本論文利用外部形態、花粉形態、生殖生物學、生態與地理分布及分子等方法針對台灣產蜘蛛抱蛋屬植物（Aspidistra Ker-Gawl.）進行分類研究，結果將本屬植物處理為3個分類群：薄葉蜘蛛抱蛋（A. attenuata）、大武蜘蛛抱蛋（A. daibuensis）及霧社蜘蛛抱蛋（A. mushaensis）。
台灣產蜘蛛抱蛋屬植物的外部形態以花的形狀、花冠筒長寬比值、柱頭形態、花被裂片厚度及萼裂片附屬物為最重要的分類特徵；葉子形態具有變異，不過仍可以作為分類上參考。花粉形態方面，所有種類皆為無溝孔型與疣狀突起的外壁紋飾（verrucate exine）。生殖生物學方面，台灣產蜘蛛抱蛋屬植物有兩個主要花期，四至六月與十至十二月；傳粉者則為生活於落葉中的小型節肢動物。生態及地理分布方面，台灣產蜘蛛抱蛋屬植物所有物種皆有明顯區隔的分布區域。分子資料部分，在初步篩選的DNA片段中皆未發現可供進一步分析的marker，其中核基因組之ITS片段擁有多個copies，且copies間具有高度變異，葉綠體基因組trnL-trnF及psbA-trnH兩個spacer各只擁有1個變異位點。

The genus Aspidistra (Liliaceae) in Taiwan was taxonomically revised based on morphological, palynological, phytogeographical and molecular studies. Three species, A. attenuata, A. daibuensis, and A. mushanensis, are recognized.
Morphology of flower shape, the ratio of height (or length) to width of perianth tube, shape of the stigma, thickness of the lobes, and appendages are important characters for classification within the genus in Taiwan. The leaf morphology has variations, but still provides some useful information in identification. Pollen grains of all taxon are spheroidal, nonaperturate with verrucate exine sculpture. About reproductive biology, Aspidistra in Taiwan has two main flowering seasons, April to June and October to December. Pollinators could be the small arthropods. Geographically, all species in Taiwan are allopatric. In preliminary molecular study, we observed many copies with high variation in ITS, and the intergenic spacer of trnL-trnF and psbA-trnH each only having one variable site.

張惠珠 1973 台灣百合科植物之細胞分類研究。國立台灣大學植物研究所碩士論文。
陳志雄 2001 龍膽屬內小龍膽組的親緣關係研究。國立台灣師範大學生物研究所博士論文。
應紹舜 1969 台灣的百合科植物。國立台灣大學森林研究所碩士論文。
蘇鴻傑 1992 台灣之植群：山地植群帶與地理氣候區。中央研究院植物研究所專刊第11號，39頁至53頁。
Aguilar, J. F., J. F. Rossell, and G. N. Feliner. 1999. Nuclear ribosomal DNA (nrDNA) concerted evolution in natural and artificial hybrids of Armeria (Plumbaginaceae). Mol. Ecol. 8: 1341-1346.
lvarez, I. and J. F. Wendel. 2003. Ribosomal ITS sequences and plant phylogenetic inference. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol.
Avise, J. C. 1989. Gene-trees and organismal histories: a phylogenetic approach to population biology. Evolution 43: 1192-1208.
Ayres, D. R. and F. J. Ryan. 1999. Genetic diversity and structure of the narrow endemic Wyethia reticulate and its congener W. bolanderi (Asteraceae) using RAPD and allozyme techniques. Amer. J. Bot. 86(3): 344-353.
Bailey, C. D., T. G. Carr, S. A. Harris, and C. E. Hughes. 2003. Characterization of angiosperm nrDNA polymorphism, paralogy, and pseudogenes. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 29: 435-455.
Baldwin, B. G., M. J. Sanderson, J. M. Porter, M. F. Wojciechowski, C. S. Campbell, and M. J. Donoghue. 1995. The ITS region of nuclear ribosomal DNA: a valuable source of evidence on angiosperm phylogeny. Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 82: 247-277.
Bobola, M. S., D. E. Smith, and A. S. Klein. 1992. Five major nuclear ribosomal DNA repeats represent a large and variable fraction of the genomic DNA of Picea rubens and P. mariana. Mol. Biol. Evol. 9: 125-139.
Buckler, E. S. IV. and T. P. Holtsford. 1996. Zea systematics: ribosomal ITS evidence. Mol. Biol. Evol. 13(4): 612-622.
Campbell, C. S., M. F. Wojciechowski, B. G. Baldwin, L. A. Alice, and M. J. Donoghue. 1997. Persistent nuclear ribosomal DNA sequence polymorphism in the Amelanchier agamic Complex (Rosaceae). Mol. Biol. Evol. 14(1): 81-90.
Chang, H. J. and C. C. Hsu. 1974. A cytotaxonomical study on some Formosan Liliaceae. Taiwania 19 (1): 58-74.
Chiang, T. Y., K. H. Hong, and C. I Peng. 2001. Experimental hybridization reveals biased inheritance of the internal transcribed spacer of the nuclear ribosomal DNA in Begonia ×taipeiensis. J. Plant Res. 114: 343-351.
Dahlgren, R. M. T., H. T. Clifford, and P. F. Yeo. 1985. The families of the monocotyledons: structure, evolution and taxonomy. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
Doyle, J. J. 1992. Gene trees and species trees: molecular systematics as one-character taxonomy. Syst. Bot. 17: 144-163.
Doyle, J. J. 1995. The irrelevance of allele tree topologies for species delimitation, and a non-topological alternative. Syst. Bot. 20: 574-588.
Elder, J. F. and B. J. Turner. 1995. Concerted evolution of repetitive DNA sequences in eukaryotes. Quart. Rev. Biol. 70: 297-320.
Ellstrand, N. C. and M. L. Roose. 1987. Patterns of genotypic diversity in clonal plant species. Amer. J. Bot. 74(1): 123-131.
Gernandt, D. S., A. Liston, and D. Piero. 2001. Variation in the nrDNA ITS of Pinus subsection Cembroides: implications for molecular systematic studies of Pine species complexs. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 21(3): 449-467.
Goodman, J., J. Czelusniak, G. W. Moore, A. E. Romero-Herrera, and G. Matsuda. 1979. Fitting the gene lineage into its species lineage: a parsimony strategy illustrated by cladograms constructed from globin sequences. Syst. Zool. 28: 132-168.
Hamilton, M. B. 1999. Four primer pairs for the amplification of chloroplast intergenic regions with intraspecific variation. Mol. Ecol. 8: 521-523.
Hayata, B. 1912. Icones Plantarum Formosanarum. Fas. Ⅱ. pp. 145-146. Bureau of Productive Industries, Government of Formosa, Taihoku (Taipei), Taiwan.
Hayata, B. 1920. Icones Plantarum Formosanarum. Fas. Ⅸ. pp. 143-144. Bureau of Productive Industries, Government of Formosa, Taihoku (Taipei), Taiwan.
Hodkinson, T. R., M. W. Chase, C. Takahashi, I. J. Leitch, M. D. Bennett, and S. A. Renvoize. 2002. The use of DNA sequencing (ITS and trnL-F), AFLP, and fluorescent in situ hybridization to study allopolyploid Miscanthus (Poaceae). Amer. J. Bot. 89(2): 279-286.
Huang, J. L. and D.Y. Hong. 1997. Pollen morphology in the subtribe Aspidistrinae. Acta Phytotax. Sin. 35 (2): 117-124

