本研究針對泰籍華語學習者的口語進行評估，以說話清晰度和聲學分析為測量方法，了解泰籍華語學習者在聲學訊號和說話清晰度的表現。同時，探討聲學特徵和清晰度兩者間的關聯，找出影響清晰度主要的聲學參數，以探知造成學習者清晰度降低的因素。
本研究以二十名在台灣學習華語之泰籍學習者為研究對象，二十名母語者為參照組，再由六十名母語者進行聽知覺評分，採項目辨識法作為詞語清晰度的評分方式，語句和短文清晰度以視覺類比結合直接大小估計法作為清晰度的評估方式。以十二項最小語音對比的雙音節語詞，作為說話清晰度與聲學分析的材料。雙音節語詞包括「前後元音」、「展圓唇元音」、「高低元音」、「送氣與否塞擦音」、「送氣與否塞音」、「擦音與塞擦音」、「擦音與塞音」、「舌尖前音與舌尖後音」、「塞音部位」、「平調與升調」、「平調與降調」及「二聲及三聲」華語語音對比。此外，也以十個語句和一篇短文作為不同層次口語溝通的說話清晰度材料，測量其語句和短文清晰度。
研究結果顯示泰籍華語學習者在三個不同語言層次的說話清晰度表現，在語詞清晰度表現最佳，而短文和句子清晰度表現較差。學習者清晰度和聲學特徵與母語者相似為：「前後元音」、「高低元音」、「擦音與塞音」。影響清晰度之聲學特徵為：圓唇元音/y/的F2偏差將被判斷為/i/或者/u/；送氣塞擦音的噪音時長較長將被判斷為擦音；轉折點偏差會影響二聲和三聲的清晰度。期許透過本研究之清晰度及聲學分析結果，能對如何提升華語學習者口語溝通能力提供參考。

In this study, the spoken language of Thai Mandarin learners was evaluated. Speech intelligibility and acoustic analysis were used as measurement methods to understand the performance of acoustic signals and speech intelligibility of Thai Mandarin learners. At the same time, the correlation between acoustic parameters and intelligibility is tested to find out the main acoustic parameters that affect intelligibility, so as to detect the factors that cause the learner's intelligibility to decrease.
The sample participants tested in this study included twenty Thai learners who study Mandarin in Taiwan. Then, twenty native speakers served as the reference group, and the auditory perception scores were provided by sixty native speakers. Item identification method was used to evaluate word intelligibility. Then, the intelligibility of sentences and passages was determined by the combination of a visual analogue scale and a direct magnitude estimation method. Moreover, two-syllable words with twelve minimum phonetic contrasts were used as materials for speech intelligibility and acoustic analysis. The two-syllable words included: front-back vowel, rounded-unrounded vowel, high-low vowel, aspirated-unaspirated affricate, aspirated-unaspirated stop, fricative and affricate, fricative and stop, retroflex and nonretroflex, place of stop articulation, flat and rising tone, flat and falling tone, and contrasts between tone two and tone three. In addition, ten sentences and a short essay were used as the speaking intelligibility materials for measuring the intelligibility of the sentences and phrases of different levels of oral communication.
The study showed that Thai Mandarin learners performed the best in word intelligibility at three different language levels, while they performed quite poor in short passages and sentences. The learners’ intelligibility and acoustic characteristics that are similar to those of native speakers are front-back vowel, high-low vowel, and friction and stop. Moreover, the acoustic characteristics that affect intelligibility are: the F2 deviation of the round-lip vowel /y/ being judged as /i/ or /u/, longer noise duration of the aspiration affricate being judged as a fricative, and the turning point deviation that affects the intelligibility of tone two and tone three. It is hoped that by taking into account the intelligibility and acoustic analysis results of this research, the effectiveness of Chinese learners' oral communication ability will be improved.

