伯恩斯坦的《憨第德》為一齣在百老匯上演的輕歌劇作品，此劇開創出一種橫跨古典音樂與現代音樂劇的新形式，與伯恩斯坦一生致力於將古典音樂推廣普及化的想法不謀而合。其作品有輕歌劇中的詼諧對話、音樂劇華麗的服飾與場景、諷刺的劇情以及深刻的人物角色刻畫，並將伏爾泰的原著中的哲學思想簡化，以詼諧諷刺的方式探討人性中的弱點。
本文共包含五章，第一章探討《憨第德》的定義。第二章探討《憨》劇的創作背景與演出概況。第三章與第四章著重《憨》劇中音樂素材的運用與探討，包括充滿異國風情的舞曲素材以及其他素材的運用，顯示作曲家伯恩斯坦善用各種音樂素材的功力。第五章結論歸納作曲家所使用的音樂素材，以及此劇在歷史上的重要性。在戲劇表現上，《憨》劇多元豐富的音樂素材易帶領觀眾進入劇情，也使得之後的重演獲得好評與讚賞，成為一齣具有音樂劇與輕歌劇血統的成功之作。

Bernstein’s Candide is an operetta which performed at the theaters in Broadway. This play initiated a new form across classical music and modern Musical, and matched Bernstein’s thought of devoting his life to the popularization of classical music. This play includes funny dialogues of operetta; gorgeous clothes and scenes of Musical; satirized stories and characters. It also simplified the philosophy of the Voltaire’s novels in order to reveal the weakness in human nature through comical and satirical ways.
The thesis consists of five chapters. Chapter One gives definitions of Candide from different viewpoints. Chapter Two discusses the background and performances of Candide. Chapter Three and Chapter Four stress to make use of the musical materials of Candide, including the materials of exotic dance and other musical ones, which show that Bernstein is good at all kinds of musical materials. Chapter Five concludes that the composer uses of the musical materials and the importance of this play in the music history. In the performance of this play, the diversified music could make the audience understand the story better, and it also got good evaluation and admiration in later revivals. Therefore, Candide became a successful production of Musical and operetta.

壹、中文書籍

余丹紅、張禮引 編著。《美國音樂劇》。安徽：文藝出版，2002。

周小川、蕭夢 等著。《音樂劇之旅》。香港：新世界出版，1998。

蔡良玉 著。《美國傳統音樂發展簡史》。北京：人民音樂出版，1992。

慕羽 著。《百老匯音樂劇：美國夢和一個恆久的象徵》。台北：大地出版，2004。

楊沛仁 著。《音樂史與欣賞》。台北：美樂出版，2001。

潘皇龍 著。《現代音樂的焦點》。台北：全音樂譜出版，1989。

Burton, Humphrey.《伯恩斯坦傳上、下》（Leonard Bernstein）。黃星亮、魏慶龍、何勁松 譯。台北：世界文物，1997。
Bernstein, Leonard.《伯恩斯坦創見集》（Findings）。林元 譯。台北：智庫文化，1996。

________.《音樂欣賞》（The Joy of Music）。林聲翕 譯。香港：今日世界，1964。

DiGaetani, John Louis.《歌劇的饗宴》（An invitation to the opera）。潘罡 譯。台北：萬象圖書，1993。

Gradenwitz, Peter.《一個音樂家的無窮想像─列奧納德．伯恩斯坦傳》（Leonard Bernstein unendliche vielfalt eines musilers）。楊曉春 譯。大陸︰遼寧大學出版，1998。

Schonberg, Harold C..《歌劇、歌曲、華爾滋》（The lives of the great composers）。陳琳琳 譯。台北：萬象圖書出版，1993。

Voltaire.《憨第德》（Candide）。方瑜 等譯。台北：志文出版，1976。

貳、中文期刊

莊裕安。〈莽撞少年華麗遊—伯恩斯坦《憨第德》導聆〉。《古典音樂》No.3（五月號，1992）：86-93。

參、中文論文

曹維琪。〈伯恩斯坦聯篇歌曲《我討厭音樂》之研究〉。東海大學音樂系碩士論文，2004。

謝美舟。〈李奧納德．伯恩斯坦《奇切斯特詩篇》第一樂章之研究〉。東吳大學音樂系碩士論文，2001。

肆、外文書籍

Bernstein, Leonard. The Joy of Music. New York: Anchor Books, 1994.

