bernd Heine, ed. 1991. Approaches to Grammaticalization, Vol. 1. & 2. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Traugott, Elizabeth C. and Ekkehard Knig. 1991. The semantics-pragmatics of grammatizalization revisited. In Approaches to Grammaticalization, Vol. 1, ed. by Elizabeth C. Traugott and Bernd Heine, 189-218. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Traugott, Elizabeth C. and Richard B. Dasher. 2002. Regularity in Semantic Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Tsai, Mei-hui. 1992. Initial affirmative and negative responses in Taiwan. M.A. Thesis. Taipei: Fu-jen University.
Wang, Yu-Fang. 1996. The Functions of Ranhou in Chinese Oral Discourse.
In Proceedings of the Joint Meeting of the Fourth International Conference on
Chinese Linguistics and the Seventh North American Conference on Chinese Linguistics, pp. 379-397, Vol. 2, GSIL Publications, Univ. of Southern California.
Wang, Yu Fang and Tsai Pi-Hua. 2005. Hao in spoken Chinese discourse:
relevance and coherence. Language Sciences 27.2: 215-243.
Yang, Mei-hui. 1992. Na in Chinese spoken discourse. M.A. Thesis. Taipei: National Taiwan Normal University.

簡易檢索 / 詳目顯示

相關論文