一、中文部分
朱川（2013）。外國學生漢語語音學習對策（增訂版）。台北市：新學林。
朱永平（2004）。第二語言習得難度的預測及教學策略。語言教學與研究，4期，P43-47。
吳宗濟（2004）。語言學論文集。北京：商務印書館。
宋淨純（2014）。台灣成人華語言語清晰度、言語理解度及其效率的連續性語料分析。台北市。國立臺北護理健康大學碩士論文。
李紅印（1995）。泰國學生漢語學習的語音偏誤。世界漢語教學，2期，P66-71。
沈家煊（1997）。類型學中的標記模式。外語教學與研究，1期，P4-13。
林燾、王理嘉（2011）。語音學教程。台北市：五南。
孫文訪（2012）。基於語言類型學的第二語言習得研究。語言教學與研究，2期，P1-8。
曾麗紅（2018）。漢泰塞音、塞擦音對比實驗研究。廣東省：暨南大學碩士論文。
梅麗（2011）。 泰國學習者漢語塞擦音的知覺同化與區分。世界漢語教學，2期，P276-288
梁月美、劉惠美（2017）。泰國華裔青年之華語語音習得與偏誤分析。臺灣華語教學研究，14期，P43-75。
國際語音學會（2008）。國際語音學會手冊：國際音標使用指南。上海：上海教育出版社。
張曉涵、劉惠美（2012）。延長言語時長與刻意停頓對痙攣型腦性麻痺兒童言語清晰度的影響。特殊教育研究學刊，37卷1期，P27-51。
曹逢甫（2000）。臺式日語與臺灣國語--百年來在臺灣發生的兩個語言接觸實例。漢學研究，18卷特刊，P237-297。
陳晨、李秋楊。（2008）。語音偏誤標記與語音對比——談泰國學生語音習得問題。雲南師範大學學報（對外漢語教學與研究版），2期，P82-97。
馮麗（2012）初級泰國留學生漢語語音學習的偏誤分析。文學界：理論版，3期，P95-96。
楊連瑞、張德祿（2007）。二語習得研究與中國外語教學。上海：上海外語教育出版社。
葉德明（2005）。華語語音學-上篇:語音理論。臺北市：師大書院。
廖宇夫（2011）。基礎泰語（一）。北京：廣東世界圖書出版公司。
趙元任撰、丁邦新譯（1980）。中國話的文法。香港：中文大學出版社。
劉惠美（1996）。腦性痲痺者說話清晰度的知覺與聲學分析。高雄市：高雄師範大學碩士論文（未出版）。
劉惠美（2004）。腦性麻痺者元音構音空間的限制與說話清晰度缺損之研究。特殊教育研究學刊，27期，Ｐ77-92。
劉惠美、曹峰銘（1996）。如何測量說話清晰度。科學月刊，27卷11期，P919-924。
劉惠美、曾進興、曹峰銘（1999）。國語語音對比的聲學相關特性。國家科學員會研究彙刊。9卷4期，Ｐ726-738。
潘德鼎（2015）。泰語教程第一冊。北京：北京大學出版社。
蔡整瑩、曹文（2002）。泰國學生漢語語音偏誤分析。世界漢語教學，2期，P86-92。
鄭尊仁（2008）。華語語音課程設計。台北：台灣師範大學華語文教學研究所碩士論文。
鄭靜宜（2003）。腦性麻痺說話者的國語聲調基本頻率 （F0） 型態與特性。特殊教育與復健學報，11期，P29-54。
鄭靜宜（2005）。不同言語速度、發語單位和發語位置對國語音段時長的影響。南大學報，39期，P161-185。
鄭靜宜（2006）。國語捲舌音和非捲舌音的聲學特性。南大人文研究學報，40卷1期，P27-48。
鄭靜宜（2009）。華語捲舌音對比的聽覺辨識與頻譜動差分析。中華心理學刊，51卷2期，P157-173。
鄭靜宜（2011）。語音聲學。新北市：心理出版社。
鄭靜宜（2013）。話在心‧口難言-運動性言語障礙的理論與實務。新北市：心理出版社。
魯健驥（1984）。中介語理論與外國人學習漢語的語音偏誤分析。語言教學與研究，3期，P44-56。
謝錫金、祁永華、岺紹基（2012）。非華語學生的中文學與教（課程、教材、教法與評估）。香港：香港大學出版社
鐘榮富（2009）。對比分析與華語教學。台北縣：正中書局。
 
二、英文部分
Anderson-Hsieh, J.,Johnson, R., & Koehler, K. (1992). The Relationship Between Native Speaker Judgments of Nonnative Pronunciation and Deviance in Segmentais, Prosody, and Syllable Structure. Language Learning, 42(4), 529-555. doi:10.1111/j.1467-1770.1992.tb01043.x
Anderson-Hsieh, J., & Koehler, K. (1988). The Effect of Foreign Accent and Speaking Rate on Native Speaker Comprehension. Language Learning, 38(4), 561-613. doi:10.1111/j.1467-1770.1988.tb00167.x
Ansel, B. M., & Kent, R. D. (1992). Acoustic-phonetic contrasts and intelligibility in the dysarthria associated with mixed cerebral palsy. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 35(2), 296-308.
