無中文摘要

Knowledge is the bedrock of any successful undertaking. As such, its sharing is vital for both parties-the giver and the recipient. Knowledge sharing (KS) creates a win-win situation for both parties and thus contributes to personal and organizational progress and prosperity. These are some of the reasons why it is gaining momentum and growing in prosperity and posterity in organizations, irrespective of type or size. However, previous researches highlighted that there is very limited research on KS in universities and its sharing is usually also either promoted or hindered by certain factors. This study therefore, revealed the factors that affect KS in University of The Gambia (UTG) thereby also contributing to the limited literature. There are 220 faculty staff in UTG. 150 questionnaires were distributed. Out of this number, 113 were received with 1 invalid one. SPSS was used to analyse the collected data using descriptive statistics and, multiple regression. This was to help to present research results clearly and concisely, to examine the relationships between the independent variables and the dependent variable. Also, Smart PLS was utilised for the Factor Analysis. The results indicated that rewards, trust, and leadership have significant effects on KS in UTG. On the contrary, the results showed that ICT had no significant effect on KS in UTG. This could be as a result of the lack of the needed ICT infrastructure. Finally, based on the results of the study, recommendations were provided for UTG authorities as well as on the aspect of a future research.
Keywords: knowledge sharing, rewards, trust, information and communication technology, leadership

REFERENCES
Ahmad, N., & Daghfous, A. (2010). Knowledge sharing through inter-organizational knowledge networks: Challenges and opportunities in the United Arab Emirates. European Business Review, 22(2), 153-174.

Al-Alawi, A. I., Al-Marzooqi, N. Y., & Mohammed, Y. F. (2007). Organizational culture and knowledge sharing: Critical success factors. Journal of Knowledge Management, 11(2), 22-42.

Alvesson, M., & Kärreman, D. (2001). Odd couple: Making sense of the curious concept of knowledge management. Journal of Management Studies, 38(7), 995-1018.

Andrews, K. M., & Delahaye, B. L. (2000). Influences on knowledge processes in organizational learning: The psychosocial filter. Journal of Management Studies, 37(6), 797-810.

Awad, E. M., & Ghaziri, H. M. (2004). Knowledge management. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

Bakker, M., Leenders, R. T. A., Gabbay, S. M., Kratzer, J., & Van Engelen, J. M. (2006). Is trust really social capital? Knowledge sharing in product development projects. The Learning Organization, 13(6), 594-605.

Boateng, H., & Agyemang, F. G. (2016). A qualitative insight into key determinants of knowledge sharing in a public sector institution in Ghana. Information Development, 32(1), 35-43.

Bock, G. W., Zmud, R. W., Kim, Y. G., & Lee, J. N. (2005). Behavioral intention formation in knowledge sharing: Examining the roles of extrinsic motivators, social-psychological forces, and organizational climate. MIS Quarterly, 29(1), 87-111.

Bratton, J., & Gold, J. (1994). Human Resource Management. doi: 10.1007/978-1-349-23340- 3_1

Breen, R., Lindsay, R., Jenkins, A., & Smith, P. (2001). The role of information and communication technologies in a university learning environment. Studies in Higher Education, 26(1), 95-114.

Cabrera, A., Collins, W. C., & Salgado, J. F. (2006). Determinants of individual engagement in knowledge sharing. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 17(2), 245-264.

Chemers, M. M. (1997). An integrative theory of leadership. New Jersey: Laurence Erlbaum Associates.

Chin, W. W. (1998). The partial least squares approach to structural equation modelling. Modern Methods for Business Research, 295(2), 295-336.

Connelly, C. E., & Kelloway, E. Kevin (2003). Predictors of employees' perceptions of knowledge sharing cultures. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 24(5), 294-301.

Cook, S. D., & Yanow, D. (1993). Culture and organizational learning. Journal of Management Inquiry, 2(4), 373-390.

Davenport, T. H., Grover, V. (2001). General perspectives on knowledge management: Fostering a research agenda. Journal of Management Information Systems, 18(1), 5-21.

Davenport, T. H., & Prusak, L. (1998). Working knowledge: How organizations manage what they know. Boston, Mass: Harvard Business School Press.

