層層刮覆的視境：魯希迪四部曲小說之離散美學
摘 要
魯希迪的四部曲小說──《午夜兒女》、《恥辱》、《魔鬼詩篇》、《墨爾人的臨去之嘆》是以離散美學呈現的一系列有關離散經驗再現的小說，這四部小說以互補互涉的方式，提出多項後殖民論述的重要議題，擘畫出作者層層刮覆的羊皮紙文化視境。
本文在導論中就作者和作品含混曖昧的位置、漂泊離散和「家」的相對關係、離散美學的幾項特色，以及此四部小說之為四部曲的象徵意義分別加以說明。第二章針對《午夜兒女》之嘲仿真實性，說明離散觀點下層層刮覆的敘述既顛覆批判史實，也揭示第三世界國家之形成與其仰賴民族主義的潛藏危機。第三章著眼於《恥辱》對邊緣策略的徵用，分析若干離散美學運用上的缺失。第四章著重《魔鬼詩篇》跨越邊界的踰越企圖，探討離散主體如何以文化翻譯的踰越行為，結合大都會新興論述，跳脫單一文化認同的泥淖。第五章點出《墨爾人的臨去之嘆》具體視覺化魯希迪的文化折衷主義，討論「以話述畫」的表現法則如何結合雜種策略，刻畫作者的文化烏托邦，以及此理想幻滅之隱憂。結論以踰越的意志力總結魯希迪四部曲小說的創作企圖，並說明作者以離散美學重新定義「家」的概念，以遷徙和翻譯的隱喻詮釋越界，以雜種性影射文化異質性，以層層刮覆的羊皮紙比喻文化的重疊視境，為文化再生另闢了新興的對話空間。

The Palimpsest Vision: Diaspora Aesthetic in Salman Rushdie's Tetralogy
Abstract
Salman Rushdie's tetralogy-Midnight's Children, Shame, The Satanic Verses, and The Moor's Last Sigh-is a sequence of novels concerning the representation of diaspora experience. Its intertextuality and complicated diaspora aesthetic enable each of the four novels to explain, illumine, and complement one another, proposing several significant agendas of the post-colonial discourse and conjuring up the palimpsest vision of the eclectic culture.
The introductory chapter includes four significant topics which foreground the subsequent argument: the ambivalent positionality of Rushdie and his works, the relation between diaspora and the concept of "home," Rushdie's diaspora aesthetic, and the symbolic meaning of the tetralogy. Chapter Two highlights the mockery of the ideal of authenticity in Midnight's Children. The unreliable, palimpsest narration aims to not only subvert and critique the official history but also unravel the crisis of Third World national formation and its reliance on nationalism. The main concern of Chapter Three consists in the expropriation of the periphery in Shame, which exhibits the inner conflict of the diaspora aesthetic. Centering on "crossing frontiers," Chapter Four analyzes how the diasporic subject, motivated by the metropolitan emergent discourse, adopts the transgressive act of cultural translation to liberate itself from the myth of unitary identity. Chapter Five elucidates how Rushdie visualizes his cultural eclecticism in The Moor's Last Sigh with ekphrasis and the politics of hybridity and laments the betrayal of that ideal. The concluding chapter looks upon the transgressive will as an impetus for the orchestration of Rushdie's diaspora aesthetic. In redefining the concept of "home," animating the act of frontier crossing with translation and migration, comparing the heterogeneity of culture to hybridity, and re-inscribing the overlapping vision of culture with the metaphor of palimpsest, Rushdie's tetralogy opens the dialogic space for the regeneration of culture.

Works Cited
Ahamad, Aijaz. In Theory: Classes, Nations, Literatures. London & New York: Verso, 1992.
___. "The Politcs of Literary Postcoloniality." Race & Class 36.3 (1995): 2-20.
Anderson, Benedict. Imagined Communities. London & New York: Verso, 1991.
Appiah, Kwame Anthony. "Racisms." Anatomy of Racism. Ed. David Theo Goldberg. Minneapolis: U of Minnesota P, 1990. 3-17.
___. "Is the Post- in Postmodernism the Post- in Postcolonial?" Critical Inquiry 17 (Winter 1991): 336-57.
Appignanesi, Lisa, and Sara Maitland. The Rushdie File. Syracuse, USA: Syracuse UP, 1990.
Aravamudan, Srinivas. "'Being God's Postman Is No Fun, Yaar': Salman Rushdie's The Satanic Verses." Diacritics 19.2 (1989): 3-20.
Arnold, Matthew. Culture and Anarchy. Ed. Samuel Lipman. New Haven & London: Yale UP, 1994.
Ashcroft, Bill, Gareth Griffiths, and Helen Tiffin. Key Concepts in Post-Colonial Studies. London & New York: Routledge, 1998.