Barreto, S. D. S., & Ortiz, K. Z. (2010). Intelligibility: effects of transcription analysis and speech stimulus. Pró-Fono Revista de Atualização Científica, 22(2), 125-130. doi: 10.1590/S0104-56872010000200010
Bent, T., & Bradlow, A. R. (2003). The interlanguage speech intelligibility benefit. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 114(3), 1600-1610. doi:doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.1603234
Best, C., & Tyler, M. (2007). Nonnative and second-language speech perception: Commonalities and complementarities. In O.-S. Bohn & M. J. Munro (Eds.), Language experience in second language speech learning: In honor of James Emil Flege (pp. 13-34). Philadephia: John Benjamins Publishing Co.
Best, C. T. (1995). A direct realist view of cross-lanugage speech perception. In W. Strange (Ed.), Speech perception and linguistic experience: Issues in cross-language research (pp. 171-204). Timonium, MD: York Press.
Bradlow, A. R., & Bent, T. (2003). Listener adaptation to foreign-accented English. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the 15th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences.
Bradlow, A. R., Nygaard, L. C., & Pisoni, D. B. (1999). Effects of talker, rate, and amplitude variation on recognition memory for spoken words. Perception and Psychophysics, 61(2), 206-219. doi:10.3758/bf03206883
Bradlow, A. R., & Pisoni, D. B. (1999). Recognition of spoken words by native and non-native listeners: talker-, listener-, and item-related factors. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 106(4), 2074-2085. doi:10.1121/1.427952
Brown, H. D. (2000). Principles of language learning and teaching (Vol. 5): Longman New York.
Burda, A. N., Hageman, C. F., Scherz, J. A., & Edwards, H. T. (2003). Age and understanding of speakers with Spanish or Taiwanese accents. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 97(1), 11-20. doi:10.2466/pms.2003.97.1.11
Chao, K.-Y., Khattab, G., & Chen, L.-m. (2006). Comparison of VOT patterns in Mandarin Chinese and in English. Paper presented at the the 4th Annual Hawaii International Conference on Arts and Humanities.
Chen, L.-M., Chao, K.-Y., & Peng, J.-F. (2007). VOT productions of word-initial stops in Mandarin and English: A cross-linguistic study. Paper presented at the In proceedings of the 19th Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Proceeding, Taipei, Taiwan.
Chen, S. H. (1996). Phonetograms of normal Taiwanese young adults. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation), University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI.
Chodroff, E., & Wilson, C. (2014). Burst spectrum as a cue for the stop voicing contrast in American English. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 136(5), 2762-2772. doi:10.1121/1.4896470
Chomsky, N. (1993). Lectures on government and binding: The Pisa lectures. Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter.
Chomsky, N., & Halle, M. (1968). The sound pattern of English. New York: Haper & Row.
Corder, S. P. (1967). The significance of learner's errors. IRAL-International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching, 5(1-4), 161-170.
Corder, S. P. (1981). Error analysis and interlanguage. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Cutler, A. (2012). Native listening: Language experience and the recognition of spoken words. Cambridge, MA: Mit Press.
Dagenais, P. A., Brown, G. R., & Moore, R. E. (2006). Speech rate effects upon intelligibility and acceptability of dysarthric speech. Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics, 20(2-3), 141-148. doi:10.1080/02699200400026843
Derwing, T. M., & Munro, M. J. (1997). Accent, Intelligibility, and Comprehensibility. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 19(01), 1-16.