________. The Unanswered Question. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1976.

________. The Infinite Variety of Music. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1966.

Bordman, Gerald. American Musical Theatre. A Chronicle. New York: Oxford University Press, 1986.

Bruce, Saylor, Charle Hamm, Richard Jackson, John Kirkpatrict, Northcott Bayan and Williams W. Austin, eds. The New Grove Twentieth-Century American Masters : Ives, Thomson, Sessions, Cowell, Gershwin, Copland, Carter, Barber, Cage, Bernstein. New York & London: W.W. Norton & Company, 1980.

Burton, Humphrey. Leonard Bernstein. New York: Doubleday, 1994.

Burton,William Westbrook. Conversations About Bernstein. New York: Oxford University Press, 1995.

De-Venney, David P.. The Broadway Song Companion: An Annotated Guide to Musical Theatre Literature by Voice Type of Song Style. Md.: Scarecrow Press, Inc., 1998.
Gänzl, Kurt. The Encyclopedia of The Musical A-K. Blackwell Reference, 1994.

Gänzl, Kurt. The Encyclopedia of The Musical A-K. 2nd Ed. New York: Schirmer Books, 2001.

Green, Stanley. Encyclopedia of the Musical Theatre. New York: Da Capo Press, Inc., 1976.

Jane Fluegel, ed. Bernstein remembered. New York: Corroll & Graf Publishers, Inc., 1991.

Kirk, Elise K.. American opera. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2001.

Laird, Paul R.. Leonard Bernstein: A Guide to Research. New York: Routledge, 2002.

Ostrow, Stuart. A producer’ s Broadway journey. Westport, Conn.: Praeger Trade, 1999.

Rosenberg, Bernard and Ernest Harburg. The Broadway Musical. New York University Press, 1993.

Suskin, Steven. Opening Night on Broadway. New York: Schirmer Books, 1990.

Swain, Joseph P.. The Broadway Musical. New York: Oxford University Press, 1990.

Traubner, Richard. Operetta: A Theatrical History. New York: Oxford University Press, 1983.

伍、外文期刊

Peters, Brooks. “Making Your Garden Growl.” Opera News Vol.65 (Jul, 2000): 38.

Stearns, David Patrick. “Candide Redux.” Opera News Vol.56 No.2 ( Aug, 1991): 12-14.

Block,Geoffrey. “The Broadway Canon from Show Boat to West Side Story and the European Operatic Ideal.” The Journal of Musicology Volume XI. Regents of University California: Nomber 4 (Fall, 1993): 531.

陸、網路資料

The Official Leonard Bernstein Web Site. http://www.leonardbernstein.com/. ; accessed 1 September 2005.

Candide: The Musical. http://www.theatrehistory.com/american/candide_001.html. 2002 ; accessed 19 September 2005.

Compiled by Michael H. Hutchins. A Guide to Leonard Bernstein’s Candide. http://www.geocities.com/bernsteincandide/. ; accessed 13 March 2006.

Internet Broadway Database: Production Credit. http://www.ibdb.com/production.asp?ID=3708.2001-2006; accessed 25 March 2006.

Clive Barnes, “A spleen-dide “Candide””. http://humanities.uchicago.edu/homes/VSA/Candide/operetta.reviews.html. 1997; accessed 13 March 2006.

Michael H. Credits, “Production Credits”. http://www.geocities.com/bernsteincandide/04nypo.html. 2004; accessed 13 March 2006.

柒、樂譜

Bernstein, Leonard. Candide: The Complete Words and Music of the Drama Critics Award Winning Broadway Musical. New York: A Division of Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc. Schirmer Books, 1976.

________. Candide: A Comic Operetta in Two Acts. Scottish Opera Edition of The Opera-House Version(1989) New York: Boosey & Hawkes, 1994.

捌、影音資料

Bernstein, Leonard. Candide (Live at Lincoln Center) Produced by Iris Merlis and Jay Good. Image Entertainment Studio, 2005. DVD.

________. Candide: 1956 Original Broadway Cast. Sony Classical/Columbia SK86859, 1956. Audio CD.

________. Candide: Cast Recording. Conducted by Leonard Bernstein. Deutsche Grammophon DG 429734-2, 1898. Polygram Records. August 9, 1991. Audio CD.