Huang, T. C. 1972. Pollen Flora of Taiwan. p. 265. Botany Dept. Press. National Taiwan University, Taipei.
Hughes, C. E., C. D. Bailey, and S. A. Harris. 2002. Divergent and reticulate species relationships in Leucaena (Fabaceae) inferred from multiple data sources: insights into polyploidy origins and nrDNA polymorphism. Amer. J. Bot. 89(7): 1057-1073.
Iwanaga, M. and Y. Momotani. 1976. Inter- and intrapopulational variations in the peroxidase isozyme of Asarum nipponicum F. Maekawa. Bot. Mag. 89: 93-98.
Jones, S. B. and A. E. Luchsinger. 1986. Plant systematics. 2nd ed. pp. 82-113. McGraw-Hill, New York.
Karp, A., O. Seberg, and M. Buiatti. 1996. Molecular techniques in the assessment of botanical diversity. Ann. Bot. 78: 143-149.
Kato, M. 1995. The aspidistra and the amphipod. Nature 377: 293.
Kimura, M. 1980. A sample method for estimating evolutionary rates of base substitutions through comparative studies of nucleotide sequences. J. Mol. Evol. 16: 111-120.
Kita, Y. and M. Ito. 2000. Nuclear ribosomal ITS sequences and phylogeny in East Asian Aconitum subgenus Aconitum (Ranunculaceae), with special reference to extensive polymorphism in individual plants. Plant Syst. Evol. 225: 1-13.
Lang, K. Y. 1978. Aspidistra. In Wang, F. T. and T. Tang (eds.), Flora Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae. Tomus 15. pp. 18-24. Science Press, Beijing.
Liang, S. Y. and M. N. Tamura. 2000. Aspidistra. In Wu, Z. Y. and P. H. Raven (eds.), Flora of China. Vol. 24. pp. 240-250. Science Press, Beijing, and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis.
Linares, A. R., T. Bowen, and G. A. Dover. 1994. Aspects of nonrandom turnover involved in concerted evolution of intergenic spacers within the ribosomal DNA of Drosophila melanogaster. J. Mol. Evol. 39: 151-157.
Liu, T. S. and S. S. Ying. 1970. The Liliaceae of Taiwan. Ann. Taiwan Mus. 13: 61-97.
Liu, T. S. and S. S. Ying. 1978. Aspidistra. In Li, H. L. et al. (eds.), Flora of Taiwan Vol. 5. pp. 47-48. Epoch Publ. Co., Taipei.
Ma, L. M. and D. Y. Hong. 1990. Pollen morphology and epidermal characters of leaves in Convallarieae. Acta Phytotax. Sin. 28 (3): 228-236.
Masamune, G. 1954. A list of vascular plants of Taiwan. p. 133.
Mayol, M. and J. A. Rossell. 2001. Why nuclear ribosomal DNA spacers (ITS) tell different stories in Quercus. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 19: 167-176.
Mller, M. and Q. C. B. Cronk. 1997. Phylogeny and disjunct distribution: exolution of Saintpaulia (Gesneriaceae). Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B. 264: 1827-1836.
Mummenhoff, K., H. Brggemann, and J. L. Bowman. 2001. Chloroplast DNA phylogeny and biogeography of Lepidium（Brassicaceae）. Amer. J. Bot. 88(11): 2051-2063.
Pamilo, P. and M. Nei. 1988. Relationships between gene-trees and species-trees. Mol. Biol. Evol. 5: 568-583.
Patterson, C. 1988. Homology in classical and molecular biology. Mol. Biol. Evol. 5: 603-625.
Richards, A. J. 1986. Plant breeding systems. Allen ＆ Unwin, London.