Baker, Houston A. Jr. "From the Black Aesthetic to Black Cultural Studies: An Interview with Houston A. Baker, Jr." Interview with Yu-cheng Lee. Tamkang Review 28.4 (Summer 1998): 169-93.
Bakhtin, M. M. The Dialogical Imagination. Trans. Caryl Emerson & Michael Hoquist. Ed. Michael Holquist. Austin, TX: U of Texas Press, 1987.
Bammer, Angelika., ed. Displacements: Cultural Identities in Questions. Bloomington & Indianapolis: Indiana UP, 1994.
Benjamin, Walter. Parigi: Capitale del XIX secolo. Turin: Einaudi, 1986.
___. The Origin of German Tragic Drama. London: Verso, 1990.
Bhabha, Homi K. "The Third Space." Interview with Jonathan Rutherford. Identity: Community, Culture, Difference. Ed. Jonathan Rutherford. London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1990. 207-221.
___. "Introduction: Narrating the Nation." Nation and Narration. Ed. Homi K. Bhabha. London & New York: Routledge, 1991.
___. "Postcolonial Authority and Postmodern Guilt." Cultural Studies. Eds. Lawrence Grossberg et al. New York: Routledge, 1992.
___. The Location of Culture. London & New York: Routledge, 1994.
Bourdieu, Pierre. Logic of Practice. Stanford, CA: Stanford UP, 1980.
Brennan, Timothy. "The National Longing for Desire." Bhabha, Nation 44-70.
Brooke-Rose, Christine. Stories, Theories and Things. Cambridge, Eng.: Cambridge UP, 1991.
Burns, John F. "A Violent Goal: Hindustan for Hindus." New York Times 3 Nov. 1995, late ed.: A6. New York Times Ondisc. CD-ROM. UMI-Proquest Dec. 1996.
___. "Another Rushdie Novel, Another Bitter Epilogue." New York Times 2 Dec. 1995, late ed., sec.1: 4. New York Times Ondisc. CD-ROM. UMI-ProQuest Dec. 1996.
Bush, Ronald. "Monstrosity and Representation in the Postcolonial Diaspora: The Satanic Verses, Ulysses, and Frankenstein." Borders, Exiles, Diasporas. Eds. Elazar Barkan & Marie-Denise Shelton. California: Stanford UP, 1998.
De Certeau, Michel. The Practice of Everyday Life. Berkeley, Los Angeles, & London: U of California P, 1988.
Chambers, Iain. Migrancy, Culture, Identity. London & New York: Routledge, 1994.
Conner, Marc C. "Midnight's Children and the Apocalypse of Form." Critique 38.4 (Summer 1997): 289-299.
"Cricket.." The Encyclopedia Americana. International Edition. Vol. 8. New York: American Corporation, 1975.
Cundy, Catherine. Salman Rushdie. Manchester & New York: Manchester UP, 1996.
Day, Martin S. History of English Literature to 1660: A College Course Guide. New York: Doubleday, 1963.
Dayal, Samir. "The Liminalities of Nation and Gender: Salman Rushdie's Shame." The Journal of the Midwest Modern Language Association 31.2 (Winter 1998): 39-62.
"Diaspora," "Exile," "Moor," and "Palimpsest." Random House Dictionary. 2nd ed. 1993.
Dodd, Philip. "Englishness and the National Culture." Englishness: Politics and Culture 1880-1920. Eds. Robert Colls & Philip Dodd. London: Croom Helm, 1986.
Fanon, Frantz. The Wretched of the Earth. Trans. Constance Farrington. New York: Grove Weidenfeld, 1963.
___. Black Skin, White Masks [1952]. Trans. Charles Lam Markmann. London: Pluto, 1986.
Finney, Brian. "Demonizing Discourse in Salman Rushdie's The Satanic Verses." ARIEL 29.3 (July 1998): 67-93.
Foster, E. M. A Passage to India. New York: Penguin Books, 1980.
Foucaul, Michel. The Use of Pleasure. Trans. Robert Hurley. New York: Pantheon, 1985.
___. Language, Counter-Memory, Practice. Trans. Donald F. Bouchand & Sherry Simon. New York, Ithaca: Cornell UP, 1992.
___. The History of Sexuality (Volume one: An Introduction). Trans. Robert Hurley. New York: Vintage Books, 1990.
Frank, Katherine. "Mr. Rushdie and Mrs. Gandhi." Biography 19.3 (Summer 1996): 245-258.
Gilroy, Paul. The Black Atlantic: Modernity and Double Consciousness. London & New York: Verso, 1993.
___. "Diaspora." Paragraph: A Journal of Modern Critical Theory 17.3 (nov. 1994): 207-212.
Gorra, Michael. After Empire: Scott, Naipaul, Rushdie. Chicago & London: The U of Chicago P, 1997.