Davenport, T. H., & Prusak, L. (2000). Working knowledge: How organizations know what they know. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press.

David, W., & Fahey, L. (2000). Diagnosing cultural barriers to knowledge management. The Academy of Management Executive, 14(4), 113-127.

De Jong, J. P., & Den Hartog, D. N. (2007). How leaders influence employees' innovative behaviour. European Journal of Innovation Management, 10(1), 41-64.

Debowski, S. (2006). Knowledge Management. Australia: John Wiley & Sons Limited.

Disterer, G. (2001). Individual and social barriers to knowledge transfer. Proceedings of the Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, Maui, HI, USA, 34, 1-7.

Dodgson, M. (1993). Organizational learning: A review of some literatures. Organization Studies, 14(3), 375-394.

Fornell, C., Lorange, P., & Roos, J. (1990). The cooperative venture formation process: A latent variable structural modeling approach. Management Science, 36(10), 1246-1255.

Fullwood, R., Rowley, J., & Delbridge, R. (2013). Knowledge sharing amongst academics in UK universities. Journal of Knowledge Management, 17(1), 123-136.

Goh, S. C. (2002). Managing effective knowledge transfer: An integrative framework and some practice implications. Journal of Knowledge Management, 6(1), 23-30.

Gold, A. H., & Malhotra, A. H. S. (2001). Knowledge management: An organizational capabilities perspective. Journal of Management Information Systems, 18(1), 185-214.
Gray, C., & Kinnear, P. (2012). IBM SPSS statistics 19 made simple. New York: Psychology Press.

Gupta, A. K., & Govindarajan, V. (2000). Knowledge flows within multinational corporations. Strategic Management Journal, 21(4), 473-496.

Hargadon, A. B. (1998). Firms as knowledge brokers: Lessons in pursuing continuous innovation. California Management Review, 40(3), 209-227.

Healey, J, F. (2008). Statistics: A tool for social research. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Pub.

Hendriks, P. (1999). Why share knowledge? The influence of ICT on the motivation for knowledge sharing. Knowledge and Process Management, 6(2), 91.

Hislop, D. (2009). Organizational culture and knowledge management. Oxford University Press, Oxford. Retrieved from: https://en.oxforddictionaries.com

Hsu, I. C. (2008). Knowledge sharing practices as a facilitating factor for improving organizational performance through human capital: A preliminary test. Expert Systems with Applications, 35(3), 1316-1326.

Huber, G. P. (1991). Organizational learning: The contributing processes and the literatures. Organization Science, 2(1), 88-115.

Huysman, M., & Wulf, V. (2006). IT to support knowledge sharing in communities, towards a social capital analysis. Journal of Information Technology, 21(1), 40-51.

Ipe, M. (2003). Knowledge sharing in organizations: A conceptual framework. Human Resource Development Review, 2(4), 337-359.

Islam, Z. M., Hasan, I., Ahmed, S. U., & Ahmed, S. M. (2011). Organizational culture and knowledge sharing: Empirical evidence from service organizations. African Journal of Business Management, 5(14), 5900-5909.

Ismail, M. B., & Yusof, Z. M. (2008). Factors affecting knowledge sharing in public organizations in Malaysia. Proceedings of the Knowledge Management International Conference and Exhibitions (KMICe), Malaysia, 165-171.

Issa, R. R., & Haddad, J. (2008). Perceptions of the impacts of organizational culture and information technology on knowledge sharing in construction. Construction Innovation, 8(3), 182-201.

Jarvenpaa, S. L., & Staples, D. S. (2001). Exploring perceptions of organizational ownership of information and expertise. Journal of Management Information Systems, 18(1), 151-183.

Kalleberg, A. L. (1977). Work values and job rewards: A theory of job satisfaction. American Sociological Review, 42(1), 124-143.

Kreiner, K. (2002). Tacit knowledge management: The role of artifacts. Journal of Knowledge Management, 6(2), 112-123.

Lai, M. F., & Lee, G. G. (2007). Relationships of organizational culture toward knowledge activities. Business Process Management Journal, 13(2), 306-322.