Sanderson, M. T. and J. J. Doyle. 1992. Reconstruction of organismal and gene phylogenies from data on multigene families: concerted evolution, homoplasy and confidence. Syst. Biol. 41: 4-17.
Sang, T., D. J. Crawford, and T. F. Stuessy. 1995. Documentation of reticulate evolution in peonies (Paeonia) using internal transcribed spacer sequences of nuclear ribosomal DNA: implications for biogeography and concerted evolution. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92: 6813-6817.
Sang, T., D. J. Crawford, and T. F. Stuessy. 1997. Chloroplast DNA phylogeny, reticulate evolution, and biogeography of Paeonia (Paeoniaceae). Amer. J. Bot. 84(8): 1120-1136.
Stace, C. A. 1989. Plant taxonomy and biosystematics. 2nd ed. pp. 65-177. Edward Arnold, London.
Stuessy, T. F. 1990. Plant taxonomy: the systematic evaluation of comparative data. pp. 217-379. Columbia University Press, New York.
Su, H. J. 1984a. Studies on the climate and vegetation types of the natural forest in Taiwan (Ⅰ): Analysis of the variations in climate factors. Quart. J. Chin. Forest 17(3): 1-14.
Su, H. J. 1984b. Studies on the climate and vegetation types of the natural forest in Taiwan (Ⅱ): Altitudinal vegetation zones in relation to temperature gradient. Quart. J. Chin. Forest 17(4): 57-73.
Swofford, D. L. 1998. PAUP*. Phylogenetic analysis using parsimony (*and other method). Version 4.0. Sinauer, Sunderland, Mass. Computer software.

Taberler, P., L. Gielly, G. Pautou, and J. Bouvet. 1991. Universal primers for amplification of three non-coding regions of chloroplast DNA. Pl. Mol. Biol. 17: 1105-1109.
Takhtajan, A. 1996. Diversity and classification of flowering plants. Columbia University Press, New York.
Wang, K. Q., S. Ge, and M. Dong. 1999. Allozyme variance and clonal diversity in the rhizomatous grass Psammochloa villosa (Gramineae). Acta Bot. Sin. 41(5): 537-540.
Wendel, J. F., A. Schnabel, and T. Seelanan. 1995. Bidirectional interlocus concerted evolution following alloplyploid speciation in cotton (Gossypium). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92: 280-284.
Wolfe, K. H., W. H. Li, and P. M. Sharp. 1987. Rates of nucleotide substitution vary greatly among plant mitochondrial, chloroplast, and nuclear DNAs. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84: 9054-9058.
Yamashita, J. and M. N. Tamura. 2000. Molecular phylogeny of the Convallariaceae (Asparagales). In Wilson, K. L. and D. A. Morrison (eds.), Monocots: systematics and evolution. pp. 387-400. CSIRO, Melbourne.
Yang, Y. P., H. Y. Liu, and T. P. Lin. 2001. Aspidistra. Manual of Taiwan vascular plants. 5: 21-22. The Council of Agriculture. The executive Yuan, Taipei.
Ying, S. S. 2000. Aspidistra. In Huang, T. C. et al. (eds.), Flora of Taiwan 2nd ed. Vol. 5. pp. 40-41. Editorial committee of the Flora of Taiwan, Taipei.
Zimmer, E. A., S. L. Martin, S. M. Beverley, Y. W. Kan, and A. C. Wilson. 1980. Rapid duplication and loss of genes coding for the alphachains of hemoglbin. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 77: 2185-2162.