Derwing, T. M., & Munro, M. J. (2005). Second Language Accent and Pronunciation Teaching: A Research-Based Approach. TESOL Quarterly, 39(3), 379-397. doi:10.2307/3588486
Derwing, T. M., Munro, M. J., & Wiebe, G. E. (1998). Evidence in favor of a broad framework for pronunciation instruction. Language Learning, 48(3), 393-410.
Dongilli, P. A., Jr. (1994). Semantic context and speech intelligibility. In J. A. Till, K. M. Yorkston, & D. R. Beukelman (Eds.), Motor speech disorders:Advances in assessment and treatment (pp. 175-191). Baltimore: MD:Pual H. Brookes.
Eckman, F. (1991). The Structural Conformity Hypothesis and the Acquisition of Consonant Clusters in the Interlanguage of ESL Learners. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 13(1), 23-41. doi:10.1017/S0272263100009700
Eckman, F., & Iverson, G. (1994). Pronunciation difficulties in ESL: Coda consonants in English interlanguage. In M. Yavas (Ed.), First and second language phonology (pp. 251-265). San Diego: Singular.
Eckman, F. R. (1977). Markedness and the contrastive analysis hypothesis. Language Learning, 27(2), 315-330. doi:10.1111/j.1467-1770.1977.tb00124.x
Eckman, F. R. (2004). From phonemic differences to constraint rankings: research on second language phonology. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 26(4), 513-549. doi:10.1017/S027226310404001X
Elliott, A. R. (1997). On the Teaching and Acquisition of Pronunciation within a Communicative Approach. Hispania, 80(1), 95-108. doi:10.2307/345983
Ferguson, S. H., Jongman, A., Sereno, J. A., & Keum, K. A. (2010). Intelligibility of foreign-accented speech for older adults with and without hearing loss. Journal of the American Academy of Audiology, 21(3), 153-162.
Field, J. (2005). Intelligibility and the listener: The role of lexical stress. TESOL Quarterly, 39(3), 399-423. doi:10.2307/3588487
Flege, J. (2007). Language contact in bilingualism: Phonetic system interactions. Laboratory Phonology, 9.
Flege, J. E. (1988). Factors affecting degree of perceived foreign accent in English sentences. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 84(1), 70-79. doi:10.1121/1.396876
Flege, J. E. (1992). The intelligibility of English vowels spoken by British and Dutch talkers. In R. D. Kent (Ed.), Intelligibility in speech disorders: Theory, measurement, management (Vol. 1, pp. 157-232).
Flege, J. E. (1993). Production and perception of a novel, second‐language phonetic contrast. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 93(3), 1589-1608. doi:10.1121/1.406818
Flege, J. E. (1995). Second-language speech learning: Theory, findings, and problems. In W. Strange (Ed.), Speech perception linguistic experience: issues in cross-language research (pp. 233-277). Timonium, MD: York Press.
Flege, J. E., Munro, M. J., & MacKay, I. R. A. (1995). Factors affecting strength of perceived foreign accent in a second language. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 97(5), 3125-3134. doi:10.1121/1.413041
Flege, J. E., Yeni-Komshian, G. H., & Liu, S. (1999). Age constraints on second-language acquisition. Journal of memory and language, 41(1), 78-104.
Fries, C. C. (1945). Teaching and learning English as a foreign language. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
Fucci, D., Ellis, L., & Petrosino, L. (1990). Speech clarity/intelligibility: test-retest reliability of magnitude-estimation scaling. Percept Mot Skills, 70(1), 232-234. doi:10.2466/pms.1990.70.1.232
Gass, S. (1996). Second language acquisition and linguistic theory: the role of language transfer. In W. C. Ritchie & T. K. Bhatia (Eds.), Handbook of second language acquisition (pp. 317-345). San Diego: Academic Press.
Gass, S., & Varonis, E. M. J. L. l. (1984). The effect of familiarity on the comprehensibility of nonnative speech. Language Learning, 34(1), 65-89.