Lee, C. K., & Al-Hawamdeh, S. (2002). Factors impacting knowledge sharing. Journal of Information & Knowledge Management, 1(1), 49-56.

Lee, H., & Choi, B. (2003). Knowledge management enablers, processes, and organizational performance: An integrative view and empirical examination. Journal of Management Information Systems, 20(1), 179-228.

Leonard-Barton, D. (1995). Wellsprings of knowledge: Building and sustaining the sources of innovation. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.

Levin, D. Z., & Cross, R. (2004). The strength of weak ties you can trust: The mediating role of trust in effective knowledge transfer. Management Science, 50(11), 1477-1490.

Levin, D. Z., Cross, R., Abrams, L. C., & Lesser, E. L. (2002). Trust and knowledge sharing: A critical combination. IBM Institute for Knowledge-Based Organizations, 10(2) 1-19.

Lin, H. F. (2007). Knowledge sharing and firm innovation capability: An empirical study. International Journal of Manpower, 28(3/4), 315-332.

Lin, H. F., & Lee, G. G. (2004). Perceptions of senior managers toward knowledge-sharing behaviour. Management Decision, 42(1), 108-125.

MacNeil, C. M. (2004). Exploring the supervisor role as a facilitator of knowledge sharing in teams. Journal of European Industrial Training, 28(1), 93-102.

Marwick, A. D. (2001). Knowledge management technology. IBM Systems Journal, 40(4), 814-830.

Mathieu, J. E., & Zajac, D. M. (1990). A review and meta-analysis of the antecedents, correlates, and consequences of organizational commitment. Psychological Bulletin, 108(2), 171-179.

McAdam, R., & Reid, R. (2000). A comparison of public and private sector perceptions and use of knowledge management. Journal of European Industrial Training, 24(6), 317-329.

McDermott, R., & O'dell, C. (2001). Overcoming cultural barriers to sharing knowledge. Journal of Knowledge Management, 5(1), 76-85.

McNiel, D. S. (2006). Meeting through narrative: A personal narrative discussing growing up with an alcoholic mother (Master’s thesis). Available from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No. 1434728)

Metaxiotis, K., & Psarras, J. (2003). Applying knowledge management in higher education: The creation of a learning organisation. Journal of Information & Knowledge Management, 2(4), 353-359.

Mikulecky, P., & Mikulecka, J. (1999). Active Tools for Better Knowledge Dissemination. Paper presented at the American Society for Information Science Annual Meeting, Washington, D.C.

Mooradian, T., Renzl, B., & Matzler, K. (2006). Who trusts? Personality, trust and knowledge sharing. Management Learning, 37(4), 523-540.

Mottaz, C. J. (1988). Determinants of organizational commitment. Human Relations, 41(6), 467-482.

Neuman, W. (2014). Social research methods: Qualitative and quantitative approaches (7th ed.). London: Pearson.

Nidumolu, S. R., & Subramani, M., & Aldrich, A. (2001). Situated learning and the situated knowledge web: Exploring the ground beneath knowledge management. Journal of Management Information Systems, 18(1), 115-150.

Nonaka, I., & Takeuchi, H. (1995). The knowledge-creating company: How Japanese companies create the dynamics of innovation. New York: Oxford university press.

Nunnally, J. C. (1978). Psychometric theory (2nd ed.). New York, USA: McGraw-Hill.

O'dell, C., & Grayson, C. J. (1998). If only we knew what we know: Identification and transfer of internal best practices. California Management Review, 40(3), 154-174.

Oliver, S., & Kandadi, K. R. (2006). How to develop knowledge culture in organizations? A multiple case study of large distributed organizations. Journal of Knowledge Management, 10(4), 6-24.

Pan, S. L., & Scarbrough, H. (1999). Knowledge management in practice: An exploratory case study. Technology Analysis & Strategic Management, 11(3), 359-374.

Reid, F. (2003). Creating a knowledge-sharing culture among diverse business units. Employment Relations Today, 30(3), 43-49.

Riege, A. (2005). Three-dozen knowledge-sharing barriers managers must consider. Journal of Knowledge Management, 9(3), 18-35.