Hall, Stuart. "Cultural Identity and Cinematic Representation." Framework 36 (1989): 68-81.
___. "Ethnicity: Identity and Difference." Racial America 23.4 (1989): 9-20.
___. "Cultural Identity and Diaspora." Identity, Community, Culture, Difference. Ed. Jonathan Rutherford. London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1990. 222-237.
___. "New Ethnicity." "Race", Culture and Difference. Eds. James Donald & Ali Rattansi. London: SAGE Pub., 1992. 252-259.
Harrison, James. Salman Rushdie. New York: Twyane Pub., 1992.
Hillenbrand, Barry. "Finally Free from Fear." Time 5 Oct. 1998: 42.
Jameson, Fredric. "Third-Word Literature in the Era of Multinational Capitalism." Social Text 15 (Fall 1986): 65-88.
___. Postmodernism, Or, the Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism. London & New York: Verso, 1991.
Jussawalla, Feroza. "Rushdie's DASTAN-E-DILUBA: The Satanic Verses as Rushdie's Love Letter to Isalm." Diacritics 26.1 (Spring 1996): 50-73.
Khayyam, Omar. Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam. Trans. Edward Fitzgerald. With illustration by Edmund Dulac. London: Doubleday, 1952.
Katz, Ephraim. The Film Encyclopedia. New York: Harper & Row, Pub., 1990.
King, Anthony D. Urbanism, Colonialism, and the World-Economy. London & New York: Routledge, 1991.
Kipling, Rudyard. Kim. London: Macmillan, 1901.
The Koran. Trans. Dawood, N. J. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1990.
Krieger, Murray. Ekphrasis: The Illusion of Natural Sign. Baltimore & London: The Johns Hopkins UP, 1992.
Kureishi, Hanif. My Beautiful Laundrette and the Rainbow Sign. London: Faber & Faber, 1986.
___. The Buddha of Suburbia. New York: Penguin, 1990.
Lacan, Jacques. The Four Fundamental Concepts of Psychoanalysis. Trans. Alan Sheridan. New York: W.W. Norton, 1977.
___. Ecrits: A Selection. Trans. Alan Sheridan. New York: W. W. Norton, 1977.
Lee, Yu-cheng. "The Diaspora Aesthetic: on Mississippi Masala." Chung-wai Literary Monthly 21.7 (Dec. 1992): 71-87.
___. "Expropriating the Authentic: Cultural Politics in Hanif Kureish's The Buddha of Suburbia" EurAmerica 26.3 (Sept 1997): 1-19.
Lyotard, Jean-Francois. The Postmodern Condition: A Report on Knowledge. Trans. Geoff Bennington & Brian Massumi. Minneapolis: U of Minnesota P, 1989.
Macintyre, Alasdair. Whose Justice? Which Rationality? London: Duckworth, 1988.
Mishra, Vijay. "Postcolonial Differend: Diasporic Narratives of Salman Rushdie." ARIEL 26.3 (1995): 7-45.
Nietzsche, Friedrich. "On the Uses and Disadvantages of History for life." Untimely Meditations. Trans. R. J. Hollingdale. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1983. 59-123.
"Notes for Salman Rushdie: The Satanic Verses." Available FTP: http://www.wsu.edu/~brians/anglophone/satanic_verses/ Dec. 10, 1998.
Phillips, K. J. "Salman Rushdie's Midnight's Children: Models for Storytelling, East and West." Comparative Literature East and West: Traditions and Trends. Eds. Cornelia N. Moore and Raymond A. Moody. Honolulu, HI: College of Languages, Linguistics, Literature, U of Hawaii, East West Center, 1989. 202-207.
Pipes, Daniel. The Rushdie Affair: The Novel, the Ayatollah and the West. New York: Carol Pub., 1990.
Poree, Marc & Alexis Massery. Salman Rushdie. Paris, France: Seuil, 1996.
Price, David W. "Salman Rushdie's 'Use and Abuse of History' in 'Midnight's Children.'" ARIEL 25.2 (April 1994): 91-107.
Raman, T. A. Report on India. London: Oxford UP, 1943.
Rushdie, Salman. Midnight's Children. 1980; London: Jonathan Cape, 1981; New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1995.
___. "The Empire Writes back with a Vengeance." Times 3 July 1982: 8.
___. Shame. 1983; London: Vintage, 1995.
___. "Imaginative Maps: Excerpts from a Conversation with Salman Rushdie." Interview with Una Chaudhuri. Turnstile 2.1 (1990): 36-47. See also. University of Washington. Internet. May 16, 1998. Available FTP:
http://www.wsu.edu/~brians/anglophone/satanic_verses/.