Goldinger, S. D. (1996). Words and voices: Episodic traces in spoken word identification and recognition memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 22(5), 1166-1183. doi:10.1037/0278-7393.22.5.1166
Greenberg, J. H. (1976). Language Universals. The Hague: Mouton.
Griffiths, R. (1992). Speech Rate and Listening Comprehension: Further Evidence of the Relationship. TESOL Quarterly, 26(2), 385-390. doi:10.2307/3587015
Hallé, P. A., Best, C. T., & Levitt, A. (1999). Phonetic vs. phonological influences on French listeners' perception of American English approximants. Journal of Phonetics, 27(3), 281-306.
Hargus, S. E., & Gordon-Salant, S. (1995). Accuracy of Speech Intelligibility Index Predictions for Noise-Masked Young Listeners With Normal Hearing and for Elderly Listeners With Hearing Impairment. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 38(1), 234-243. doi:doi:10.1044/jshr.3801.234
Ingvalson, E. M., Ettlinger, M., & Wong, P. C. M. (2014). Bilingual speech perception and learning: A review of recent trends. International Journal of Bilingualism, 18(1), 35-47. doi:10.1177/1367006912456586
Jacewicz, E., Fox, R. A., O’Neill, C., & Salmons, J. (2009). Articulation rate across dialect, age, and gender. Language variation and change, 21(2), 233-256. doi:10.1017/S0954394509990093
Jeng, J.-Y. (2000). Intelligibility and acoustic characteristics of the dysarthria in Mandarin speakers with cerebral palsy. (9972875 Ph.D.), The University of Wisconsin - Madison, Ann Arbor. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/304634811?accountid=14228
Jenkins, J. (2000). The phonology of English as an international language (Vol. Oxford applied linguistics). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Kachru, Y., & Smith, L. E. (2008). Cultures, contexts, and world Englishes. New York: Routledge.
Kennedy, S., & Trofimovich, P. (2008). Intelligibility, comprehensibility, and accentedness of L2 speech: The role of listener experience and semantic context. Canadian Modern Language Review, 64(3), 459-489. doi:10.3138/cmlr.64.3.459
Kent, R. D. (1992). Intelligibility in Speech Disorders: Theory, Measurement, and Management. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
Kent, R. D., Miolo, G., & Bloedel, S. (1994). The Intelligibility of Children's Speech: A Review of Evaluation Procedures. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 3(2), 81-95. doi:10.1044/1058-0360.0302.81
Kent, R. D., & Read, C. (2002). The Acoustic Analysis of Speech. San Diego: Singular Publishing.
Kent, R. D., Weismer, G., Kent, J. F., & Rosenbek, J. C. (1989). Toward Phonetic Intelligibility Testing in Dysarthria. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders, 54(4), 482-499. doi:10.1044/jshd.5404.482
Kenworthy, J. (1988). Intelligibility. In Teaching English Pronunciation (pp. 13-16). London: Longman.
Kim, H., Hasegawa-Johnson, M., & Perlman, A. (2011). Vowel contrast and speech intelligibility in dysarthria. Folia Phoniatr Logop, 63(4), 187-194. doi:10.1159/000318881
Ladefoged, P., & Johnson, K. (2014). A course in phonetics. California: Nelson Education.
Lado, R. (1957). Linguistics Across Cultures: Applied Linguistics for Language Teachers. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
Levis, J. M. (2005). Changing Contexts and Shifting Paradigms in Pronunciation Teaching. TESOL Quarterly, 39(3), 369-377. doi:10.2307/3588485
Liu, H.-M., Tsao, F.-M., & Kuhl, P. K. (2005). The effect of reduced vowel working space on speech intelligibility in Mandarin-speaking young adults with cerebral palsy. Journal of the Acoustical Society Americal, 117(6), 3879-3889.