Rowley, J. (2000). Is higher education ready for knowledge management? International Journal of Educational Management, 14(7), 325-333.

Schippers, M. C., Den Hartog, D. N., & Koopman, P. L. (2001, August). Reflexivity in teams: The relation with trust, group potency, team leadership, and performance in work teams. Paper presented at the Academy of Management, Washington, D.C.

Schoorman, F. D., Mayer, R. C., & Davis, J. H. (2007). An integrative model of organizational trust: Past, present, and future. Academy of Management Review, 32(2), 344-354.

Shockley-Zalabak, P., Ellis, K., & Cesaria, R. (2003). Measuring organizational trust: Cross-cultural survey and index. Retrieved from http://store. yahoo. com/iabcstore/measortrus

Sohail, M. S. &. Daud S. (2009). Knowledge sharing in higher education institutions: Perspectives from Malaysia. Vine, 39(2), 125-142.

Søndergaard, S., Kerr, M., & Clegg, C. (2007). Sharing knowledge: Contextualizing socio-technical thinking and practice. The Learning Organization, 14(5), 423-435.

Spender, J. C. (1996). Making knowledge the basis of a dynamic theory of the firm. Strategic Management Journal, 17(2), 45-62.

Syed-Ikhsan, S. O. S., & Rowland, F. (2004). Knowledge management in a public organization: A study on the relationship between organizational elements and the performance of knowledge transfer. Journal of Knowledge Management, 8(2), 95-111.

Tippins, M. J. (2003). Implementing knowledge management in academia: Teaching the teachers. International Journal of Educational Management, 17(7), 339-345.

Trice, H. M., & Beyer, J. M. (1993). The cultures of work organizations. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Tsoukas, H., & Vladimirou, E. (2001). What is organizational knowledge? Journal of Management Studies, 38(7), 973-993.

University of The Gambia. (2016). Conditions of service for staff at University of The Gambia. Faraba Banta Campus: University of The Gambia Printing Office.

Van den Brink, P. (2003). Social, organizational, and technological conditions that enable knowledge sharing (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Faculty of Technology, Policy and Management, Delft University of Technology, Holland.

Van den Hooff, B., Elving, W., Meeuwsen, J. M., & Dumoulin, C. (2003). Knowledge sharing in knowledge communities. In M. Huysman, E. Wenger, & V. Wulf (Eds.), Communities and Technologies (pp. 119-141). Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer Links.

Varun Grover, T. H. D. (2001). General perspectives on knowledge management: Fostering a research agenda. Journal of Management Information Systems, 18(1), 5-21.

Walczak, S. (2005). Organizational knowledge management structure. The Learning Organization, 12(4), 330-339.

Wang, S., & Noe, R. A. (2010). Knowledge sharing: A review and directions for future research. Human Resource Management Review, 20(2), 115-131.

Wenger, E. C., & Snyder, W. M. (2000). Communities of practice: The organizational frontier. Harvard Business Review, 78(1), 139-146.

Williamson, I. O., Burnett, M. F., & Bartol, K. M. (2009). The interactive effect of collectivism and organizational rewards on affective organizational commitment. Cross Cultural Management: An International Journal, 16(1), 28-43.

Yang, J. T. (2004). Job-related knowledge sharing: Comparative case studies. Journal of Knowledge Management, 8(3), 118-126.

Yang, J. T. (2007). The impact of knowledge sharing on organizational learning and effectiveness. Journal of Knowledge Management, 11(2), 83-90.

Yao, L. J., Kam, T. H. Y., & Chan, S. H. (2007). Knowledge sharing in Asian public administration sector: The case of Hong Kong. Journal of Enterprise Information Management, 20(1), 51-69.

Yielder, J., & Codling, A. (2004). Management and leadership in the contemporary university. Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management, 26(3), 315-328.

Yin, R. K. (2008). Case study research, design and methods (5th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.

Zhang, L., Li, J., & Shi, Y. (2005). Study on improving efficiency of knowledge sharing in knowledge-intensive organization. In X. Deng & Y. Ye (Eds.), International Workshop on Internet and Network Economics (pp.816-825). Heidelberg, Berlin: Springer-Verlag.