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研究生: 鄭仁智
Cheng, Jen-Chih
論文名稱: 論島嶼制度之法理與實踐:以中國大陸南沙島礁填礁建島為例
A Study on Jurisprudence and Practices of the Regime of Islands–Taking the Mainland China's Reclamation in the Spratlys as An Example
指導教授: 王冠雄
Wang, Kuan-Hsiung
學位類別: 博士
Doctor
系所名稱: 政治學研究所
Graduate Institute of Political Science
論文出版年: 2019
畢業學年度: 107
語文別: 中文
論文頁數: 261
中文關鍵詞: 填礁建島岩礁南海仲裁案島嶼制度
英文關鍵詞: land reclamation, rocks, arbitral tribunal, the regime of islands
DOI URL: http://doi.org/10.6345/DIS.NTNU.GPS.001.2019.F09
論文種類: 學術論文
相關次數: 點閱:143下載:57
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  • 島嶼制度自1982年《海洋法公約》立約通過至今,始終是國際海洋法中一個頗受爭論的議題。因島嶼制度不僅牽涉島礁本身所享有的法律地位,且涉及沿海國與相鄰或相向國家間海洋區域的劃分,尤以200海里專屬經濟海域制度的建立,益使島礁的法律地位倍受各國重視。2012年4月,菲律賓與中國大陸於黃岩島軍事對峙事件後,引發菲律賓提起「南海仲裁案」,希冀藉由強制仲裁對中國大陸產生遏制效應。然該案最具爭議處,即是臨時仲裁庭意圖將島嶼制度原本保有的模糊空間予以明確化、具體化,對島嶼制度條文的重新定義。而其做法非但無益於解決現存的島嶼制度爭端,反而衍生更多紛爭。本論文試圖以島嶼制度之立法過程、各重要時期之會議及重要討論事項為立基點,著重探討島嶼制度規範模糊處,並綜整各家論述,兼論中國大陸於南沙所屬島礁填礁建島、臨時仲裁庭重新定義島嶼制度所蘊含之法律意涵及面臨之挑戰,最後輔以案例研究,期能勾勒出一條較為周全的理路,作為修約之討論。

    Since United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea was adopted in 1982, the regime of islands has been a considerable subject of debate in international law of the sea. Not only the regime of islands involves the legal status of the island (or reef) itself, but also involves the division of the marine area between the coastal state and the adjacent or opposite States. Especially the establishment of the regime of the Exclusive Economic Zone of 200 nautical miles, countries around the world are keeping close eye on the legal status of the island (or reef). In April 2012, after the military confrontation between the Philippines and China on Scarborough Shoal, Philippines initiated a “South China Sea Arbitration Case”, which hoped to have a containment effect on mainland China through compulsory arbitration. The most controversial issue of the case is the Provisional Arbitration Tribunal’s intent to clarify the fuzziness of the original regime of islands and give more specific and precise definition of the regime of islands provision. Rather than solving the existing regime of islands disputes, these efforts had raised more disputes instead. This thesis attempts to adopt the legislative process of the regime of islands, and the important timeline of meetings and discussions as basis; examines in-depth focus on the ambiguity of the regime of islands norms; provides comprehensive views and perspectives, including the land reclamation of the Chinese mainland in the Spratlys, and the legal implications and challenges based on Provisional Arbitral Tribunal’s new definition of the regime of islands. Lastly, supplemented case studies to map a more comprehensive rationale as reference to amend the convention in the future.

    第一章 緒論 1 第一節 研究動機 1 第二節 研究目的 9 第三節 研究途徑與方法 13 第四節 研究架構、範圍與限制 16 第五節 文獻回顧 19 第六節 預期貢獻 44 第二章 《海洋法公約》中之島嶼制度 45 第一節 島嶼制度之緣起 45 第二節 島嶼、岩礁及低潮高地之定義及效力 59 第三節 人工島嶼之定義及效力 71 第四節 《海洋法公約》對於岩礁規範之爭議處 74 第五節 「遠海或洋中群島」之討論 77 第六節 小結 83 第三章 中國大陸對《海洋法公約》之挑戰 87 第一節 中國大陸南沙島礁原始地貌與發展現況 88 第二節 對於島礁自然狀態規範之挑戰 109 第三節 對於島礁維持人類居住規範之挑戰 116 第四節 對於島礁其本身經濟生活規範之挑戰 124 第五節 對於島礁領海基點基線規範之挑戰 131 第六節 小結 140 第四章 「南海仲裁案」對島嶼認定的挑戰與影響 145 第一節 「南海仲裁案」對島嶼認定標準重新定義 146 第二節 裁決內容之檢視 159 第三節 中國大陸島礁建設與裁決內容扞格處 178 第四節 小結 183 第五章 案例研究 187 第一節 島礁可否主張享有專屬經濟海域案例 188 第二節 前述案例對裁決內容之挑戰 218 第三節 小結 224 第六章 結論 227 參考文獻 245