Liu, H.-M., Tsao, F.-M., & Kuhl, P. K. (2009). Age-related Changes in Acoustic Modifications of Mandarin Maternal Speech to Preverbal Infants and Five-Year-Old Children: A Longitudinal Study. Journal of child language, 36(4), 909. doi:10.1017/S030500090800929X
Logan, K. J., Roberts, R. R., Pretto, A. P., & Morey, M. J. (2002). Speaking Slowly Effects of Four Self-Guided Training Approaches on Adults' Speech Rate and Naturalness. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 11(2), 163-174. doi:10.1044/1058-0360(2002/016)
Major, R. C. (2008). Transfer in second language phonology: A review. In J. G. H. Edwards & M. L. Zampini (Eds.), Phonology and Second Language Acquisition (Vol. 36, pp. 63-94). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Moyer, A. (2013). Foreign accent: The phenomenon of non-native speech: Cambridge University Press.
Maner, K. J., Smith, A., & Grayson, L. (2000). Influences of utterance length and complexity on speech motor performance in children and adults. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 43(2), 560-573.
McGarr, N. S. (1983). The Intelligibility of Deaf Speech to Experienced and Inexperienced Listeners. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 26(3), 451-458. doi:doi:10.1044/jshr.2603.451
Metz, D. E., Samar, V. J., Schiavetti, N., & Sitler, R. W. (1990). Acoustic dimensions of hearing-Impaired speakers'intelligibility segmental and supresegmental characteristics. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 33(3), 476-487. doi:doi:10.1044/jshr.3303.476
Miller, N. (2013). Measuring up to speech intelligibility. 48(6), 601-612. doi:10.1111/1460-6984.12061
Mirenda, P., & Beukelman, D. R. (1987). A comparison of speech synthesis intelligibility with listeners from three age groups. Augmentative and Alternative Communication, 3(3), 120-128. doi:10.1080/07434618712331274399
Munro, M. J. (2008). Foreign accent and speech intelligibility. In J. G. Hansen Edwards & M. L. Zampini (Eds.), Phonology and Second Language Acquisition (pp. 193-218). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Munro, M. J., & Bohn, O.-S. (2007). The study of second language speech. In O.-S. Bohn & M. J. Munro (Eds.), Language experience in second language speech learning: In Honor of James Emil Flege (pp. 3-11). Amsterdam, Philadephia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
Munro, M. J., & Derwing, T. M. (1995a). Foreign Accent, Comprehensibility, and Intelligibility in the Speech of Second Language Learners. Language Learning, 45(1), 73-97. doi:10.1111/j.1467-1770.1995.tb00963.
Munro, M. J., & Derwing, T. M. (1995b). Processing time, accent, and comprehensibility in the perception of native and foreign accented speech. Language and speech, 38(3), 289-306.
Munro, M. J., & Derwing, T. M. (1999). Foreign Accent, Comprehensibility, and Intelligibility in the Speech of Second Language Learners. In Language Learning (Vol. 49, pp. 285-310): Blackwell Publishers Inc.
Munro, M. J., & Derwing, T. M. (2011). The foundations of accent and intelligibility in pronunciation research. Language Teaching, 44(03), 316-327. doi:10.1017/s0261444811000103
Munro, M. J., & Derwing, T. M. (2015). Intelligibility in research and practice: Teaching priorities. In M. Reed & J. M. Levis (Eds.), The handbook of English pronunciation (pp. 377-396): John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Munro, M. J., Derwing, T. M., & Holtby, A. K. (2012). Evaluating individual variability in foreign accent comprehension. Paper presented at the Proceeding in Second Language Learning and Teaching Conference, Ames, IA.
Munro, M. J., Derwing, T. M., & Morton, S. L. (2006). The Mutual Intelligibility of L2 Speech. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 28(01), 111-131. doi:10.1017/s0272263106060049
Nelson, C. L. (2012). Intelligibility in world Englishes: Theory and application. Abingdon: Routledge
Nemser, W. (1971). Approximative systems of foreign language learners. In IRAL - International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching (Vol. 9, pp. 115-124).
Nygaard, L. C., Sommers, M. S., & Pisoni, D. B. (1994). Speech perception as a talker-contingent process. Psychological science, 5(1), 42-46. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.1994.tb00612.x
Oller, J. W., & Ziahosseiny, S. M. (1970). The contrastive analysis hypothesis and spelling errors. Language Learning, 20(2), 183-189.