___. "Author From Three Countries." Interview with Michael T. Kaufman. New York Times Book Review (Nov/13/83): 3+.
___. "Introduction." An Indian Dynasty: The Story of the Nehru Gandhi Family. Tariq Ali. New York: Putnam, 1985. xi-xv.
___. "Midnight Children and Shame." Kunapipi 8 (1985): 3-8.
___. Interview with John Haffenden. Novelists in Interview. Ed. John Haffenden. New York & London: Methuen, 1985. 231-261.
___. The Satanic Verses. 1988; New York: Viking Penguin, 1989.
___. "Minority Literatures in a Multi-Cultural Society." Displaced Persons. Eds. Kirsten Holst Petersen & Anna Rutherford. Coventry: Dangaroo, 1988. 33-42.
___. "Fiction's Embattled Infidel." Interview with Gerald Marzonati. New York Times Magazine (29 January 1989): 24+.
___. Imaginary Homelands: Essays and Criticism, 1981-1991. London: Granta Books, 1991.
___. The Wizard of Oz. London: British Film Institute Pub., 1992.
___. East, West. 1994; London: Vintage, 1995.
___. The Moor's Last Sigh. New York: Pantheon Books, 1995.
___. "The Last Laugh." Interview with Maya Jaggi. New States & Society 8 Sept. 1995: 20+.
___. "I Am Pessimistic About the Changes Occurring in India." Excerpts from Interview. India Today 30 Sept. 1995: 136-139.
___. "The Book of Exile." Interview with Kate Kellaway. Waterstone's Magazine 3 (Autumn 1995): 5-10.
___. "Interview: Salman Rushdie Talks to the London Consortium about The Satanic Verses." Critical Quarterly 38.2 (Summer 1996): 51-70.
___. "A Land of Plenty." Time 11 Aug. 1997: 20-21.
Rushdie, Salman and Gunter Grass (in coversation). "Writing for A Future." 1985. Voices: Writers and Politics. Eds. Bill Bourne, Udi Eichler, & David Herman. Nottingham: Spokesman, 1987. 52-64.
Ruthven, Malise. A Satanic Affair: Salman Rushdie & the Rage of Islam. London: Chatto & Windus, 1990.
Said, Edward W. "Reflections on Exile." Granta 13 (Autumn 1984): 159-172.
___. Beginnings: Intention and Method. New York: Columbia UP, 1985.
___. "Third World Intellectuals and Metropolitan Culture." Raritan 9.3 (Winter 1990): 27-50.
___. The World, the Text, and the Critic. London: Vintage, 1991.
___. Culture and Imperialism. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1993.
___. "Identity, Authority, and Freedom: The Potentate and the Traveler." Boundary 2 21.3 (Fall 1994): 1-18.
___. The Representations of the Intellectual. New York: Pantheon, 1994.
___. "Against the Orthodoxies." For Rushdie: Essays by Arab and Muslim Writers in Defense of Free Speech. New York: George Braziller, 1994. Trans. Kenneth Whitehead; 116-65; Kevin Anderson 249-59.
Shelly, Mary. Frankenstein. 1818; rpt. New York: Dutton, 1963.
Spivak, Gayatri Chakravorty. "Reading The Satanic Verses." Third Text 11 (Summer 1990): 41-60.
Suleri, Sara. The Rhetoric of English India. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1992.
Taylor, Charles. The Ethics of Authenticity. Cambridge, MA: Harvard UP, 1990.
___. "The Politics of Recognition." Multiculturalism and "The Politics of Recognition." Ed. Amy Gutmann. Princeton: Princeton UP, 1992. 25-73.
Ten Kortenaar, Neil. "Midnight's Children and the Allegory of History." ARIEL 26.2 (April 1995): 41-62.
___. "Postcolonial Ekphrasis: Salman Rushdie Gives the Finger Back to the Empire." Contemporary Literature 38.2 (1997): 222-259.
"Vasco da Gama." The New American Desk Encyclopedia. New York: Concord Reference Book, 1984.
Weatherby, W. J. Salman Rushdie: Sentenced to Death. New York: Carroll & Graf, 1990.
Williams, Raymond. The Long Revolution. London: Chatto & Windus, 1961.
Wolpert, Stanley. A New History of India. 1977. 4th ed. New York & Oxford: Oxford UP, 1993.
Young, Robert J. C. Colonial Desire: Hybridity in Theory, Culture and Race. London & New York: Routledge, 1995.
Yule, Colonel Henry & A. C. Burnell. Hobson-Jobson: A Glossary of Colloquial Anglo-Indian Words and Phrases, and of Kindred Terms, Etymological, Historical, Geographical and Discursive. 1886. New ed. 1902. Ed. William Crooke. New Delhi: Rupa, 1994.