    壹、中文資料
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    二、翻譯書籍
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    John Mearsheimer著,王義桅、唐小松譯,2014年9月。《大國政治的悲劇–修訂版》(The Tragedy of Great Power Politics)。上海:上海人民出版社。
    Larenz, Karl著,陳愛娥譯,2001年9月。《法學方法論》(Methodenlehre der Rechtswissenschaft)。臺北:五南圖書出版股份有限公司。

    三、中文期刊
    王冠雄,2006/12。〈析論國際海洋法中之島嶼制度—以日本『沖之鳥』礁為例〉,《律師雜誌》,第327期,頁52-59。
    ———,2011/8。〈南海爭端之國際法觀點分析〉,《展望與探索》,第9卷第8期,頁13-20。
    ———,2016/8。〈南海仲裁案分析及其後續影響〉,《海峽評論》,第308期, <http://www.haixia-info.com/articles/8426.html>。
    李令華,2007/7。〈關於領海基點和基線的確定問題〉,《中國海洋大學學報》,2007年第3期,頁14-18。
    林正義,2016/3。〈歐巴馬政府的南海政策:中國的回應及對臺灣的影響〉,《東吳政治學報》,第三十四卷第1期,頁1-80。
    何思慎,2016/7。〈南海仲裁案判決之意義及其影響〉,《戰略安全研析》,第135期,頁6-14。
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    貳、外文資料
    1. Books
    Bowett, Derek W., 1979. The legal regime of islands in international law. New York: Oceana Publications, INC.
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    2. Articles
    Alex G. Oude Elferink, 1998/Summer. “Clarifying Article 121(3) of the Law of the Sea Convention: The Limits Set by the Nature of International Legal Processes,” IBRU Boundary and Security Bulletin, pp. 58-68, <http://www.dur.ac.uk/ibru/publications/download/?id=130>.
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    Warwick Gullett, 2018/2/28. “No Man Is An Island’, But… What Is An Island? The South China Sea Arbitration’s contribution to the concept of juridical islands,” American Society of International Law, pp. 5-38, <http://www.qil-qdi.org/south-china-sea-arbitrations-contribution-concept-juri...>.
    Yale Law School, 1933/12/26. “Convention on the Rights and Duties of States,” Yale Law School, <https://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/intam03.asp>.

    參、官方資料
    CIA, 2018/2/28. “Clipperton Island Government, History, Population & Geography,” CIA, <http://www.qil-qdi.org/south-china-sea-arbitrations-contribution-concept-juri...>.
    CIA, 2018/2/28. “Kingman Reef Government, History, Population & Geography,” CIA, <http://www.qil-qdi.org/south-china-sea-arbitrations-contribution-concept-juri...>.
    Harry S. Truman Presidential Library & Museum, 1945/9/28. Harry S. Truman, “Proclamation 2668 Policy of the United States with Respect to Coastal Fisheries in Certain Areas of The High Seas (1),” Harry S. Truman Presidential Library & Museum, <https://www.trumanlibrary.org/proclamations/index.php?pid=253...>.
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    肆、網路資料
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    姚凌,2017/10/25。〈習近平總書記肯定的南海島礁建設,是什麼樣?〉,《中國南海網》,<https://nanhai.haiwainet.cn/n/2017/1025/c3542184-31157760.html>。
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    黃麗蓉,2016/7/27。〈投書華爾街日報 馬英九:南海仲裁不公 台人深感氣憤〉,《中時電子報》,<http://www.chinatimes.com/realtimenews/20160727005625-260401>。
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    愛國知識網,2017/11/8。〈2017年中國南海填海造島最新消息 中國南海造島現狀〉,《愛國知識網》,<https://m.aiguoxin.net/zt/nanhaijushi/news/20160429197.html>。
    劉瑋哲,2016/2/1。〈什麼是美海軍「自由航行行動」(FONOP)?〉,《洞知識》, <http://www.insight-post.tw/insight-knowledge/20160201/14430>。
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    戴宗翰,2017/2/23。〈南海的前世今生–從歷史證據到後仲裁時代(演講紀錄)〉,《國立臺灣海洋大學海洋事務與資源管理研究所》,<https://imarm-ntou.blogspot.com/2017/02/blog-post_23.html>。
    戴昌鳳,2016/6/14。〈南沙太平島 珊瑚礁生態陷危機〉,《國家地理雜誌中文網》,<https://www.natgeomedia.com>。