Osberger, M. J. (1992). Speech intelligibility in the hearing impaired: Research and clinical implications. In R. Kent (Ed.), Intelligibility in Speech Disorders: Theory, Measurement, and Management (pp. 233-265).
Peterson, G. E., & Barney, H. L. (1952). Control methods used in a study of the vowels. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 24(2), 175-184.
Rajadurai, J. (2007). Intelligibility studies: a consideration of empirical and ideological issues. World Englishes, 26(1), 87-98. doi:10.1111/j.1467-971X.2007.00490.x
Repp, B. H., Liberman, A. M., Eccardt, T., & Pesetsky, D. (1978). Perceptual integration of acoustic cues for stop, fricative, and affricate manner. Journal of Experimental Psychology, Human Perception and Performance, 4(4), 621-637. doi:10.1037//0096-1523.4.4.621
Rubin, J. (1994). A Review of Second Language Listening Comprehension Research. 78(2), 199-221. doi:10.1111/j.1540-4781.1994.tb02034.x
Sadagopan, N., & Smith, A. (2008). Developmental changes in the effects of utterance length and complexity on speech movement variability. Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research, 51(5), 1138-1151. doi:10.1044/1092-4388(2008/06-0222)
Samar, V. J., & Metz, D. E. (1988). Criterion validity of speech intelligibility rating-scale procedures for the hearing-impaired population. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 31(3), 307-316.
Schiavetti, N. (1992). Scaling procedures for the measurement of speech intelligibility. In R. D. Kent (Ed.), Intelligibility in speech disorders (pp. 11-34). Philadelphia: John Banjamins.
Selinker, L. (1972). Interlanguage. IRAL-International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching, 10(10), 209-232.
Sitler, R. W., Schiavetti, N., & Metz, D. E. (1983). Contextual effects in the measurement of hearing-impaired speakers' intelligibility. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 26(1), 30-35.
Smith, A., & Goffman, L. (2004). Interaction of motor and language factors in the development of speech production. In B. Maassen, R. Kent, H. Peter, P. v. Lieshout, & W. Hulstijn (Eds.), Speech motor control in normal and disordered speech (pp. 227-252). New York: NY: Oxford University press.
Smith, L. E. (1992). Spread of English and issues of intelligibility. In B. B. Kachru (Ed.), The Other Tongue: English across Cultures (2 ed., pp. 75-90). Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
Smith, L. E., & Nelson, C. L. (1985). International intelligibility of English: directions and resources. World Englishes, 4(3), 333-342. doi:10.1111/j.1467-971X.1985.tb00423.x
Smith, L. E., & Rafiqzad, K. (1979). English for Cross-Cultural Communication: The Question of Intelligibility. TESOL Quarterly, 13(3), 371-380. doi:10.2307/3585884
So, C. K., & Best, C. T. (2010). Cross-language Perception of Non-native Tonal Contrasts: Effects of Native Phonological and Phonetic Influences. Language & Speech, 53(2), 273-293. doi:10.1177/0023830909357156
Subtelny, J. D. (1977). Assessment of speech with implications for training. In F. H. Bess (Ed.), Childhood deafness: causation, assessment, and management: Grune & Stratton.
Tarone, E. (1979). Interlanguage as chameleon. Language Learning, 29(1), 181-191. doi:10.1111/j.1467-1770.1979.tb01058.
Tarone, E. (1983). On the Variability of Interlanguage Systems. Applied Linguistics, 4, 142-163. doi:10.1093/applin/4.2.142
Tseng, C.-Y. (1990). An Acoustic Phonetic Study on Tones in Mandarin Chinese. Taipei: Institute of History & Philosophy.
Wardhaugh, R. (1970). The contrastive analysis hypothesis. TESOL Quarterly(4), 123-130.
Williams, L. J. (1979). The modification of speech perception and production in second-language learning. Perceptaion and Psychophysics, 26(2), 95-104.
Wu, X., Munro, M. J., & Wang, Y. (2014). Tone assimilation by Mandarin and Thai listeners with and without L2 experience. Journal of Phonetics, 46, 86-100. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wocn.2014.06.005
Yorkston, K. M. (2010). Management of Motor Speech Disorders in Children and Adults. Austin: Pro-Ed.