    伍、新聞媒體
    人民網,2005/5/8。〈美國本土外小島嶼〉,《人民網》,<https://military.people.com.cn>。
    Jane Perlez,2016/7/18。〈幫助菲律賓贏得南海仲裁的律師〉,《紐約時報中文網》, <http://m.cn.nytimes.com/world/20160718/south-china-sea...hague/zh-hant/>。
    BBC中文網,2015/5/30。〈香格里拉對話:美防長抨擊中國南海填海活動〉,《BBC中文網》, <http://www.bbc.co.uk/.../trad/.../150530_shangri-la_dialogue_us_china_>。
    大陸中心,2016/11/25。〈衛星照拍到軍事建設外 南沙4島礁大片面積綠化中〉,《ettoday新聞雲》,<http://www.ettoday.net/news/20161125/817581.htm ‎>。
    大陸中心,2016/1/11。〈永暑島花3500億賺30兆 大陸造島速度是越南的100倍〉,《ETtoday新聞雲》,<http://www.ettoday.net>。
    大陸中心,2016/4/26。〈東門島、赤瓜礁列裝76毫米艦砲 南海五大島礁街景曝光〉,《ETtoday新聞雲》,<http://www.ettoday.net>。
    大陸中心,2016/1/11。〈南沙赤瓜島完工 渚碧島進度輸『面積最大』的美濟礁〉,《ettoday新聞雲》,<http://www.ettoday.net/news/‎>。
    大陸中心,2016/6/9。〈渚碧礁現生態農場 68頭豬每天出門蹓躂半小時〉,《ettoday新聞雲》,<http://www.ettoday.net/news/20160609/713390.htm>。
    大陸中心,2017/6/8。〈華陽島高頻雷達被偷拍 監測400公里的威力嚇到越南了〉,《ettoday新聞雲》,<http://www.ettoday.net/news/20170608/940134.htm>。
    大陸中心,2016/11/25。〈衛星照拍到軍事建設外 南沙4島礁大片面積綠化中〉,《ettoday新聞雲》,<http://www.ettoday.net/news/20161125/817581.htm>。
    大公網,2016/3/15。〈赤瓜礁收復28年後建成機場 構戰略前沿“鐵三角”〉,《大公網》,<https://news.takungpao.com.hk/mainland/focus/2016-03/3293409.html>。
    中新網,2012/11/14。〈港媒:十八大首提海洋強國 海洋維權力度或將加大〉,《中新網》,<http://www.chinanews.com/hb/2012/11-14/4328525.shtml>。
    中商情報網,2014/10/8。〈震撼曝光中國南海諸島的實際控制狀況〉,《中商情報網》,<http://big5.askci.com/military/2014/10/08/151616ippd.shtml>‎。
    尹航、蕭德倫,2011/11/22。〈中國邊海防巡禮之南薰礁〉,《騰訊網》,<http://news.qq.com/zt2011/bianhfnxj/index.htm>。
    孔傑榮(Jerome A. Cohen),2016/7/25。〈菲律賓仲裁對國際法的貢獻–「島嶼」何時僅構成「岩礁」?〉,《明報》,<http://news.mingpao.com/pns/dailynews/web_tc/article/20160726/.../1469469651112>‎。
    田士臣,2017/8/10。〈一年後看南海仲裁案三個失敗點〉,《鳳凰網》,<https://news.ifeng.com/dacankao/.../1.shtml>。
    世界新聞網,2016/6/3。〈日越『攝』南沙 曝『中國東門』雷達站〉,《世界新聞網》,<http://www.worldjournal.com/4053198/article>。
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    吳政峯,2016/7/16。〈台灣專家湯熙勇逐點駁斥南海仲裁裁決〉,《中評社》,<https://hk.crntt.com/crn-webapp/touch/detail.jsp?coluid=7&kindid=0&docid...>。
    吳姣,2012/11/13。〈專訪十八大代表、國家海洋局局長劉賜貴 建設「海洋強國」難在保護海洋生態和維護海洋權益〉,《中國日報網》, <http://www.chinadaily.com.cn>。
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